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| {{short description|Different types of public transport in Mumbai}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Transport in Mumbai]] |
| {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
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| [[Image:View from BMC towards VT.jpg|thumb|A traffic intersection in Mumbai, 2009]] | |
| [[Image:Mumbai area locator map.svg|thumb|Map, railway lines, ports and airports (Click to enlarge)]]
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| '''Public transport in Mumbai''' involves the transport of millions of its citizens by train, road, and water. As of 2015, 52% of commuters use public transport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TOWARDS BETTER ACCESSIBILITY AND MOBILITY IN INDIAN CITIES|url=http://www.urbanmobilityindia.in/Upload/Conference/841c5bd4-f1e9-490d-9f21-f64bd1962a73.pdf|last=Rao|first=KV Krishna}}</ref> Mumbai has the largest organized bus transport network among major Indian cities.
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| Mumbai's public transport consists primarily of [[rapid transit]] on exclusive suburban railway lines augmented by [[commuter rail]] on main lines serving outlying suburbs, the bus services of the three municipalities making up the metropolitan area, public [[taxi]]s and [[auto rickshaw]]s, as well as ferry services. A [[Mumbai Metro|metro]] and a [[Mumbai Monorail|monorail]] system were inaugurated in 2014. A commercial [[seaplane]] service was also introduced in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai's first Commercial Seaplane Service to takeoff today|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/mumbais-first-commercial-seaplane-service-to-takeoff-today/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref>
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| ==Road==
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| ===Bus===
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| [[File:Mumbai 03-2016 48 bus in Mahim.jpg|thumb|Ashok Leyland BEST Bus in Mumbai]]
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| *[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) has a fleet of single, [[double decker bus]]es and air-conditioned Tata Macropolo CNG mini buses. BEST runs their buses all over Mumbai and outskirts like Navi Mumbai, Thane and Mira-Bhayandar.
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| *[[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]] (NMMT) operates air-conditioned Volvo buses from [[Navi Mumbai]] to Bandra, Dadar, Mantralaya & Borivali and non A/C buses from Navi Mumbai to Mulund, Kurla, Dadar, Andheri, Dindoshi & Mantralaya.
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| *[[Thane Municipal Transport]] (TMT) operates their buses from [[Thane]] to Mulund, Borivali, BKC & Andheri.
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| *[[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Transport]] (MBMT) operates their buses from [[Mira-Bhayandar]] to Jogeshwari and Borivali.
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| ===Taxis===
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| [[Image:Taxi in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|right|An iconic [[Premier Padmini]] taxi in Mumbai]]
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| [[File:Santro BlackANdYellowTaxis.jpg|thumb|right|In recent years, [[Hyundai Santro]] and other hatchback taxis have started replacing Premier Padminis.]]
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| [[File:TABcab.JPG|thumb|A Radio Cab in Mumbai]]
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| {{See also|Taxis in India#Taxicabs in Mumbai}}
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| Taxis arrived in 1911 to complement horse cars. Black and yellow [[Fiat]] taxis are an integral part of the city's heritage and have been depicted in numerous [[Bollywood]] movies. Metered taxis ply throughout Mumbai and have a monopoly from Bandra to [[Churchgate]] on the Western line and Sion to [[Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] on the Central line. Beyond Sion and Bandra [[auto rickshaws]] are not allowed and one has to hire a taxi. However, between Sion to Thane and Bandra to [[Bhayandar]], both Taxis and autorickshaws are available to transport passengers.
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| * Silver-Green taxis run by Meru and Yellow-Red by Gold cabs and Black by Mega Cabs
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| * Blue and silver air-conditioned metered taxis known as "Cool Cabs"
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| * Some private taxi operators provide yellow number plate cars for transportation
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| Mumbai is served by two intra-city highways: Old Mumbai-Pune Highway and Mumbai-Ahmedabad Highway.
