2001 Gujarat earthquake: Difference between revisions

What links here Related changes Page information Get shortened URL
Created by Dawnseeker2000
Last edited February 23, 2026
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
m Removed empty portal template using script
slightly rework section after review and cleaned formatting
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Earthquake in India}}
{{Short description|Earthquake in India and Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox earthquake
{{Infobox earthquake
Line 9: Line 9:
| local-date = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|1|26}}
| local-date = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|1|26}}
| local-time = 08:46 am IST
| local-time = 08:46 am IST
| image = Old Bhuj Temple.jpg
| image = Gujarat Earthquake Relief by RSS Volunteers.jpg
| caption = The old [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Swaminarayan Mandir]] in Bhuj, was partly destroyed
| map2 = {{Location map | India Gujarat#India
| map2 = {{Location map | India Gujarat#India
|relief = yes
|relief = yes
Line 22: Line 21:
  |caption = }}
  |caption = }}
| magnitude = 7.6 {{M|w|link=y}}
| magnitude = 7.6 {{M|w|link=y}}
| intensity = {{MMI|X}}
| intensity = {{MMI|XII|MSK-64|X}}
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults|Oblique-slip]],<br />[[Intraplate earthquake|Intraplate]]
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults|Oblique-slip]],<br />[[Intraplate earthquake|Intraplate]]
| depth = {{Convert|17.4|km}}
| depth = {{Convert|17.4|km}}
| duration = 90 seconds
| duration = 85 seconds
| location = {{Coord|23.388|N|70.326|E|}}<ref name="ISC-GEM" />
| location = {{Coord|23.388|N|70.326|E|}}<ref name="ISC-GEM" />
| countries affected = India, Pakistan
| countries affected = [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] and [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]
| casualties = 13,805–20,023 dead<ref name=Ray/><ref name="PAGER-CAT"/> <br /> ~ 166,800 injured<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/>
| pga = 0.11 ''[[peak ground acceleration|g]]''
| aftershocks = 107 >{{M|w|4.0}} (as of 31/12/2001)<br>Strongest: {{M|wc|5.8}} on 28 January
| casualties = 20,023 fatalities, 166,951 injuries
| caption = Buildings after the earthquake
}}
}}


The '''2001 Gujarat earthquake''', also known as the '''Bhuj earthquake''', occurred on 26 January at {{tooltip|08:46 am IST|03:16 UTC}}. The [[epicentre]] was about 9&nbsp;km south-southwest of the village of [[Chobari]] in [[Bhachau]] [[Taluka]] of [[Kutch]] District of [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>Gupta, Harsh K., et al. "Bhuj earthquake of 26 January 2001." Journal-Geological Society of India 57.3 (2001): 275–278.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/15-years-of-Gujarat-earthquake-A-trauma-etched-in-Gujarats-memory/articleshow/50730183.cms|title=15 years of Gujarat earthquake: A trauma etched in Gujarat's memory|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>
An [[earthquake]] struck India and Pakistan on 26 January 2001 at {{tooltip|08:46 am IST|03:16 UTC}}. The [[epicentre]] was about 9&nbsp;km south-southwest of the village of [[Chobari]] in [[Bhachau]] [[Taluka]] of [[Kutch district]] in [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>Gupta, Harsh K., et al. "Bhuj earthquake of 26 January 2001." Journal-Geological Society of India 57.3 (2001): 275–278.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/15-years-of-Gujarat-earthquake-A-trauma-etched-in-Gujarats-memory/articleshow/50730183.cms|title=15 years of Gujarat earthquake: A trauma etched in Gujarat's memory|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> The earthquake had a maximum [[Mercalli intensity]] of XII (''Extreme'').<ref name=asoce/>
 
The [[intraplate earthquake]] measured 7.6 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and occurred at {{cvt|17.4|km}} depth.<ref name="ISC-GEM">{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|date=27 June 2022|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 9.1}}</ref> It had a maximum felt intensity of X (''Extreme'') on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]]. The [[earthquake]] killed  13,805 to 20,023 people (including 18 in southeastern [[Pakistan]]), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|title=Preliminary Earthquake Report |publisher=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program |url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |access-date=21 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120094220/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |archive-date=20 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen|first=Kavita|title=Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake |website=Academia |date=January 2001 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4617331}}</ref>


The [[intraplate earthquake]] measured 7.6 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and occurred at a depth of {{cvt|17.4|km}}.<ref name="ISC-GEM">{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|date=27 June 2022|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 9.1}}</ref> The earthquake killed at least 20,023 people, injured another 166,000 and destroyed about 400,000 buildings in Gujarat and the Pakistani province of  [[Sindh]].<ref name="APR2001UPDATE"/><ref name="USGS">{{cite web|title=Preliminary Earthquake Report|publisher=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program|url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/|access-date=21 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120094220/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/|archive-date=20 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Kavita|title=Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake|website=Academia|date=January 2001|url=https://www.academia.edu/4617331}}</ref> The vast majority of deaths and damage were observed in [[Kutch district]], while nearly 1,600 additional deaths occurred in the cities of [[Ahmedabad]], [[Rajkot]], [[Jamnagar]], [[Surendranagar]], [[Surat]], [[Gandhinagar]] and [[Vadodara]].<ref name="UNDMT"/>
==Tectonic setting==
==Tectonic setting==
{{See also|Geology of India}}
{{See also|Geology of India}}
[[Gujarat]] lies 300–400&nbsp;km from the plate boundary between the [[Indian Plate]] and the [[Eurasian Plate]], but the current tectonics are still governed by the effects of the continuing [[continental collision]] along this boundary. During the break-up of [[Gondwana]] in the [[Jurassic]], this area was affected by [[rift]]ing with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift [[fault (geology)|fault]]s and development of new low-angle [[thrust fault]]s. The related [[fold (geology)|folding]] has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maurya|first1=D. M.|last2=Chowksey|first2=Vikas|last3=Patidar|first3=A. K.|last4=Chamyal|first4=L. S.|title=A review and new data on neotectonic evolution of active faults in the Kachchh Basin, Western India: legacy of post-Deccan Trap tectonic inversion|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=445|issue=1|pages=237–268|doi=10.1144/sp445.7|year=2017|bibcode=2017GSLSP.445..237M|s2cid=132318339}}</ref>
[[Gujarat]] lies 300–400&nbsp;km from the plate boundary between the [[Indian plate]] and the [[Eurasian plate]], but the current tectonics are still governed by the effects of the continuing [[continental collision]] along this boundary. During the break-up of [[Gondwana]] in the [[Jurassic]], this area was affected by [[rift]]ing with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift [[fault (geology)|fault]]s and development of new low-angle [[thrust fault]]s. The related [[fold (geology)|folding]] has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maurya|first1=D. M.|last2=Chowksey|first2=Vikas|last3=Patidar|first3=A. K.|last4=Chamyal|first4=L. S.|title=A review and new data on neotectonic evolution of active faults in the Kachchh Basin, Western India: legacy of post-Deccan Trap tectonic inversion|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=445|issue=1|pages=237–268|doi=10.1144/sp445.7|year=2017|bibcode=2017GSLSP.445..237M|s2cid=132318339}}</ref>


