Vachellia nilotica: Difference between revisions

Vachellia nilotica
	Leaves and thorns
Scientific classification
:	[[Template:Taxonomy/Vachellia]]
Species:	Template:Taxonomy/VachelliaV. nilotica
Binomial name
	Template:Taxonomy/VachelliaVachellia nilotica; (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.
Subspecies
	Vachellia nilotica subsp. adstringens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kyal. & Boatwr.; Vachellia nilotica subsp. cupressiformis (J.L.Stewart) Ali & Faruqi; Vachellia nilotica subsp. hemispherica Ali & Faruqi; Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr.; Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr.; Vachellia nilotica subsp. leiocarpa (Brenan) Kyal. & Boatwr.; Vachellia nilotica subsp. nilotica; Vachellia nilotica subsp. subalata (Vatke) Kyal. & Boatwr.; Vachellia nilotica subsp. tomentosa (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr.;
	Range of Vachellia nilotica
Synonyms
	Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd.; Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile; Acacia scorpioides (L.) W.Wight; Mimosa arabica Lam.; Mimosa nilotica L.; Mimosa scorpioides L.;

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 03:37, 9 March 2026

Vachellia nilotica, more commonly known as Acacia nilotica, and by the vernacular names of gum arabic tree,^[5] babul,^[6] thorn mimosa, Egyptian acacia or thorny acacia,^[7] is a flowering tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Africa, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.

Taxonomy[edit | edit source]

This species of tree is the type species of the Linnaean genus Acacia, which derives its name from Greek ἀκακία, akakía, the name given by early Greek botanist-physician Pedanius Dioscorides (c. AD 40–90) to this tree as a medicinal, in his book Materia Medica.^[8] The genus Acacia was long known not to be taxonomically monophyletic, and despite being the type species of that genus, A. nilotica has since been moved to the genus Vachellia, with the genus name Acacia being reserved for Australian species; the principle of priority, which would normally prevent such a taxonomic change, was waived with a majority vote by the International Botanical Congress in 2005. The renaming of the traditional Acacia to Vachellia remains controversial, especially in Africa, where V. nilotica is an iconic species and is widely referred to as "the acacia".^[9] For the new classification of this and other species historically classified under genus Acacia, see Acacia.

The genus name Acacia derives from ἀκακία, which may come from the ancient Greek word ἄκις, ákis, "thorn", for its characteristic thorns,^[10] or may have been borrowed from a pre-Greek language.^[11] The specific epithet nilotica was probably given by Linnaeus from the tree's originally known range along the Nile river.^{[citation needed]} In Australia the tree is known as a prickly acacia,^[12] despite usurping Dioscorides' two millennia-old etymology, the Australian species classified as Acacia in Australia do not have thorns.

Description[edit | edit source]

Spring blossoms in the North Indian state of Haryana, India

Acacia nilotica or Vachellia nilotica is a tree Template:Convert abbreviated high with a dense spheric crown, stems and branches usually dark to black coloured, fissured bark, grey-pinkish slash, exuding a reddish low quality gum. The tree has thin, straight, light, grey spines in axillary pairs, usually in 3 to 12 pairs, 5 to 7.5 cm (3 in) long in young trees, mature trees commonly without thorns. The leaves are bipinnate, with 3–6 pairs of pinnulae and 10–30 pairs of leaflets each, tomentose, rachis with a gland at the bottom of the last pair of pinnulae. Flowers in globulous heads 1.2–1.5 cm in diameter of a bright golden-yellow color, set up either axillary or whorly on peduncles 2–3 cm long located at the end of the branches. Pods are strongly constricted, hairy, white-grey, thick and softly tomentose. Its seeds number approximately 8000/kg.^[13]

Distribution[edit | edit source]

Acacia nilotica or Vachellia nilotica is native to Egypt, across the Maghreb and Sahel, south to Mozambique and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and east through the Arabian Peninsula to the Indian subcontinent and Burma. It has become widely naturalised outside its native range including Zanzibar and Australia.^[14] It is spread by livestock.^[12]

Uses[edit | edit source]

Trunk at Hodal in Faridabad District of Haryana, India

Forage and fodder[edit | edit source]

In part of its range, smallstock consume the pods and leaves,^[15] but elsewhere it is also very popular with cattle.