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| ====Number of taxis====
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| There are around 58,000 taxis in Greater [[Mumbai]] and 98,566 in [[Mumbai]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|MMR]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mesn.org/mumbai%20traffic%20stats.html |title=Mumbai Traffic Stats |publisher=Mesn.org |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref>
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| Classic black and yellow taxi numbers on Greater Mumbai roads had fallen to 20,000 by 2010<ref>{{cite news|author=Somit Sen, TNN, 2 Aug 2010, 01.33am IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-02/mumbai/28313862_1_taxis-fleet-cab-operators-domicile-rule |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811094013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-02/mumbai/28313862_1_taxis-fleet-cab-operators-domicile-rule |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Only 20K black & yellow taxis left in Mumbai – Mumbai – City |date=2 August 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> as 35,000 new taxis such as [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]] [[Suzuki Alto|Alto]], [[suzuki Wagon R|Wagon R]] and [[Maruti Omni|Omni]], [[Tata Indica]] and [[Hyundai Santro]] joined the ranks. Recently [https://web.archive.org/web/20120627054315/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Regular-taxis-cool-cabs-now-only-a-call-away/Article1-867146.aspx State Transport Authority of Maharashtra State] has also introduced the on-call facility to book these taxis, one can call 022-61234567 to book black and yellow (Non-AC) and CoolCabs (AC) taxis. Radio cab services have been introduced by some private companies. However, these taxis need to be booked in advance by calling their call center number.
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| ====Taxi Regulations====
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| Law requires the driver of an unengaged taxi to take a passenger wherever they want to go, regardless of distance or time, if the fare meter of the unengaged rickshaw/taxi is in a 'For Hire' mode. The modes were denoted by older mechanical meters in this manner: a) upright – for hire b) half mast – not doing business c) facing down-currently hired.
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| Authorities encourage passengers to make complaints, for refusal to convey, excess fare, tampered meters, fake tariff cards, misconduct by drivers by direct email<ref>{{cite news|author=Somit Sen, TNN, 11 May 2010, 01.33am IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-11/mumbai/28274252_1_rto-offices-complaints-auto-drivers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811063038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-11/mumbai/28274252_1_rto-offices-complaints-auto-drivers |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Rude cabbies, auto drivers? Send an email – Mumbai – City |date=11 May 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=CJ: Golden Reejsinghani |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/policing-errant-auto-rickshaw-drivers-in-mumbai/142017.shtml |title=Policing errant auto-rickshaw drivers in Mumbai |publisher=Merinews.com |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/news/4/13893 |title=Being taken for a ride in Mumbai? Complain online |publisher=Whereincity.com |date=17 February 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_you-can-complain-against-cabbies-online_1080312 |title=You can complain against cabbies online – Mumbai – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=16 February 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> as well as by a website.<ref>[http://www.trafficpolicemumbai.org/Complaint_Auto_taxi_form.htm Auto Taxi complaints] on [[Mumbai Traffic Police]] website</ref>
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| ===Rickshaws===
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| [[File:Rickshaw.JPG|thumb|Auto Rickshaw in Mumbai]]
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| [[Auto rickshaws]] play an important role in public transport in Mumbai. There are 246,458 black and yellow metered auto rickshaws, often simply called ''autos'', in the Mumbai MMR as of 2008.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use [[CNG]] as fuel.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107153844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-11/mumbai/27143092_1_taxi-unions-three-wheelers-cng ruling of the Bombay High Court] reported in ''[[Times of India]]''</ref> However, not all rickshaws comply. Mumbai MMRDA extends up to Thane M.C, Alibag, Badlapur, Bhiwandi M.C, Kaylan M.C. and Ulhasnagar M.C., and in these areas a CNG filling facility is not available, hence the fuel is either [[petrol]] or [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]].
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| Auto rickshaws are not permitted to enter [[South Bombay#Old Bombay|Old Bombay]]. The southernmost points accessible to them are Bandra Fire Station in Western Mumbai and Sion Bus Depot in Central Mumbai. Auto rickshaws registered in Mumbai are not allowed travel beyond the municipal limits. They have been allowed to travel between Sion to Mulund in the Central Suburbs and up to Mankhurd on the Harbour line. People who wish to travel beyond Mumbai to suburbs like Vashi, Airoli have to catch a suburban rickshaw. In the western suburbs, they are allowed to travel between Bandra and Bhayandar only.