The [[focal mechanism]] of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on [[inversion (geology)|reactivated]] rift faults. The pattern of uplift and subsidence associated with the [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake]] is consistent with reactivation of such a fault.
The [[focal mechanism]] of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on [[inversion (geology)|reactivated]] rift faults. The pattern of uplift and subsidence associated with the [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake]] is consistent with reactivation of such a fault.
==Earthquake==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders floatright" style="clear:right; margin-left:7px; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; margin-bottom:3px; font-size:80%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Estimated number of people exposed to shaking levels<ref name=EXPO-CAT>{{citation|title=EXPO-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|date=December 1, 2008|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2007-12|access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
! [[Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]] !! Population exposure
|-
{{MMI|9|format=wikitable}}
|244k
|-
{{MMI|8|format=wikitable}}
|1,520k
|-
{{MMI|7|format=wikitable}}
|7,002k
|-
{{MMI|6|format=wikitable}}
|20,836k
|-
|}
[[File:2001 Gujarat earthquake (M 7.7) shakemap.pdf|thumb|USGS Shakemap]]
The earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.<ref name="Bodin">{{Cite journal|last1=Bodin|first1=P.|last2=Horton|first2=S.|year=2004|title=Source Parameters and Tectonic Implications of Aftershocks of the Mw 7.6 Bhuj Earthquake of 26 January 2001|url=http://www.ceri.memphis.edu/people/shorton/AFTERSHOCK/bhuj1.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|publisher=[[Seismological Society of America]]|volume=94|issue=3|pages=818–827|bibcode=2004BuSSA..94..818B|doi=10.1785/0120030176|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Li Liu Yang pp. 255–264">{{Cite book|last1=Li|first1=Q.|title=Plate Boundary Zones|last2=Liu|first2=M.|last3=Yang|first3=Y.|date=2002|publisher=American Geophysical Union|isbn=978-1-118-67044-6|editor-last=Stein|editor-first=S.|series=Geodynamics Series|volume=30|pages=255–264|chapter=The 01/26/2001 Bhuj, India, Earthquake: Intraplate or Interplate?|doi=10.1029/gd030p0255|issn=2329-1540|editor-last2=Freymueller|editor-first2=J.T.}}</ref> No major surface ruptures were associated with the shock, classifying it as a blind thrust earthquake. Lateral spreading was widely reported and strike-slip faulting was observed at Bharodia and Manfara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm|title=M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001|access-date=18 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> On the [[moment magnitude scale]], the [[International Seismological Centre]] said it measured a magnitude of 7.6,<ref name="ISC-GEM"/> while the [[United States Geological Survey]] put it at 7.7.<ref name="ANSS">{{cite anss|M 7.7 – 17&nbsp;km NW of Bhachāu, India|2001|usp000a8ds}}</ref>
===Rupture propagation===
A finite fault model from the USGS estimated that the [[earthquake rupture]] had an area of {{cvt|141|km|mi}} x {{cvt|18|km|mi}}, lasting approximately 25 seconds. Slip was mostly concentrated around the northern patches of the rupture, with a maximum slip of {{cvt|9.695|m|ft}} recorded in the village of [[Chobari]]. The full rupture also extended through the cities of Bhuj and [[Rapar]], although slip in these areas was extremely minor.<ref name="ANSS"/> Despite the large magnitude and rupture area, no visible [[surface ruptures]] could be identified in the [[Epicenter|epicentral]] area.<ref name=sudhirjain/>


The 2001 Gujarat earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.<ref name="Bodin">{{cite journal|last=Bodin|first=P.|author2=Horton S.|year=2004|title=Source Parameters and Tectonic Implications of Aftershocks of the Mw 7.6 Bhuj Earthquake of 26 January 2001|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|publisher=[[Seismological Society of America]]|volume=94|issue=3|pages=818–827|url=http://www.ceri.memphis.edu/people/shorton/AFTERSHOCK/bhuj1.pdf|access-date=2 April 2012|bibcode = 2004BuSSA..94..818B |doi = 10.1785/0120030176 }}</ref><ref name="Li Liu Yang pp. 255–264">{{cite book | last1=Li | first1=Qingsong | last2=Liu | first2=Mian | last3=Yang | first3=Youqing | title=Plate Boundary Zones | journal=Geodynamics Series | chapter=The 01/26/2001 Bhuj, India, Earthquake: Intraplate or Interplate? | publisher=American Geophysical Union | date=17 March 2013 | isbn=978-1-118-67044-6 | issn=2329-1540 | doi=10.1029/gd030p0255 | pages=255–264}}</ref> No major surface ruptures were associated with the shock, classifying it as a blind thrust earthquake. Lateral spreading was widely reported and strike-slip faulting was observed at Bharodia and Manfara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |title=M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001 |access-date=18 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>
===Ground motion===
The earthquake had a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity]] of IX-XII (''Violent''-''Extreme'').<ref name=asoce/> It also registered X (''Devastating'') on the [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]], with the maximum intensity observed over an east-northeast elongated zone of approximately {{cvt|2,100|km2|mi2}}; much of Gujarat recorded tremors of VII (''Very Strong'') or higher. [[Ahmedabad]] recorded a maximum [[peak ground acceleration]] of 0.11 ''g''. Shaking from the earthquake lasted several minutes, with stronger ground motion lasting at least 85 seconds. Numerous rockfalls and landslides occurred in the [[Bhuj]] and [[Bhachau]] areas. There was extensive evidence of [[soil liquefaction]] at the [[Rann of Kutch]], [[Banni Grasslands Reserve]], coastal areas of the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and numerous [[sand boil]]s in dry lakebeds northeast of [[Bhuj]]. After the earthquake, these sand boils had fountains of saline [[groundwater]] rising {{cvt|2-3|m|ft}}. Widespread [[subsidence]] and lateral spreading also occurred at [[Port of Kandla|Kandla]] and [[Port of Navlakhi|Navlakhi]] ports.<ref name=sudhirjain/><ref name=asoce/>
===Aftershocks===
By 31 December 2001, there were 107 aftershocks exceeding {{M|w|4.0}} which were recorded by the USGS, including 9 events measuring {{M|w|5.0}} or higher; most aftershocks occurred south of the epicenter near [[Bhachau]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=USGS earthquake catalog|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?extent=22.51256,68.56842&extent=24.22693,71.90826&range=search&sort=largest&baseLayer=terrain&timeZone=utc&search=%7B%22name%22:%22Search%20Results%22,%22params%22:%7B%22endtime%22:%222001-12-31T23:59:40.500Z%22,%22latitude%22:23.419,%22longitude%22:70.232,%22maxradiuskm%22:250,%22minmagnitude%22:4,%22starttime%22:%222001-01-05T03:16:40.500Z%22%7D%7D}}</ref> The largest aftershock occurred on 28 January, had a magnitude of {{M|wc|5.8}} and was located {{cvt|15|km|mi}} west-southwest of [[Rapar]].<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.8 - 15 km WSW of Rāpar, India|2001|usp000a8hm}}</ref>