In South Africa, milling of twigs and branches is applied to produce animal fodder. The milling helps to reduce the dispersal of seeds through the animals, which otherwise would contribute to further woody plant encroachment in the region.^[16]

Pods are used as a supplement to poultry rations in India. Dried pods are particularly sought out by animals on rangelands. In India branches are commonly lopped for fodder.

In West Africa, the pods and leaves are considered to have anthelminthic properties on small ruminants and this has been confirmed by in vitro experiments on nematodes.^[15]

In Kano of Nigeria, acacia pods have traditionally been used to dye leather a reddish-tinge.^[17]

Tooth brushing[edit | edit source]

The tender twig of this plant is used as a toothbrush^[18] in south-east Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

Gum arabic[edit | edit source]

The exudate gum of this tree is known as gum arabic and has been collected from the pharaonic times for the manufacture of medicines, dyes and paints. In the present commercial market, gum arabic is defined as the dried exudate from the trunks and branches of Senegalia (Acacia) senegal or Vachellia (Acacia) seyal in the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae).^[19]^:4 The gum of A. nilotica is also referred to in India as Amaravati gum.^[20]

Lumber[edit | edit source]

The tree's wood is "very durable if water-seasoned" and its uses include tool handles and lumber for boats.^[21] The wood has a density of about 833 kg/m³.^[2]

Food and medicine[edit | edit source]

In India it is used as an ingredient in various dishes.

The Maasai people eat both the inner bark (phloem) and the fruit pulp boiled in water. The East african tribes living on the savanna use this plant medicinally to treat sore throat, cough, chest pains etc.^[22]

In Northern Nigeria it is called bagaruwa in Hausa. Medicinal uses include soaking the tender bark in water to be taken against dysentery and pile. The fruits are ground together with the seeds and taken with honey as treatment against stomach ulcers.

Phytochemistry[edit | edit source]

Two new^{[clarification needed]} antiprotozoal diterpenes have been isolated from the root bark of Acacia nilotica.^[23]

Propagation[edit | edit source]

There are 5000–16,000 seeds/kg.^[24]

Gallery[edit | edit source]

Vachellia nilotica, Village Behlolpur, Punjab, India
Village Chaparr Chirri, Mohali, Punjab, India
Compound leaf, seed, flower and seed pod

References[edit | edit source]