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| A mechanical meter decides the fare which is proportional to distance traveled. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Transport Authority (MMRTA) updated the auto-rickshaw fares and declared a hike recently that is applied from 1st March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revised Auto Rickshaw Tariff Card for Mumbai Region |url=https://www.kuchbhi.com/life-style/auto-rickshaw-tariff-card-for-mumbai-region.html |website=kuchbhi.com |publisher=Kuch Bhi |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> The regulation for auto rickshaws is similar to taxis, and methods of complaining against the auto rickshaws and taxis are available on the Mumbai RTO website.<ref>[http://www.trafficpolicemumbai.org/Complaint_Auto_taxi_form.htm Mumbai TRO website]</ref>
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| ==Rail==
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| [[File:Mumbai Metropolitan Railway Schematic Map (simplified).svg|thumb|left|Map showing all of the railway services in Mumbai, including the Metro, Monorail, and Suburban services]]
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| ===Mumbai Suburban Railway===
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| {{main|Mumbai Suburban Railway}}
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| [[Image:Mumbai Train.JPG|thumb|Mumbai Suburban Railway, the lifeline of Mumbai]]
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| The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] is the oldest [[commuter rail]] in Asia, founded in 1853.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/happy-birthday-indian-railways-first-passenger-train-started-165-years-ago-unknown-facts-about-the-network/1134650/ |title = Happy Birthday Indian Railways! First passenger train started 165 years ago; unknown facts about the network|date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> It is owned by [[Indian Railways]] and operated by its [[Western Railways]] and [[Central Railways]] divisions. Most economical transport subsidized by the government of India via Railway ministry. With a length of 430 km, it has highest passenger density in the world, 7.5 million people daily, more than half of daily capacity of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/insights/analysis/can-mumbai-t2-replicate-the-massive-growth-in-retail-revenue-at-delhi-t3-64234|title=CAPA India Travel Retail Survey: Can Mumbai Airport replicate Delhi's impressive retail growth?}}</ref> It has four radial lines:
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| * [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western]] between [[Churchgate]] and [[Dahanu Road]]
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| * [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central]] between [[Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (CST) and [[Kasara]]/[[Khopoli]]
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| * [[Harbour Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour]], running between CST and [[Panvel]]/[[Goregaon]]
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| * [[Trans-Harbour Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Trans-Harbour]], running between [[Thane]] and [[Vashi]]/[[Panvel]]
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| Mumbai railways offer [[first class commuter transport]]. First class fares are approximately 10 times the second class fare<ref name="Lonely Planet 2012, p68">''Lonely Planet: Goa & Mumbai'' 6 ed, 2012, published by [[Lonely Planet]], p68</ref> and tend to be less crowded in the non-rush hour period. First class compartments also have slightly better seats than second class. While less crowded during non-peak hours, the first class compartments are rather more crowded during the peak hour time, as there is a large supply and demand gap. It is notoriously hard to get into the first class compartment as the coach is overcrowded with people hanging out of the doors.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
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| There are also [[women-only passenger car|women-only cars]] (termed 'ladies'),<ref name="Lonely Planet 2012, p68"/> and since 1992, 'Ladies Special' trains with all coaches reserved for women passengers.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's First Ladies Special Suburban Train Completes 25 Years|url=http://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/worlds-first-ladies-special-suburban-train-completes-25-years-1392383.html|access-date=7 May 2017|publisher=news18.com}}</ref>
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| ===Metro===
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| [[File:Mumbai Metro train arriving at Ghatkopar.jpg|thumb]]
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| {{main|Mumbai Metro}}
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| In January 2004, a master transit plan was unveiled by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA). The plan integrated a 146 kilometer-long [[rapid transit|metro]] system, of which 32 km would be underground.