==Impact==
==Damage and casualties==
{|class=wikitable
[[File:Old Bhuj Temple.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The partially collapsed [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Swaminarayan Mandir]] [[Hindu temple]] in [[Bhuj]]]]
! Area
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders floatright" style="clear:right; margin-left:6px; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; margin-bottom:3px; font-size:90%;"
! Deaths<ref name="DEATHTOLL">{{Cite web|title=Casualties of 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake|url=http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010202155700/http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html|archive-date=2 February 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|+Casualties by district
! Injuries<ref name="DEATHTOLL" />
! scope="col"| Area
! scope="col"| Deaths<ref name="UNDMT">{{cite news|title=India Earthquake Update #25|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-earthquake-update-25|date=23 March 2001|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"| Injuries<ref name="DEATHTOLL">{{Cite web|title=Casualties of 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake|url=http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010807123437/http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html|archive-date=7 August 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Bhuj]]
![[Kutch district|Kutch]]
|13,572
|18,416
|21,456
|39,765
|-
|-
|[[Ahmedabad]]
![[Ahmedabad]]
|729
|752<ref name="NIDM"/>
|827
|4,030
|-
|-
|[[Rajkot]]
![[Rajkot District|Rajkot]]
|385
|433
|1,447
|10,567
|-
|-
|[[Jamnagar]]
![[Jamnagar]]
|117
|119
|2,148
|4,592
|-
|-
|[[Surendranagar]]
![[Surendranagar]]
|103
|113
|2,673
|2,851
|-
|-
|[[Surat]]
![[Surat]]
|46
|46
|157
|157
|-
|-
|[[Banaskantha]]
![[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
|36
|38
|119
|1,686
|-
![[Banaskantha]]
|32
|2,770
|-
![[Navsari]]
|17
|51
|-
![[Bharuch]]
|9
|44
|-
![[Porbandar]]
|9
|90
|-
![[Gandhinagar]]
|8
|240
|-
![[Junagadh]]
|8
|87
|-
![[Bhavnagar]]
|4
|44
|-
![[Vadodara]]
|1
|256
|-
|-
|[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
![[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|33
|1
|946
|20
|-
|-
|}
|}
Although the death toll varies mainly between 13,805 and 20,023, earlier reports had put the death toll at 125,000, a significant overestimate.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gujarat Earthquake, January 2001 – Lessons to be Learnt|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275893732|journal=[[ResearchGate]]|author=Kelvin L Walls|date=January 2002}}</ref> [[Bhuj]], which was situated only 20&nbsp;km away from the epicentre, was devastated. Considerable damage also occurred in [[Bhachau]] and [[Anjar, India|Anjar]] with hundreds of villages flattened in Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj and Bhachau. Over one million structures were damaged or destroyed, including many historic buildings and tourist attractions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf |title=Interdisciplinary Observations on The January 2001 Bhuj, Gujarat Earthquake |access-date=10 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226144339/http://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009 }}</ref> The quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight schools, two hospitals and 4&nbsp;km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the city's historic [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Swaminarayan temple]] and historic forts, [[Prag Mahal]] and [[Aina Mahal]]. The [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them are either collapsed or seriously damaged. Only 10% were undamaged.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rabindra|first1=Vasavada|last2=Edmund|first2=Booth|year=2001|title=Effect of the Bhuj, India earthquake of 26 January 2001 on heritage buildings|url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-21244|journal=Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie|volume=21|issn=0170-9518}}</ref> A [[public hospital]] collapsed in Bhuj, killing about 150 patients inside.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=India plans massive hospital rebuilding after earthquake|date=24 February 2001|author=[[United States National Library of Medicine]]|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=322 |issue=7284 |page=451 |doi=10.1136/bmj.322.7284.451 |pmid=11222415 |pmc=1119681 }}</ref>  
The [[United States Geological Survey]]'s [[PAGER]]-CAT catalog reported 20,023 fatalities.<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/> Additionally, 166,836 injuries were recorded,<ref name="USGS"/> a total of 28 million people across [[Gujarat]] were affected, and 442 villages lost at least 70% of houses.<ref name="NIDM"/> In [[Kutch District]], 90% of homes were damaged or destroyed, with 24% of the housing stock affected overall in Gujarat; most affected buildings were non-engineered, unreinforced [[stonemasonry]], although many reinforced concrete buildings also collapsed. Water outages were widespread due to liquefaction and [[soil compaction]], with many [[pumping stations]] and two water towers collapsing in the affected area. However, damage to highways and bridges was relatively minor.<ref name=asoce>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat (Kutch) India Earthquake of January 26, 2001 Lifeline Performance|url=https://www.geengineeringsystems.com/ewExternalFiles/Bhuj_M7.4_2001.pdf|last1=Eidinger|first1=John|date=April 1, 2001|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]]}}</ref>  
 
[[Bhuj]], one of the closest cities to the epicenter, was devastated, with roughly 10,000 people killed<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|title=In Quake, Unity Overcame Diversity|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/10/world/in-quake-unity-overcame-diversity.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 February 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|author=John F. Burns}}</ref> and 95% of buildings destroyed or uninhabitable after the quake;<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/gujarat-earthquake-emergency-update-dec-2002|title=Gujarat earthquake emergency update Dec 2002|author=Save the Children|access-date=29 August 2024|date=20 December 2002}}</ref> 38,653 homes partially or fully collapsed in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=2001 Gujarat Earthquake: How the state bounced back from the worst disaster ever|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/offbeat-news/article/2001-gujarat-earthquake-how-the-state-bounced-back-from-the-worst-disaster-ever-23331440|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=23 January 2024|access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref> The quake also destroyed eight schools, two hospitals and 4&nbsp;km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the historic [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Swaminarayan temple]] and historic forts, [[Prag Mahal]] and [[Aina Mahal]]. The [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them either collapsed or were seriously damaged; only 10% were undamaged.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rabindra|first1=Vasavada|last2=Edmund|first2=Booth|year=2001|title=Effect of the Bhuj, India earthquake of 26 January 2001 on heritage buildings|url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-21244|journal=Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie|volume=21|issn=0170-9518}}</ref> Bhuj's district hospital collapsed, killing about 193 people inside,<ref name="NIDM"/> while at the city's main [[telephone exchange]] building, 50% of its walls collapsed, damaging interior electrical controls and resulting in many casualties.<ref name=asoce/>
 
Over 1.2 million houses in 8,000 villages and 490 towns were damaged or destroyed, as well as 12,000 schools, 2,000 health facilities, many historic buildings and tourist attractions;<ref name="IIFEAD"/><ref>{{cite news|title=India: Gujarat earthquake victims to receive more support to rebuild lives|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-gujarat-earthquake-victims-receive-more-support-rebuild-lives|date=2 May 2002|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf|title=Interdisciplinary Observations on The January 2001 Bhuj, Gujarat Earthquake|access-date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226144339/http://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref> 400,000 of the damaged homes completely collapsed.<ref name="APR2001UPDATE">{{cite news|title=Earthquake in South Asia – India and Pakistan Affected Update Apr 2001|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/earthquake-south-asia-india-and-pakistan-affected-update-apr-2001|date=11 April 2001|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=CRS}}</ref> Across [[Bhachau]], over 5,000 people died and 9,000 houses were damaged or destroyed.<ref name="IIFEAD">{{cite journal|author1=David Sanderson|author2=Anshu Sharma|title=Winners and losers of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake|url=https://www.slurc.org/uploads/1/0/9/7/109761391/winners_and_losers_from_the_2001_gujarat_earthquake.pdf|date=January 2007|access-date=29 August 2024|doi=10.1177/0956247808089155|journal=Environment & Urbanization|volume=20|pages=177–186|doi-access=free|publisher=[[International Institute for Environment and Development]]}}</ref> In [[Chobari]], the closest settlement to the epicenter, all 3,200 houses were razed and 648 residents were killed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearest settlement to the Epicentre of 2001 earthquake: Chobari still bears scars of devastation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nearest-settlement-to-the-epicentre-of-2001-earthquake-chobari-still-bears-scars-of-devastation-7161558/|date=26 January 2021|access-date=29 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Over 400 were also feared dead in [[Rapar]].<ref name=geer/> Adhoi village lost 354 residents, including 25 students at a school. Much of [[Vondh]] was also razed and 400 people died there.<ref name="IIFEAD"/> All 208 houses in the village of [[Visnagar]] were also destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|title=India: Gujarat Earthquake 2001 – Visnagar, Gujarat getting new life|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-gujarat-earthquake-2001-visnagar-gujarat-getting-new-life|date=12 June 2003|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=IDRF}}</ref> In [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]], over 2,000 people died, including 204 who were killed at a [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anjar remembers its dead children|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/anjar-remembers-its-dead-children/articleshow/421065389.cms|date=26 January 2002|access-date=29 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> There were also nearly 2,000 deaths in [[Gandhidham]], where 30 high-rise buildings collapsed,<ref>{{cite news|title=What The Quake Means For Gujarat Inc|url=https://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20010221/cover2.html|date=29 January 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> and in nearby [[Kandla]], roads and facilities at the [[Port of Kandla]] were badly affected.<ref name=asoce/><ref name=geer/> At the [[Port of Navlakhi|Navlakhi]], extensive subsidence caused the main access road and port to drop below [[sea level]] at high tide, preventing goods from being imported; lateral spreading caused a newly built reinforced concrete wharf to collapse into the sea.<ref name=asoce/> Ten people were killed and all 940 homes were badly damaged in Dhori village, including 914 which were completely razed by the quake, along with multiple health centers, schools, a water tower, the mosque and three Hindu temples.<ref name=nyt/> In [[Khavda]], 240 people died, thousands more were injured, 20% of homes collapsed and 40% of others were moderately damaged. There were also 225 deaths in [[Ratnal]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India/Gujarat: Earthquake Appeal No. 04/2001 Situation Report No. 6|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/indiagujarat-earthquake-appeal-no-042001-situation-report-no-6|date=6 February 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=IFRC}}</ref>