↑ Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia". Bot J Linn Soc. 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047. hdl:10566/3454.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Wickens, G.E. (1995). "Table 2.1.2 The timber properties of Acacia species and their uses". Role of Acacia species in the rural economy of dry Africa and the Near East. FAO Conservation Guide. Vol. 27. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-92-5-103651-8.
↑ "Acacia nilotica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 12 December 2017.
↑ "Acacia nilotica". LegumeWeb. International Legume Database & Information Service.
↑ "Acacia nilotica". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
↑ "Definition of BABUL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
↑ "Vachellia nilotica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 30 June 2017.
↑ "Acacia nilotica (acacia)". Plants & Fungi. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
↑ Kull, Christian A.; Rangan, Haripriya (2012). "Science, sentiment and territorial chauvinism in the acacia name change debate". In Haberle, Simon G.; David, Bruno (eds.). Peopled Landscapes. Archaeological and Biogeographic Approaches to Landscapes. Vol. 34. ANU Press. pp. 197–220. ISBN 978-1-921862-71-7. JSTOR j.ctt24h85b.11. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 1 A–C. CRC Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
↑ Beekes, Robert (2010). "ἀκακία". Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill. p. 46.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 "Prickly acacia – Acacia nilotica". Weed Management Guide (PDF) (Report). Weeds of National Significance. 2003. ISBN 978-1-920932-14-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2024-05-24 – via weeds.org.au.
↑ "handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
↑ Kriticos, Darren; Brown, Joel; Radford, Ian; Nicholas, Mike (1999-10-01). "Plant Population Ecology and Biological Control: Acacia nilotica as a Case Study". Biological Control. 16 (2): 230–239. Bibcode:1999BiolC..16..230K. doi:10.1006/bcon.1999.0746. ISSN 1049-9644.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Zabré, Geneviève; Kaboré, Adama; Bayala, Balé; Katiki, Luciana M.; Costa-Júnior, Lívio Martins; Tamboura, Hamidou H.; Belem, Adrien M.G.; Abdalla, Adibe L.; Niderkorn, Vincent; Hoste, Hervé; Louvandini, Helder (2017). "Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana". Parasite. 24: 44. doi:10.1051/parasite/2017044. PMC 5703060. PMID 29173278.
↑ Manganyi, Fortune Lindy (2024-02-20). "Alternative use of various plant parts of vachellia nilotica as fodder for small ruminants: implications for woody plant encroachment". University of South Africa.
↑ Dalziel, J.M. (1926). "African Leather Dyes". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. 6 (6). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 225–238. doi:10.2307/4118651. JSTOR 4118651.
↑ Saurabh Rajvaidhya et al. (2012) "A review on Acacia Arabica, an Indian medicinal plant" Archived 2013-08-24 at the Wayback Machine International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol 3(7) pp 1995-2005
↑ "Production and marketing of gum arabic" (PDF). Nairobi, Kenya: Network for Natural Gums and Resins in Africa (NGARA). 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
↑ Rojas-Sandoval, Julissa (2023). "Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree)". Invasive species compendium. Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.2342. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
↑ Mueller, Ferdinand (1884). "Acacia longifolia, Willdenow". Select extra-tropical plants readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalization. G.S. Davis. p. 7.
↑ Ruffo, Christopher K.; Birnie, Ann; Tengnäs, Bo (2002). Edible wild plants of Tanzania. Regional Land Management Unit/Sida. ISBN 9966-896-62-7.
↑ Anyam, John V.; Daikwo, Priscilla E.; Ungogo, Marzuq A.; Nweze, Nwakaego E.; Igoli, Ngozichukwuka P.; Gray, Alexander I.; De Koning, Harry P.; Igoli, John O. (2021). "Two New Antiprotozoal Diterpenes From the Roots of Acacia nilotica". Frontiers in Chemistry. 9 624741. Bibcode:2021FrCh....9...76A. doi:10.3389/fchem.2021.624741. PMC 8097170. PMID 33968894.
↑ "Vachellia nilotica (as Acacia nilotica)". Tropical Forages.

External links[edit | edit source]

Carter, J.O. (1998). "7.2 Acacia nilotica: a Tree Legume out of Control". In Gutteridge, Ross C.; Shelton, H. Max (eds.). Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture. The Tropical Grassland Society of Australia. ISBN 978-0-9585677-1-8. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
"Vachellia nilotica (as Acacia nilotica subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan)". FloraBase the West Australian Flora.
Vachellia nilotica (as Acacia nilotica) (www.frienvis.nic.in)

Acacia nilotica in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

Template:Tannin source

[Kyalangalilwa-1] Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia". Bot J Linn Soc. 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047. hdl:10566/3454.

[fao-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Wickens, G.E. (1995). "Table 2.1.2 The timber properties of Acacia species and their uses". Role of Acacia species in the rural economy of dry Africa and the Near East. FAO Conservation Guide. Vol. 27. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-92-5-103651-8.

[3] "Acacia nilotica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 12 December 2017.

[4] "Acacia nilotica". LegumeWeb. International Legume Database & Information Service.

[5] "Acacia nilotica". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

[6] "Definition of BABUL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-08-03.

[GRIN-7] "Vachellia nilotica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 30 June 2017.

[8] "Acacia nilotica (acacia)". Plants & Fungi. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.

[9] Kull, Christian A.; Rangan, Haripriya (2012). "Science, sentiment and territorial chauvinism in the acacia name change debate". In Haberle, Simon G.; David, Bruno (eds.). Peopled Landscapes. Archaeological and Biogeographic Approaches to Landscapes. Vol. 34. ANU Press. pp. 197–220. ISBN 978-1-921862-71-7. JSTOR j.ctt24h85b.11. Retrieved 2022-04-12.

[10] Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 1 A–C. CRC Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.

[11] Beekes, Robert (2010). "ἀκακία". Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill. p. 46.

[autogenerated1-12] 12.0 ^12.1 "Prickly acacia – Acacia nilotica". Weed Management Guide (PDF) (Report). Weeds of National Significance. 2003. ISBN 978-1-920932-14-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2024-05-24 – via weeds.org.au.