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| In June 2004, government approval was given for a 12-station elevated line between [[Ghatkopar]] and [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]]. In June 2006, the first phase of the Mumbai Metro project was inaugurated. Construction work began in February 2008.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mumbai-monorail-to-be-ready-by-dec-metro-by-march/174429/on| title=Mumbai monorail to be ready by Dec, Metro by March | work=Business Standard| date=12 June 2012|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=DNA-I2013/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/metro-monorail-projects-could-miss-deadline/831682/|title=Metro, Monorail projects could miss deadline|work=The Indian Express|date=14 August 2011|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> A successful trial run was conducted in May 2013, and the system's first line entered operation in June 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/drJn4FpNSSy2mGpbR4B91K/Mumbai-The-connected-city.html|title=Mumbai: The connected city|publisher=Livemint|date=20 June 2013|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=VersGhatTrial>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130504095821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-01/mumbai/38957142_1_versova-ghatkopar-mumbai-metro-metropolitan-region-development-authority "Mumbai Metro trial run successful"]. ''The Times of India''. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref name=TrialRunNDTV2013>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-metro-trial-run-with-train-draped-in-flowers-361185 "Mumbai Metro: trial run with train draped in flowers"]. NDTV.com. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> although some aspects of the project were afflicted by delays and cost issues.<ref name=DNA-I2013>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbais-first-metro-may-chug-in-march-2013_1685026 "Mumbai's first metro may chug in 2013"]. DNA India. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</ref><ref name=Mishaps2012>[http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/jan/090112-MMTPL-to-CM-Metro-II-will-take-more-time-money.htm "MMTPL to CM: Metro II will take more time, money"]. Mid-Day.com. 9 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref><ref name=Loan2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/indian-bank-rejigs-mumbai-metro-loan-account/950689/1 |title=Indian Bank rejigs Mumbai Metro loan account|work=The Financial Express|date=18 May 2012|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_metro-likely-to-miss-its-august-deadline_1807774 "Metro likely to miss its August deadline"]. DNA India. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> The [[Mumbai Metro]] opened on 8 June 2014.
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| Mumbai metro line 4 is under construction. This line will reduce the traffic burden. The line a 32 km from (wadala-Ghatkopar-vikhroli-Mulund-Thane) almost 32 station has been constructed in Mumbai metro 4.
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| ===Monorail===
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| [[File:MumbaiMonorailInsideStation 01.jpg|thumb|Monorail arrival inside station]]
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| {{main|Mumbai Monorail}}
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| The Mumbai Monorail is a [[monorail]] system for the city of [[Mumbai]]. Construction began in January 2009 and the first operational line was inaugurated on 1 February 2014.<ref name="ToI inauguration">{{cite news|last=R.Thendral|first=Inian|title=Mumbai monorail|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithviraj-Chavan-inaugurates-Mumbai-monorail/articleshow/29718494.cms|access-date=1 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="NDTV inauguration">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Saurabh|title=Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248|access-date=30 January 2014|newspaper=NDTV|date=30 January 2014}}</ref> It is being contracted by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] and is the first [[monorail]] in India.<ref name=times>{{cite news|title=Mumbai monorail to run in two years|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 September 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-29/mumbai/27981519_1_mumbai-monorail-jacob-circle-mmrda-joint-commissioner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811120003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-29/mumbai/27981519_1_mumbai-monorail-jacob-circle-mmrda-joint-commissioner|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|access-date=19 March 2009}}</ref>
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| There are four lines proposed. The first two are {{convert|25|km|mi}} long. Out of the two, construction on the first line has begun.
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| *A line running from [[Malabar Hill]] to the [[Bandra-Kurla complex]] via the [[Haji Ali Dargah]], Jacob Circle, [[Wadala Road]], Sion Hospital and [[Dharavi]]. This is planned to have been opened by 2011.