In [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat's commercial capital with a population of approximately 8.2 million (according to data in 2011), as many as 80 multi-storey buildings collapsed and 729 people were killed.<ref name="DEATHTOLL"/> Total property damage was estimated at $7.5 billion. In Kutch, the earthquake destroyed about 60% of food and water supplies and around 258,000 houses, 90% of the district's housing stock. The biggest setback was the total demolition of the Bhuj Civil hospital. The [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] provided emergency support which was later augmented by the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society]]. A temporary [[Red Cross]] hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_wqqxXqv7EC&pg=PA3|title=Gujarat (Kutch), India, M7.7 Earthquake of January 26, 2001, and Napa M5.2 Earthquake of September 3, 2000|last=Eidinger|first=John M.|date=2001|publisher=ASCE Publications|isbn=9780784475065}}</ref>
In [[Ahmedabad]], 1,021 apartments and 82 houses collapsed, and 752 people were killed.<ref name="NIDM">{{cite report|title=The Kutch Earthquake 2001|url=https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/KUTCH%202001.pdf|year=2012|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[National Institute of Disaster Management (India)|National Institute of Disaster Management]]|author=Pramod K. Mishra|isbn=978-81-8347-000-1}}</ref> Collapsing multistory buildings also caused deaths in [[Morbi]] and [[Surat]].<ref name=sudhirjain>{{cite web|title=Preliminary Observations on the Origin and Effects of the January 26, 2001 Bhuj (Gujarat, India) Earthquake|url=https://sudhirjain.info/INL_005.pdf|date=April 2001|access-date=5 February 2025|publisher=[[Earthquake Engineering Research Institute]]}}</ref> Total property damage was estimated at $7.5 billion. The [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] provided emergency support which was later augmented by the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society]]. A temporary [[Red Cross]] hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_wqqxXqv7EC&pg=PA3|title=Gujarat (Kutch), India, M7.7 Earthquake of January 26, 2001, and Napa M5.2 Earthquake of September 3, 2000|last=Eidinger|first=John M.|date=2001|publisher=ASCE Publications|isbn=9780784475065}}</ref>
 
There were also 19 deaths in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India Earthquake Update 26 Jan 2001|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-earthquake-update-26-jan-2001|date=26 January 2001|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=Childreach}}</ref> The [[Badin District|Badin]]-[[Tharparkar]] area recorded 12 deaths, 115 injuries, 1,989 collapsed homes and 43,643 damaged homes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthquake|url=https://pdma.gos.pk/earthquake/|year=2022|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[Government of Sindh]]}}</ref> Liquefaction from the earthquake resulted in [[sugarcane]] farms being flooded, affecting crops in the village of Kadhan.<ref name=geer>{{cite web|title=The Bhuj, India, earthquake of January 26, 2001|url=https://geerassociation.org/components/com_geer_reports/geerfiles/Bhuj_2001/india_photo.htm|date=February 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|website=Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance}}</ref>


== Reconstruction ==
== Reconstruction ==
Line 92: Line 163:


=== Housing ===
=== Housing ===
The housing policies focused on the removal of rubble, setting up temporary shelters, full reconstruction of damaged houses, and the [[retrofitting]] of undamaged units. The policy established a community-driven housing recovery process. The communities affected by the earthquake were given the option for complete or partial relocation to [[In situ|in-situ]] reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AylYZrXQDJwC&pg=PA36|title=Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters|last=Jha|first=Abhas K.|date=2010|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=9780821382684}}</ref> The total number of eligible houses to be repaired was 929,682 and the total number of eligible houses to be reconstructed was 213,685. By 2003, 882,896 (94%) houses were repaired and 113,271 (53%) were reconstructed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.adrc.asia/publications/recovery_reports/pdf/Gujarat.pdf|title=The Gujarat Earthquake 2001|last=Sinha|first=Anil|year=2003|website=Asian Disaster Reduction Center|publisher=Asian Disaster Reduction Center|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
The housing policies focused on the removal of rubble, setting up temporary shelters, full reconstruction of damaged houses, and the [[retrofitting]] of undamaged units. The policy established a community-driven housing recovery process. The communities affected by the earthquake were given the option for complete or partial relocation to [[In situ|in-situ]] reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AylYZrXQDJwC&pg=PA36|title=Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters|last=Jha|first=Abhas K.|date=2010|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=9780821382684}}</ref> The total number of eligible houses to be repaired was 929,682 and the total number of eligible houses to be reconstructed was 213,685. By 2003, 882,896 (94%) houses were repaired and 113,271 (53%) were reconstructed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.adrc.asia/publications/recovery_reports/pdf/Gujarat.pdf|title=The Gujarat Earthquake 2001|last=Sinha|first=Anil|year=2003|publisher=Asian Disaster Reduction Center|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>