[13] "handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2017-08-03.

[14] Kriticos, Darren; Brown, Joel; Radford, Ian; Nicholas, Mike (1999-10-01). "Plant Population Ecology and Biological Control: Acacia nilotica as a Case Study". Biological Control. 16 (2): 230–239. Bibcode:1999BiolC..16..230K. doi:10.1006/bcon.1999.0746. ISSN 1049-9644.

[ZabréKaboré2017-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Zabré, Geneviève; Kaboré, Adama; Bayala, Balé; Katiki, Luciana M.; Costa-Júnior, Lívio Martins; Tamboura, Hamidou H.; Belem, Adrien M.G.; Abdalla, Adibe L.; Niderkorn, Vincent; Hoste, Hervé; Louvandini, Helder (2017). "Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana". Parasite. 24: 44. doi:10.1051/parasite/2017044. PMC 5703060. PMID 29173278.

[16] Manganyi, Fortune Lindy (2024-02-20). "Alternative use of various plant parts of vachellia nilotica as fodder for small ruminants: implications for woody plant encroachment". University of South Africa.

[17] Dalziel, J.M. (1926). "African Leather Dyes". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. 6 (6). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 225–238. doi:10.2307/4118651. JSTOR 4118651.

[18] Saurabh Rajvaidhya et al. (2012) "A review on Acacia Arabica, an Indian medicinal plant" Archived 2013-08-24 at the Wayback Machine International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol 3(7) pp 1995-2005

[NGARA-19] "Production and marketing of gum arabic" (PDF). Nairobi, Kenya: Network for Natural Gums and Resins in Africa (NGARA). 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-10.

[Gum_arabic-20] Rojas-Sandoval, Julissa (2023). "Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree)". Invasive species compendium. Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.2342. Retrieved 24 January 2016.

[select-21] Mueller, Ferdinand (1884). "Acacia longifolia, Willdenow". Select extra-tropical plants readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalization. G.S. Davis. p. 7.

[22] Ruffo, Christopher K.; Birnie, Ann; Tengnäs, Bo (2002). Edible wild plants of Tanzania. Regional Land Management Unit/Sida. ISBN 9966-896-62-7.

[23] Anyam, John V.; Daikwo, Priscilla E.; Ungogo, Marzuq A.; Nweze, Nwakaego E.; Igoli, Ngozichukwuka P.; Gray, Alexander I.; De Koning, Harry P.; Igoli, John O. (2021). "Two New Antiprotozoal Diterpenes From the Roots of Acacia nilotica". Frontiers in Chemistry. 9 624741. Bibcode:2021FrCh....9...76A. doi:10.3389/fchem.2021.624741. PMC 8097170. PMID 33968894.