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| *A line from [[Thane]] to [[Bhiwandi]] via [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]. A consultant's report to government has recommended that this corridor be served instead by a road-based system for the next 10–15 years using buses and [[bus rapid transit]].<ref>https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/thane-bhiwandi-kalyan-monorail</ref>
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| Two lines {{convert|10|km|mi}} long are to be constructed after the first two have opened.
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| *[[Chembur]] to [[Jacob Circle]] via [[Mahul]]. This route is planned to have been opened by December 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Manthan K Mehta, TNN, 13 Jan 2010, 03.43am IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/mumbai/28114870_1_scomi-monorail-mmrda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/mumbai/28114870_1_scomi-monorail-mmrda |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Monorail test run on R-Day will be for only 500-metre – Mumbai – City |date=13 January 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> (May get extended to [[Vashi]], [[Navi Mumbai]].)
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| *[[Lokhandwala Complex]] to [[Kanjurmarg]] via [[Oshiwara]].
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| Additionally, previously planned Mumbai Metro corridors are also being examined to be made as monorail corridors instead of the metro by MMRDA due to the dense and congested areas these corridors pass through. The corridors are:
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| *[[Hutatma Chowk]] – [[Ghatkopar]] – 21.8 km
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| *[[Ghatkopar]] – [[Mulund]] – 12.4 km
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| ===Trams===
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| Trams were an important form of transport until the mid-1960s. They were introduced in the late 19th century and in their heyday, covered many areas of the city. At their peak, route length grew to more than 47 kilometers. The system closed down in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tramz.com/tva/in.html |title = Tram Views of Asia}}</ref>
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| ==Ferry==
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| [[Image:Versova-Madh Ferry.JPG|thumb|Ferry between Versova and Madh Island]]
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| {{main|Water transport in Mumbai}}
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| * from Vashi (in Navi Mumbai) to the Gateway of India.
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| * to Elephanta Caves and to nearby places such as Alibaug, Rewas, and Mandwa.
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| * in northern Mumbai across the Manori Creek. The barges operate at regular intervals across the shallow creek linking Manori to Malad.
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| * from Versova to Madh Island.
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| * Please check with the Local Authority If this service is operational or not.
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| ==Air==
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| [[File:MumbaiAirportT2.JPG|thumb|left|Terminal 2 or T2, A view From [[Sahar Elevated Access Road|SEAR]]]]
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| The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k13annex3.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223549/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k13annex3.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> It handled 30.74 million passengers and 656,369 tonnes of cargo during FY 2011–12.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}
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| The new integrated terminal T2 was inaugurated on 10 January 2014<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mumbai-airport-t2-to-open-for-passengers-on-feb-12-114011001127_1.html | title=Mumbai airport T2 to open for passengers on Feb 12| newspaper=Business Standard India| date=10 January 2014| last1=Phadnis| first1=Aneesh}}</ref> and opened for international operations on 12 February 2014, increasing the capacity of the airport to 40 million passengers annually.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 | title=With maiden Air India flight, T2 opens to public| date=13 February 2014}}</ref> A dedicated six lane, elevated road connecting the new terminal with the main arterial Western Express Highway was also opened to the public the same day.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.gvk.com/ourbusiness/airports/csiamumbai.aspx |title = GVK | Our Business - Airports - CSMIA Mumbai}}</ref>
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| The proposed [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]] to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.
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| The [[Juhu Aerodrome]] was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport.<ref>[[Mumbai#Air]]</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Mumbai Urban Transport Project]]
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| * [[Timeline of Mumbai events]]
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| * [[Transport in India]]
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| * [[M-Indicator]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.irfca.org/articles/mumbai-locals.html Indian Railway Article on Mumbai Local Trains]
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| * [http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-ops.html Indian Railway FAQ]
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| {{Rapid transit in India}}
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| {{Mumbai topics}}
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| {{Public transport|state=collapsed}}
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| {{Transport in India}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Public Transport In Mumbai}}
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| [[Category:Public transport in India|Mumbai]]
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| [[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
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| [[Category:Public transport by city|Mumbai]]
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