=== City planning ===
=== City planning ===
The Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC) was commissioned to provide a new city plan for the city of [[Bhuj]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Byahut|first=Sweta|date=Fall 2014|title=Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Planning Using Land Readjustment in Bhuj (India)|journal=Journal of the American Planning Association|volume=80|issue=4|page=440|doi=10.1080/01944363.2014.989132|s2cid=154043360|via=Academic Search Complete}}</ref> The plan focused on creating a wider roadway network to provide emergency access to the city. The EPC used land readjustment (LR) in the form of eight town planning schemes.<ref name=":1" /> This was implemented by deducting land from private lot sizes to create adequate public land for the widening of roadways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byahut|first1=Sweta|last2=Mittal|first2=Jay|year=2016|title=Using Land Readjustment in Rebuilding the Earthquake-Damaged City of Bhuj, India|journal=Journal of Urban Planning and Development|volume=143|page=05016012|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000354}}</ref> The remaining land was readjusted and given back to the original owners as final plots.<ref name=":1" />
The Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC) was commissioned to provide a new city plan for the city of [[Bhuj]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Byahut|first=Sweta|date=Fall 2014|title=Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Planning Using Land Readjustment in Bhuj (India)|journal=Journal of the American Planning Association|volume=80|issue=4|page=440|doi=10.1080/01944363.2014.989132|s2cid=154043360|via=Academic Search Complete}}</ref> The plan focused on creating a wider roadway network to provide emergency access to the city. The EPC used land readjustment (LR) in the form of eight town planning schemes.<ref name=":1" /> This was implemented by deducting land from private lot sizes to create adequate public land for the widening of roadways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byahut|first1=Sweta|last2=Mittal|first2=Jay|year=2016|title=Using Land Readjustment in Rebuilding the Earthquake-Damaged City of Bhuj, India|journal=Journal of Urban Planning and Development|volume=143|article-number=05016012|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000354}}</ref> The remaining land was readjusted and given back to the original owners as final plots.<ref name=":1" />


== Relief ==
== Relief ==
[[File:Hinduja Hospital's Medical Relief Camp at Bhuj after the 2001 Gujarat Earthquakes.jpg|thumb|[[Hinduja Hospital]]'s relief camp at Bhuj]]
[[File:Hinduja Hospital's Medical Relief Camp at Bhuj after the 2001 Gujarat Earthquakes.jpg|thumb|[[Hinduja Hospital]]'s relief camp at Bhuj]]
[[File: U.S. Air Force personnel unload relief supplies destined for earthquake victims in India from a C-5A Galaxy at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam.JPG|thumb|[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] personnel preparing relief supplies on 3 February 2001.]]
[[File: U.S. Air Force personnel unload relief supplies destined for earthquake victims in India from a C-5A Galaxy at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam.JPG|thumb|[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] personnel preparing relief supplies on 3 February 2001]]


In order to support the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city, the [[Government of Gujarat]] created four assistance packages worth up to US$1 billion. These packages assisted about 300,000 families. The government also announced a US$2.5 million package to revive small, medium, and cottage industries. [[The World Bank]] and the [[Asian Development Bank]] also provided loans worth $300 million and $500 million, respectively.<ref name=":2" />
The [[Government of Gujarat]] created four assistance packages worth up to US$1 billion to support the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city. These packages assisted about 300,000 families. The government also announced a US$2.5 million package to revive small, medium, and cottage industries. The [[World Bank]] and [[Asian Development Bank]] also provided loans worth $300 million and $500 million, respectively.<ref name=":2" />


Assistance was offered from many countries and organisations.  
Assistance was offered from many countries and organisations.  
Line 130: Line 201:
|150 member emergency aid mission
|150 member emergency aid mission
|-
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{flag|Japan}}
|US$2.3 million for emergency equipment
|US$3 million in financial aid and US$1.14 million worth of relief supplies and equipments<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/shiryo/hakusyo/02_hakusho/ODA2002/html/column/cl02004.htm II-4 インド地震における緊急援助], ODA Bluebook 2002, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]].</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|US$250,000
|US$250,000
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Nepal}}
|Relief materials and financial aid
|-
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
Line 145: Line 219:
|13 tons of relief material such as blankets and food  
|13 tons of relief material such as blankets and food  
|-
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|Relief material and supplies
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ba'athist Syria}}
|Medical and other relief supplies
|Medical and other relief supplies
|-
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|US$100,000
|US$100,000
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|Relief material and supplies
|-
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
Line 157: Line 237:
|Relief supplies up to US$5 million  
|Relief supplies up to US$5 million  
|-
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
 
{{flag|Vietnam}}
 
{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|Relief material and supplies  
|Relief material and supplies  
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|Relief materials and financial aid
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 191: Line 264:
|-
|-
|Technisches Hilfswerk (THW)
|Technisches Hilfswerk (THW)
|Rehabilitation of Water Supply & Storage for Villages nearby Bhachau.
|Rehabilitation of water supply and storage for villages nearby Bhachau.
|-
|-
|Department of International Development (DFID-UK)
|Department of International Development (DFID-UK)
|Financing of Relief funds for local and international NGO working on Relief works in rural Kutch.
|Financing of relief funds for local and international NGO working on relief works in rural Kutch.
|}
|}


==Memorials==
==Memorials==
[[File: Smritivan 2001 Gujarat earthquake memorial garden in Bhuj, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Smritivan|right]]
[[File: Smritivan 2001 Gujarat earthquake memorial garden in Bhuj, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Smritivan|right]]
[[Smritivan Earthquake Memorial and Museum|Smritivan]], a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was built on top of [[Bhujia Hill]] in [[Bhuj]] and opened in 2022. Spread over an area of 470 acre, it has more than 13,805 trees, each dedicated to a victim, planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs created on the hill.<ref name=Ray>{{cite news|title=Gujarat to set up quake memorial in Bhuj|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gujarat-to-set-up-quake-memorial-in-bhuj-104041601028_1.html|first=Joydeep|last=Ray|date=16 April 2004|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/modi-to-inaugurate-first-phase-of-smriti-van-kutch-earthquake-memorial-in-jan-2019/articlecontent-pf34359-2810583.html |title = Modi to inaugurate first phase of 'Smriti Van' Kutch earthquake memorial in Jan 2019|date = 20 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Smriti Van Memorial in Kutch - See pics of museum |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-smriti-van-memorial-in-kutch-see-stunning-pics-of-museum-2502639.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>  
[[Smritivan Earthquake Memorial and Museum|Smritivan]], a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was built on top of [[Bhujia Hill]] in [[Bhuj]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and opened in 2022. Spread over an area of 470 acres, it has more than 13,805 trees, each dedicated to a victim, planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs created on the hill.<ref name=Ray>{{cite news|title=Gujarat to set up quake memorial in Bhuj|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gujarat-to-set-up-quake-memorial-in-bhuj-104041601028_1.html|first=Joydeep|last=Ray|date=16 April 2004|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/modi-to-inaugurate-first-phase-of-smriti-van-kutch-earthquake-memorial-in-jan-2019/articlecontent-pf34359-2810583.html|title=Modi to inaugurate first phase of 'Smriti Van' Kutch earthquake memorial in Jan 2019|date=20 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Modi inaugurates Smriti Van Memorial in Kutch – See pics of museum|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-smriti-van-memorial-in-kutch-see-stunning-pics-of-museum-2502639.html|access-date=30 August 2022|publisher=Zee News}}</ref>
 
[[Veer Balak Smarak]] in [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]] is a memorial dedicated to 185 school children and 20 teachers who died during the earthquake.<ref name="ht1">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2022|title=PM Modi to inaugurate 'Veer Balak Memorial' in Gujarat. Details here|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-veer-balak-memorial-in-gujarat-details-here-101661663487296.html|access-date=5 September 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="etv">{{Cite web|title=અંજારના વીર બાળક સ્મારકની વિશેષતાઓ, પીએમ મોદી કચ્છ પ્રવાસમાં કરશે લોકાર્પિત|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/kutch/features-of-veer-balak-memorial-in-anjar-pm-modi-kutch-visit-aug-2022/gj20220825192526303303652|access-date=5 September 2022|website=ETV Bharat News|date=25 August 2022|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Webdunia|title=આજે કચ્છના અંજારમાં 'વીર બાળક સ્મારક'નું વડાપ્રધાન નરેન્દ્ર મોદી લોકાર્પણ કરશે|url=https://gujarati.webdunia.com/regional-gujarat-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-will-inaugurate-the-veer-baldik-memorial-in-anjar-kutch-122082600006_1.html|access-date=5 September 2022|website=gujarati.webdunia.com|language=gu}}</ref>
 