[24] "Vachellia nilotica (as Acacia nilotica)". Tropical Forages.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae}}
+{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the bean family}}
 {{speciesbox
-|image = Babool (Acacia nilotica) flowers at Hodal W IMG 1163.jpg
+| image = Macro view of thorn and leaves of a Babul tree (Vachellia nilotica) from Rajasthan, India.jpg
-|genus = Vachellia
+| image_caption = Leaves and thorns
-|species = nilotica
+| genus = Vachellia
-|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.<ref name="Kyalangalilwa">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M |title=Phylogenetic position and revised classification of ''Acacia s.l.'' (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in ''Vachellia'' and ''Senegalia''. |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=500–523 |year=2013 |doi=10.1111/boj.12047|doi-access=free |hdl=10566/3454 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
+| species = nilotica
-|range_map = Acacia-nilotica-range-map.png
+| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.<ref name="Kyalangalilwa">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M |title=Phylogenetic position and revised classification of ''Acacia s.l.'' (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in ''Vachellia'' and ''Senegalia''. |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=500–523 |year=2013 |doi=10.1111/boj.12047|doi-access=free |hdl=10566/3454 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
-|range_map_caption = Range of ''Vachellia nilotica''
+| range_map = Acacia-nilotica-range-map.png
-|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Acacia nilotica |work=LegumeWeb |publisher=International Legume Database & Information Service |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~323&genus~Acacia&species~nilotica}}</ref>
+| range_map_caption = Range of ''Vachellia nilotica''
-|synonyms =
+| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Acacia nilotica |work=LegumeWeb |publisher=International Legume Database & Information Service |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~323&genus~Acacia&species~nilotica}}</ref>
-* ''Acacia arabica'' <small>([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) Willd.</small>
+| synonyms = * ''Acacia arabica'' <small>([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) Willd.</small>
 * ''Acacia nilotica'' <small>(L.) [[Willd.]] ex [[Alire Raffeneau Delile|Delile]]</small>
 * ''Acacia scorpioides'' <small>(L.) [[William Franklin Wight|W.Wight]]</small>
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 * ''Mimosa nilotica'' <small>L.</small>
 * ''Mimosa scorpioides'' <small>L.</small>
-|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
+| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
-|subdivision = * [[Vachellia nilotica subsp. adstringens|''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''adstringens'']] <small>(Schumach. & Thonn.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
+| subdivision = * [[Vachellia nilotica subsp. adstringens|''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''adstringens'']] <small>(Schumach. & Thonn.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
 * [[Vachellia nilotica subsp. cupressiformis|''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''cupressiformis'']] <small>(J.L.Stewart) Ali & Faruqi</small>
 * [[Vachellia nilotica subsp. hemispherica|''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''hemispherica'']] <small>Ali & Faruqi</small>
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 * [[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana|''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''kraussiana'']] <small>(Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
 * [[Vachellia nilotica subsp. leiocarpa|''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''leiocarpa'']] <small>(Brenan) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
-* [[Vachellia nilotica subsp. nilotica|''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''nilotica'']] <small>(L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.</small>
+* ''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''nilotica''
 * [[Vachellia nilotica subsp. subalata|''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''subalata'']] <small>(Vatke) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
 * [[Vachellia nilotica subsp. tomentosa|''Vachellia nilotica'' subsp. ''tomentosa'']] <small>(Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small><ref name="fao"/><ref>{{GRIN | ''Acacia nilotica'' | 312499 | access-date = 12 December 2017}}</ref>
 }}
-'''''Vachellia nilotica''''', more commonly known as '''''Acacia nilotica''''', and by the [[vernacular name]]s of '''gum arabic tree''',<ref>{{cite web |title=''Acacia nilotica'' |publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=182086}}</ref> '''babul''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/babul|title=Definition of BABUL|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref> '''thorn mimosa''', '''Egyptian acacia''' or '''thorny acacia''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Vachellia nilotica'' | 465206 | access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref> is a [[flowering plant|flowering]] tree in the family [[Fabaceae]]. It is native to Africa, the Middle East and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is also considered a '[[Weeds of National Significance|weed of national significance]]' and an [[Invasive species in Australia|invasive species]] of concern in Australia, as well as a [[federal noxious weed|noxious weed]] by the federal government of the United States.<ref>{{Citation |title= Federal Noxious Weed List} web|url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/weedlist.pdf}}</ref>