== In popular culture ==


[[Veer Balak Smarak]] in [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]] is memorial dedicated to 185 school children and 20 teachers who died during the earthquake.<ref name="ht1">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate 'Veer Balak Memorial' in Gujarat. Details here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-veer-balak-memorial-in-gujarat-details-here-101661663487296.html |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="etv">{{Cite web |title=અંજારના વીર બાળક સ્મારકની વિશેષતાઓ, પીએમ મોદી કચ્છ પ્રવાસમાં કરશે લોકાર્પિત |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/kutch/features-of-veer-balak-memorial-in-anjar-pm-modi-kutch-visit-aug-2022/gj20220825192526303303652 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Webdunia |title=આજે કચ્છના અંજારમાં 'વીર બાળક સ્મારક'નું વડાપ્રધાન નરેન્દ્ર મોદી લોકાર્પણ કરશે |url=https://gujarati.webdunia.com/regional-gujarat-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-will-inaugurate-the-veer-baldik-memorial-in-anjar-kutch-122082600006_1.html |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=gujarati.webdunia.com |language=gu}}</ref>
* ''[[Kai Po Che!]]'' is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted the 2001 earthquake effects in Ahmedabad in its plot.


==See also==
==See also==
 
{{Portal|India|Pakistan|Earth sciences}}
* [[Earthquake zones of India]]
* [[Earthquake zones of India]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 2001]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 2001]]
Line 210: Line 287:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="PAGER-CAT">{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/PAGER_CAT_v2.zip|author=USGS|date=4 September 2009|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref>
<ref name="PAGER-CAT">{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|date=4 September 2009|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref>
}}
}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|2001 Gujarat earthquake}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm M7.7 Bhuj "Republic Day" Earthquake, 2001] –  Amateur Seismic Centre
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm M7.7 Bhuj "Republic Day" Earthquake, 2001] –  Amateur Seismic Centre
*[http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/Gujarat2001.html 26 January 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Gujarat, India] – University of Colorado
*[http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/Gujarat2001.html 26 January 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Gujarat, India] – University of Colorado
Line 228: Line 305:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat Earthquake, 2001}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat Earthquake, 2001}}
{{#seo:
|keywords=2001 earthquakes, History of Ahmedabad, History of Kutch, Earthquakes in India, January 2001 events in India, Buried rupture earthquakes, Bhuj, Events in Ahmedabad
|description=
}}
[[Category:2001 earthquakes]]
[[Category:2001 earthquakes]]
[[Category:2001 disasters in India|Gujarat earthquake]]
[[Category:2001 disasters in India|Gujarat earthquake]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Gujarat|2001]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Gujarat|2001]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)|2016 earthquake]]
[[Category:2000s in Gujarat|2016 earthquake]]
[[Category:History of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:2000s in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:History of Kutch]]
[[Category:History of Kutch]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:January 2001 events in India]]
[[Category:January 2001 in India]]
[[Category:Buried rupture earthquakes]]
[[Category:Buried rupture earthquakes]]
[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:Events in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]]

Latest revision as of 22:50, 23 February 2026


2001 Gujarat earthquake
Buildings after the earthquake
2001 Gujarat earthquake is located in India
2001 Gujarat earthquake
UTC time2001-01-26 03:16:40
ISC event1763683
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date26 January 2001 (2001-01-26)
Local time08:46 am IST
Duration85 seconds
Magnitude7.6 Mw
Depth17.4 kilometres (10.8 mi)
Epicenter23°23′17″N 70°19′34″E / 23.388°N 70.326°E / 23.388; 70.326[1]
TypeOblique-slip,
Intraplate
Areas affectedGujarat, India and Sindh, Pakistan
Max. intensityXII (Extreme)
Peak acceleration0.11 g
Aftershocks107 >Mw 4.0 (as of 31/12/2001)
Strongest: Mwc 5.8 on 28 January
Casualties20,023 fatalities, 166,951 injuries

An earthquake struck India and Pakistan on 26 January 2001 at 08:46 am IST. The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch district in Gujarat, India.[2][3] The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme).[4]

The intraplate earthquake measured 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale and occurred at a depth of 17.4 km (10.8 mi).[1] The earthquake killed at least 20,023 people, injured another 166,000 and destroyed about 400,000 buildings in Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh.[5][6][7] The vast majority of deaths and damage were observed in Kutch district, while nearly 1,600 additional deaths occurred in the cities of Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendranagar, Surat, Gandhinagar and Vadodara.[8]

Tectonic setting[edit | edit source]

See also: Geology of India

Gujarat lies 300–400 km from the plate boundary between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate, but the current tectonics are still governed by the effects of the continuing continental collision along this boundary. During the break-up of Gondwana in the Jurassic, this area was affected by rifting with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift faults and development of new low-angle thrust faults. The related folding has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch.[9]

The focal mechanism of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on reactivated rift faults. The pattern of uplift and subsidence associated with the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake is consistent with reactivation of such a fault.

Earthquake[edit | edit source]

IX (Violent)VIII (Severe)VII (Very strong)VI (Strong)
Estimated number of people exposed to shaking levels[10]
MMI Population exposure
244k
1,520k
7,002k
20,836k
Error creating thumbnail: Page number not in range.
USGS Shakemap

The earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.[11][12] No major surface ruptures were associated with the shock, classifying it as a blind thrust earthquake. Lateral spreading was widely reported and strike-slip faulting was observed at Bharodia and Manfara.[13] On the moment magnitude scale, the International Seismological Centre said it measured a magnitude of 7.6,[1] while the United States Geological Survey put it at 7.7.[14]

Rupture propagation[edit | edit source]

A finite fault model from the USGS estimated that the earthquake rupture had an area of 141 km (88 mi) x 18 km (11 mi), lasting approximately 25 seconds. Slip was mostly concentrated around the northern patches of the rupture, with a maximum slip of 9.695 m (31.81 ft) recorded in the village of Chobari. The full rupture also extended through the cities of Bhuj and Rapar, although slip in these areas was extremely minor.[14] Despite the large magnitude and rupture area, no visible surface ruptures could be identified in the epicentral area.[15]

Ground motion[edit | edit source]

The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX-XII (Violent-Extreme).[4] It also registered X (Devastating) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale, with the maximum intensity observed over an east-northeast elongated zone of approximately 2,100 km2 (810 sq mi); much of Gujarat recorded tremors of VII (Very Strong) or higher. Ahmedabad recorded a maximum peak ground acceleration of 0.11 g. Shaking from the earthquake lasted several minutes, with stronger ground motion lasting at least 85 seconds. Numerous rockfalls and landslides occurred in the Bhuj and Bhachau areas. There was extensive evidence of soil liquefaction at the Rann of Kutch, Banni Grasslands Reserve, coastal areas of the Gulf of Kutch and numerous sand boils in dry lakebeds northeast of Bhuj. After the earthquake, these sand boils had fountains of saline groundwater rising 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft). Widespread subsidence and lateral spreading also occurred at Kandla and Navlakhi ports.[15][4]

Aftershocks[edit | edit source]

By 31 December 2001, there were 107 aftershocks exceeding Mw 4.0 which were recorded by the USGS, including 9 events measuring Mw 5.0 or higher; most aftershocks occurred south of the epicenter near Bhachau.[16] The largest aftershock occurred on 28 January, had a magnitude of Mwc 5.8 and was located 15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Rapar.[17]

Damage and casualties[edit | edit source]

The partially collapsed Swaminarayan Mandir Hindu temple in Bhuj
Casualties by district
Area Deaths[8] Injuries[18]
Kutch 18,416 39,765
Ahmedabad 752[19] 4,030
Rajkot 433 10,567
Jamnagar 119 4,592
Surendranagar 113 2,851
Surat 46 157
Patan 38 1,686
Banaskantha 32 2,770
Navsari 17 51
Bharuch 9 44
Porbandar 9 90
Gandhinagar 8 240
Junagadh 8 87
Bhavnagar 4 44
Vadodara 1 256
Anand 1 20

The United States Geological Survey's PAGER-CAT catalog reported 20,023 fatalities.[20] Additionally, 166,836 injuries were recorded,[6] a total of 28 million people across Gujarat were affected, and 442 villages lost at least 70% of houses.[19] In Kutch District, 90% of homes were damaged or destroyed, with 24% of the housing stock affected overall in Gujarat; most affected buildings were non-engineered, unreinforced stonemasonry, although many reinforced concrete buildings also collapsed. Water outages were widespread due to liquefaction and soil compaction, with many pumping stations and two water towers collapsing in the affected area. However, damage to highways and bridges was relatively minor.[4]

Bhuj, one of the closest cities to the epicenter, was devastated, with roughly 10,000 people killed[21] and 95% of buildings destroyed or uninhabitable after the quake;[22] 38,653 homes partially or fully collapsed in the city.[23] The quake also destroyed eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the historic Swaminarayan temple and historic forts, Prag Mahal and Aina Mahal. The Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them either collapsed or were seriously damaged; only 10% were undamaged.[24] Bhuj's district hospital collapsed, killing about 193 people inside,[19] while at the city's main telephone exchange building, 50% of its walls collapsed, damaging interior electrical controls and resulting in many casualties.[4]

Over 1.2 million houses in 8,000 villages and 490 towns were damaged or destroyed, as well as 12,000 schools, 2,000 health facilities, many historic buildings and tourist attractions;[25][26][27] 400,000 of the damaged homes completely collapsed.[5] Across Bhachau, over 5,000 people died and 9,000 houses were damaged or destroyed.[25] In Chobari, the closest settlement to the epicenter, all 3,200 houses were razed and 648 residents were killed.[28] Over 400 were also feared dead in Rapar.[29] Adhoi village lost 354 residents, including 25 students at a school. Much of Vondh was also razed and 400 people died there.[25] All 208 houses in the village of Visnagar were also destroyed.[30] In Anjar, over 2,000 people died, including 204 who were killed at a Republic Day parade.[31] There were also nearly 2,000 deaths in Gandhidham, where 30 high-rise buildings collapsed,[32] and in nearby Kandla, roads and facilities at the Port of Kandla were badly affected.[4][29] At the Navlakhi, extensive subsidence caused the main access road and port to drop below sea level at high tide, preventing goods from being imported; lateral spreading caused a newly built reinforced concrete wharf to collapse into the sea.[4] Ten people were killed and all 940 homes were badly damaged in Dhori village, including 914 which were completely razed by the quake, along with multiple health centers, schools, a water tower, the mosque and three Hindu temples.[21] In Khavda, 240 people died, thousands more were injured, 20% of homes collapsed and 40% of others were moderately damaged. There were also 225 deaths in Ratnal.[33]

In Ahmedabad, 1,021 apartments and 82 houses collapsed, and 752 people were killed.[19] Collapsing multistory buildings also caused deaths in Morbi and Surat.[15] Total property damage was estimated at $7.5 billion. The Indian military provided emergency support which was later augmented by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. A temporary Red Cross hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.[34]

There were also 19 deaths in Pakistan.[35] The Badin-Tharparkar area recorded 12 deaths, 115 injuries, 1,989 collapsed homes and 43,643 damaged homes.[36] Liquefaction from the earthquake resulted in sugarcane farms being flooded, affecting crops in the village of Kadhan.[29]

Reconstruction[edit | edit source]

Four months after the earthquake the Gujarat government announced the Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy. The policy proposed a different approach to urban and rural construction with the estimated cost of rebuilding to be US$1.77 billion.[37]

The main objectives of the policy included repairing, building, and strengthening houses and public buildings. Other objectives included the revival of the economy, health support, and reconstruction of the community and social infrastructure.[37]

Housing[edit | edit source]

The housing policies focused on the removal of rubble, setting up temporary shelters, full reconstruction of damaged houses, and the retrofitting of undamaged units. The policy established a community-driven housing recovery process. The communities affected by the earthquake were given the option for complete or partial relocation to in-situ reconstruction.[38] The total number of eligible houses to be repaired was 929,682 and the total number of eligible houses to be reconstructed was 213,685. By 2003, 882,896 (94%) houses were repaired and 113,271 (53%) were reconstructed.[39]

City planning[edit | edit source]

The Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC) was commissioned to provide a new city plan for the city of Bhuj.[40] The plan focused on creating a wider roadway network to provide emergency access to the city. The EPC used land readjustment (LR) in the form of eight town planning schemes.[40] This was implemented by deducting land from private lot sizes to create adequate public land for the widening of roadways.[41] The remaining land was readjusted and given back to the original owners as final plots.[40]

Relief[edit | edit source]

Hinduja Hospital's relief camp at Bhuj
U.S. Air Force personnel preparing relief supplies on 3 February 2001

The Government of Gujarat created four assistance packages worth up to US$1 billion to support the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city. These packages assisted about 300,000 families. The government also announced a US$2.5 million package to revive small, medium, and cottage industries. The World Bank and Asian Development Bank also provided loans worth $300 million and $500 million, respectively.[39]

Assistance was offered from many countries and organisations.

International assistance[39]
Country Relief Offered
 Australia US$550,000
 Bangladesh 20,000 tons of rice and a 12-member medical team
 Belgium US$920,000
 Canada US$2 million
 China US$602,000
 Greece US$270,000 in financial aid relief supplies
 Israel 150 member emergency aid mission
 Japan US$3 million in financial aid and US$1.14 million worth of relief supplies and equipments[42]
 Kuwait US$250,000
Template:Country data Kingdom of Nepal Relief materials and financial aid
 Netherlands US$2.5 million through UNICEF
 New Zealand US$200,000 grant
 Pakistan 13 tons of relief material such as blankets and food
 Saudi Arabia Relief material and supplies
Template:Country data Ba'athist Syria Medical and other relief supplies
 Taiwan US$100,000
 United Arab Emirates Relief material and supplies
 United Kingdom £10 million
 United States Relief supplies up to US$5 million
 Vietnam Relief material and supplies
Assistance from organisations[39]
Organisations Relief Given
American Red Cross of Central New Jersey Grant program of US$10,000 with all proceeds going to the American Red Cross Indian Earthquake Relief Fund
CARE International Relief Materials
HelpAge India Relief materials to rural areas and Mobile Medicare Units (MMUs)
Oxfam Food distribution. shelters, temporary bathing facilities, and relief materials
The Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement £10 million, 350-bed hospital, water and sanitation units, telecommunications team, and a British Red Cross logistics team
World Health Organization US$1.2 million
Technisches Hilfswerk (THW) Rehabilitation of water supply and storage for villages nearby Bhachau.
Department of International Development (DFID-UK) Financing of relief funds for local and international NGO working on relief works in rural Kutch.