+'''''Vachellia nilotica''''', more commonly known as '''''Acacia nilotica''''', and by the [[vernacular name]]s of '''gum arabic tree''',<ref>{{cite web |title=''Acacia nilotica'' |publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=182086}}</ref> '''babul''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/babul|title=Definition of BABUL|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref> '''thorn mimosa''', '''Egyptian acacia''' or '''thorny acacia''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Vachellia nilotica'' | 465206 | access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref> is a [[flowering plant|flowering]] tree in the family [[Fabaceae]]. It is native to Africa, the Middle East and the [[Indian subcontinent]].
 ==Taxonomy==
-This species of tree is the [[type species]] of the [[Linnaean taxonomy|Linnaean]] genus ''[[Acacia]]'', which derives its name from {{lang-grc|ἀκακία}}, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|akakía}}'', the name given by early Greek botanist-physician [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] (ca. 40–90) to this tree as a medicinal, in his book ''[[Materia medica|Materia Medica]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Acacia-nilotica.htm |title=''Acacia nilotica'' (acacia) |work=Plants & Fungi |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2010-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112043913/http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Acacia-nilotica.htm |archive-date=12 January 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The genus ''Acacia'' was long known not to be taxonomically monophyletic, and despite being the type species of that genus, ''A. nilotica'' has since been moved to the genus ''[[Vachellia]]'', with the genus name ''[[Acacia]]'' being reserved for Australian species; the [[principle of priority]], which would normally prevent such a taxonomic change, was waived with a majority vote by the [[International Botanical Congress]] in 2005. The renaming of the traditional ''Acacia'' to ''Vachellia'' remains controversial, especially in Africa, where ''V. nilotica'' is an iconic species and is widely referred to as the acacia.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Kull |first1=Christian A. |title=Science, sentiment and territorial chauvinism in the acacia name change debate |date=2012 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24h85b.11 |work=Peopled Landscapes |volume=34 |pages=197–220 |editor-last=HABERLE |editor-first=SIMON G. |series=Archaeological and Biogeographic Approaches to Landscapes |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-921862-71-7 |access-date=2022-04-12 |last2=Rangan |first2=Haripriya |jstor=j.ctt24h85b.11 |editor2-last=DAVID |editor2-first=BRUNO}}</ref> For the new classification of this and other species historically classified under genus ''Acacia'', see ''[[Acacia]]''.
+This species of tree is the [[type species]] of the [[Linnaean taxonomy|Linnaean]] genus ''[[Acacia]]'', which derives its name from [[ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἀκακία}}, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|akakía}}'', the name given by early Greek botanist-physician [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] {{nobr|({{circa|AD 40–90)}}}} to this tree as a medicinal, in his book ''[[Materia medica|Materia Medica]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Acacia-nilotica.htm |title=''Acacia nilotica'' (acacia) |work=Plants & Fungi |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2010-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112043913/http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Acacia-nilotica.htm |archive-date=12 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The genus ''Acacia'' was long known not to be taxonomically monophyletic, and despite being the type species of that genus, ''A.&nbsp;nilotica'' has since been moved to the genus ''[[Vachellia]]'', with the genus name ''[[Acacia]]'' being reserved for Australian species; the [[principle of priority]], which would normally prevent such a taxonomic change, was waived with a majority vote by the [[International Botanical Congress]] in 2005. The renaming of the traditional ''Acacia'' to ''Vachellia'' remains controversial, especially in Africa, where ''V.&nbsp;nilotica'' is an iconic species and is widely referred to as "the acacia".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kull |first1=Christian A. |last2=Rangan |first2=Haripriya  |year=2012 |section=Science, sentiment and territorial chauvinism in the acacia name change debate |title=Peopled Landscapes |volume=34 |pages=197–220 |editor1-last=Haberle |editor1-first=Simon G. |editor2-last=David |editor2-first=Bruno |series=Archaeological and Biogeographic Approaches to Landscapes |publisher=ANU Press |jstor=j.ctt24h85b.11 |isbn=978-1-921862-71-7 |section-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24h85b.11 |access-date=2022-04-12}}</ref> For the new classification of this and other species historically classified under genus ''Acacia'', see ''[[Acacia]]''.