Memorials[edit | edit source]

Smritivan

Smritivan, a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was built on top of Bhujia Hill in Bhuj, Kutch and opened in 2022. Spread over an area of 470 acres, it has more than 13,805 trees, each dedicated to a victim, planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs created on the hill.[43][44][45]

Veer Balak Smarak in Anjar is a memorial dedicated to 185 school children and 20 teachers who died during the earthquake.[46][47][48]

In popular culture[edit | edit source]

  • Kai Po Che! is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted the 2001 earthquake effects in Ahmedabad in its plot.

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 9.1, International Seismological Centre, 27 June 2022
  2. ↑ Gupta, Harsh K., et al. "Bhuj earthquake of 26 January 2001." Journal-Geological Society of India 57.3 (2001): 275–278.
  3. ↑ "15 years of Gujarat earthquake: A trauma etched in Gujarat's memory". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Eidinger, John (1 April 2001). "Gujarat (Kutch) India Earthquake of January 26, 2001 Lifeline Performance" (PDF). American Society of Civil Engineers.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 CRS (11 April 2001). "Earthquake in South Asia – India and Pakistan Affected Update Apr 2001". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Preliminary Earthquake Report". USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
  7. ↑ Sen, Kavita (January 2001). "Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake". Academia.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "India Earthquake Update #25". ReliefWeb. 23 March 2001. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  9. ↑ Maurya, D. M.; Chowksey, Vikas; Patidar, A. K.; Chamyal, L. S. (2017). "A review and new data on neotectonic evolution of active faults in the Kachchh Basin, Western India: legacy of post-Deccan Trap tectonic inversion". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 445 (1): 237–268. Bibcode:2017GSLSP.445..237M. doi:10.1144/sp445.7. S2CID 132318339.
  10. ↑ EXPO-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2007-12, United States Geological Survey, 1 December 2008, retrieved 4 February 2025
  11. ↑ Bodin, P.; Horton, S. (2004). "Source Parameters and Tectonic Implications of Aftershocks of the Mw 7.6 Bhuj Earthquake of 26 January 2001" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 94 (3). Seismological Society of America: 818–827. Bibcode:2004BuSSA..94..818B. doi:10.1785/0120030176. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  12. ↑ Li, Q.; Liu, M.; Yang, Y. (2002). "The 01/26/2001 Bhuj, India, Earthquake: Intraplate or Interplate?". In Stein, S.; Freymueller, J.T. (eds.). Plate Boundary Zones. Geodynamics Series. Vol. 30. American Geophysical Union. pp. 255–264. doi:10.1029/gd030p0255. ISBN 978-1-118-67044-6. ISSN 2329-1540.
  13. ↑ "M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2006.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Template:Cite anss
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Preliminary Observations on the Origin and Effects of the January 26, 2001 Bhuj (Gujarat, India) Earthquake" (PDF). Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. April 2001. Retrieved 5 February 2025.
  16. ↑ "USGS earthquake catalog". United States Geological Survey.
  17. ↑ Template:Cite anss
  18. ↑ "Casualties of 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake". Government of India. Archived from the original on 7 August 2001.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Pramod K. Mishra (2012). The Kutch Earthquake 2001 (PDF) (Report). National Institute of Disaster Management. ISBN 978-81-8347-000-1. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  20. ↑ PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey, 4 September 2009
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 John F. Burns (10 February 2001). "In Quake, Unity Overcame Diversity". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  22. ↑ Save the Children (20 December 2002). "Gujarat earthquake emergency update Dec 2002". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  23. ↑ "2001 Gujarat Earthquake: How the state bounced back from the worst disaster ever". Mid-Day. 23 January 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
  24. ↑ Rabindra, Vasavada; Edmund, Booth (2001). "Effect of the Bhuj, India earthquake of 26 January 2001 on heritage buildings". Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie. 21. ISSN 0170-9518.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 David Sanderson; Anshu Sharma (January 2007). "Winners and losers of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake" (PDF). Environment & Urbanization. 20. International Institute for Environment and Development: 177–186. doi:10.1177/0956247808089155. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  26. ↑ World Bank (2 May 2002). "India: Gujarat earthquake victims to receive more support to rebuild lives". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  27. ↑ "Interdisciplinary Observations on The January 2001 Bhuj, Gujarat Earthquake" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  28. ↑ "Nearest settlement to the Epicentre of 2001 earthquake: Chobari still bears scars of devastation". The Indian Express. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "The Bhuj, India, earthquake of January 26, 2001". Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance. February 2001. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  30. ↑ IDRF (12 June 2003). "India: Gujarat Earthquake 2001 – Visnagar, Gujarat getting new life". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  31. ↑ "Anjar remembers its dead children". The Times of India. 26 January 2002. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  32. ↑ "What The Quake Means For Gujarat Inc". Business Insider. 29 January 2001. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  33. ↑ IFRC (6 February 2001). "India/Gujarat: Earthquake Appeal No. 04/2001 Situation Report No. 6". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  34. ↑ Eidinger, John M. (2001). Gujarat (Kutch), India, M7.7 Earthquake of January 26, 2001, and Napa M5.2 Earthquake of September 3, 2000. ASCE Publications. ISBN 9780784475065.
  35. ↑ Childreach (26 January 2001). "India Earthquake Update 26 Jan 2001". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  36. ↑ "Earthquake". Government of Sindh. 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Jha, Abhas K. (2010). Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters. World Bank Publications. ISBN 9780821382684.
  38. ↑ Jha, Abhas K. (2010). Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters. World Bank Publications. ISBN 9780821382684.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Sinha, Anil (2003). "The Gujarat Earthquake 2001" (PDF). Asian Disaster Reduction Center. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Byahut, Sweta (Fall 2014). "Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Planning Using Land Readjustment in Bhuj (India)". Journal of the American Planning Association. 80 (4): 440. doi:10.1080/01944363.2014.989132. S2CID 154043360 – via Academic Search Complete.
  41. ↑ Byahut, Sweta; Mittal, Jay (2016). "Using Land Readjustment in Rebuilding the Earthquake-Damaged City of Bhuj, India". Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 143 05016012. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000354.
  42. ↑ II-4 インド地震における緊急援助, ODA Bluebook 2002, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  43. ↑ Ray, Joydeep (16 April 2004). "Gujarat to set up quake memorial in Bhuj". Business Standard.
  44. ↑ "Modi to inaugurate first phase of 'Smriti Van' Kutch earthquake memorial in Jan 2019". 20 November 2018.
  45. ↑ "PM Modi inaugurates Smriti Van Memorial in Kutch – See pics of museum". Zee News. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  46. ↑ "PM Modi to inaugurate 'Veer Balak Memorial' in Gujarat. Details here". Hindustan Times. 28 August 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  47. ↑ "અંજારના વીર બાળક સ્મારકની વિશેષતાઓ, પીએમ મોદી કચ્છ પ્રવાસમાં કરશે લોકાર્પિત". ETV Bharat News (in ગુજરાતી). 25 August 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  48. ↑ Webdunia. "આજે કચ્છના અંજારમાં 'વીર બાળક સ્મારક'નું વડાપ્રધાન નરેન્દ્ર મોદી લોકાર્પણ કરશે". gujarati.webdunia.com (in ગુજરાતી). Retrieved 5 September 2022.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Earthquakes in 2001

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_Gujarat_earthquake&oldid=466911"
Discover more