-The genus name ''Acacia'' derives from the Ancient Greek word for its characteristic thorns, {{lang|grc|ἄκις}}, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|ákis}}'', "thorn".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esMPU5DHEGgC |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=1 A-C |year=2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-2675-2 |page=6}}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''nilotica'' was probably given by Linnaeus from this tree's originally known range along the [[Nile]] river.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} In Australia the tree is known as a '''prickly acacia''',<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |title=Prickly acacia – ''Acacia nilotica'' |year=2003 |work=Weed Management Guide |publisher=Weeds of National Significance |url=http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS//pricklyacacia/docs/Weed_Management_Guide-Prickly_Acacia.pdf |isbn=978-1-920932-14-5 }}</ref> despite usurping Dioscorides' two millennia-old etymology, the Australian species classified as ''Acacia'' in Australia do not have thorns.
+The genus name ''Acacia'' derives from {{lang|grc|ἀκακία}}, which may come from the ancient Greek word {{lang|grc|ἄκις}}, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|ákis}}'', "thorn", for its characteristic thorns,<ref>{{cite book |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |year=2000 |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=1&nbsp;&nbsp;A–C |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-2675-2 |page=6  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esMPU5DHEGgC}}</ref> or may have been borrowed from a [[pre-Greek]] language.<ref>{{cite dictionary |first=Robert |last=Beekes |year=2010 |title={{lang|grc|ἀκακία}} |dictionary=Etymological Dictionary of Greek|publisher=Brill |page=46 }}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''nilotica'' was probably given by Linnaeus from the tree's originally known range along the [[Nile]] river.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} In Australia the tree is known as a '''prickly acacia''',<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite report |section=Prickly acacia – ''Acacia nilotica'' |year=2003 |title=Weed Management Guide |series=Weeds of National Significance |isbn=978-1-920932-14-5 |url=http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/pricklyacacia/docs/Weed_Management_Guide-Prickly_Acacia.pdf |via=weeds.org.au |access-date=2024-05-24 |archive-date=2016-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408021041/http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/pricklyacacia/docs/Weed_Management_Guide-Prickly_Acacia.pdf }}</ref> despite usurping Dioscorides' two millennia-old etymology, the Australian species classified as ''Acacia'' in Australia do not have thorns.
 ==Description==
-[[File:Babool (Acacia nilotica) flowers at Hodal W IMG 1248.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Spring blossoms at [[Hodal]] in [[Faridabad]] District of [[Haryana]], [[India]]]]
+[[File:Babool (Acacia nilotica) flowers at Hodal W IMG 1248.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Spring blossoms in the North Indian state of [[Haryana]], India]]
-''Acacia nilotica'' or ''Vachellia nilotica'' is a tree 5–20&nbsp;m high with a dense spheric [[Crown (botany)|crown]], stems and branches usually dark to black coloured, fissured bark, grey-pinkish slash, exuding a reddish low quality gum. The tree has thin, straight, light, grey spines in axillary pairs, usually in 3 to 12 pairs, 5 to {{convert|7.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long in young trees, mature trees commonly without thorns. The leaves are bipinnate, with 3–6 pairs of pinnulae and 10–30 pairs of leaflets each, tomentose, rachis with a gland at the bottom of the last pair of pinnulae. Flowers in globulous heads 1.2–1.5&nbsp;cm in diameter of a bright golden-yellow color, set up either axillary or whorly on [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]] 2–3&nbsp;cm long located at the end of the branches. Pods are strongly constricted, hairy, white-grey, thick and softly tomentose. Its seeds number approximately 8000/kg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Q2190E/Q2190E10.htm|title=handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref>
+''Acacia nilotica'' or ''Vachellia nilotica'' is a tree {{Convert abbreviated|5-20|m}} high with a dense spheric [[Crown (botany)|crown]], stems and branches usually dark to black coloured, fissured bark, grey-pinkish slash, exuding a reddish low quality gum. The tree has thin, straight, light, grey spines in axillary pairs, usually in 3 to 12 pairs, 5 to {{convert|7.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long in young trees, mature trees commonly without thorns. The leaves are bipinnate, with 3–6 pairs of pinnulae and 10–30 pairs of leaflets each, tomentose, rachis with a gland at the bottom of the last pair of pinnulae. Flowers in globulous heads 1.2–1.5&nbsp;cm in diameter of a bright golden-yellow color, set up either axillary or whorly on [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]] 2–3&nbsp;cm long located at the end of the branches. Pods are strongly constricted, hairy, white-grey, thick and softly tomentose. Its seeds number approximately 8000/kg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Q2190E/Q2190E10.htm|title=handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref>
 ==Distribution==
-''Acacia nilotica'' or ''Vachellia nilotica'' is native from [[Egypt]], across the [[Maghreb]] and [[Sahel]], south to [[Mozambique]] and [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|KwaZulu-Natal]], South Africa, and east through the [[Arabian Peninsula]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Burma]]. It has become widely [[naturalization|naturalised]] outside its native range including [[Zanzibar]] and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kriticos |first1=Darren |last2=Brown |first2=Joel |last3=Radford |first3=Ian |last4=Nicholas |first4=Mike |date=1999-10-01 |title=Plant Population Ecology and Biological Control: Acacia nilotica as a Case Study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964499907466 |journal=Biological Control |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=230–239 |doi=10.1006/bcon.1999.0746 |issn=1049-9644}}</ref> It is spread by [[livestock]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
+''Acacia nilotica'' or ''Vachellia nilotica'' is native to [[Egypt]], across the [[Maghreb]] and [[Sahel]], south to [[Mozambique]] and [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|KwaZulu-Natal]], South Africa, and east through the [[Arabian Peninsula]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Burma]]. It has become widely [[naturalization|naturalised]] outside its native range including [[Zanzibar]] and Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kriticos |first1=Darren |last2=Brown |first2=Joel |last3=Radford |first3=Ian |last4=Nicholas |first4=Mike |date=1999-10-01 |title=Plant Population Ecology and Biological Control: Acacia nilotica as a Case Study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964499907466 |journal=Biological Control |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=230–239 |doi=10.1006/bcon.1999.0746 |bibcode=1999BiolC..16..230K |issn=1049-9644|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is spread by livestock.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 == Uses ==
 [[File:Acacia nilotica, peule, a, Uniegeboutuine.jpg|thumb|right|Seed pods]]
 [[File:Gum Arabic exuding.jpg|thumb|[[Gum arabic]] exuding]]
-[[File:Babool (Acacia nilotica) trunk at Hodal W IMG 1252.jpg|thumb|Trunk at [[Hodal]] in [[Faridabad]] District of [[Haryana]], [[India]]]]
+[[File:Babool (Acacia nilotica) trunk at Hodal W IMG 1252.jpg|thumb|Trunk at [[Hodal]] in [[Faridabad]] District of [[Haryana]], India]]
 === Forage and fodder ===
-In part of its range smallstock consume the pods and leaves,<ref name="ZabréKaboré2017">{{cite journal|last1=Zabré|first1=Geneviève|last2=Kaboré|first2=Adama|last3=Bayala|first3=Balé|last4=Katiki|first4=Luciana M.|last5=Costa-Júnior|first5=Lívio Martins|last6=Tamboura|first6=Hamidou H.|last7=Belem|first7=Adrien M.G.|last8=Abdalla|first8=Adibe L.|last9=Niderkorn|first9=Vincent|last10=Hoste|first10=Hervé|last11=Louvandini|first11=Helder|title=Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of ''Acacia nilotica'' and ''Acacia raddiana''|journal=Parasite|volume=24|year=2017|pages=44|url= |doi=10.1051/parasite/2017044|pmid=29173278|pmc=5703060}} {{open access}}</ref> but elsewhere it is also very popular with [[cattle]]. Pods are used as a supplement to [[poultry]] rations in [[India]]. Dried pods are particularly sought out by animals on rangelands. In India branches are commonly lopped for [[fodder]]. In West Africa, the pods and leaves are considered to have [[anthelminthic]] properties on small ruminants and this has been confirmed by in vitro experiments on [[nematode]]s.<ref name="ZabréKaboré2017"/> In [[Kano (city)|Kano]] of [[Nigeria]], acacia pods have traditionally been used to dye leather a reddish-tinge.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dalziel |first=J.M. |title=African Leather Dyes |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information |volume=6 |date=1926 |issue=6 |pages=225–238 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |doi=10.2307/4118651 |language=en |jstor=4118651 }}</ref>
+In part of its range, smallstock consume the pods and leaves,<ref name="ZabréKaboré2017">{{cite journal|last1=Zabré|first1=Geneviève|last2=Kaboré|first2=Adama|last3=Bayala|first3=Balé|last4=Katiki|first4=Luciana M.|last5=Costa-Júnior|first5=Lívio Martins|last6=Tamboura|first6=Hamidou H.|last7=Belem|first7=Adrien M.G.|last8=Abdalla|first8=Adibe L.|last9=Niderkorn|first9=Vincent|last10=Hoste|first10=Hervé|last11=Louvandini|first11=Helder|title=Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of ''Acacia nilotica'' and ''Acacia raddiana''|journal=Parasite|volume=24|year=2017|page=44|url= |doi=10.1051/parasite/2017044|pmid=29173278|pmc=5703060}} {{open access}}</ref> but elsewhere it is also very popular with cattle.
+In South Africa, milling of twigs and branches is applied to produce animal fodder. The milling helps to reduce the dispersal of seeds through the animals, which otherwise would contribute to further [[woody plant encroachment]] in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manganyi |first=Fortune Lindy |date=2024-02-20 |title=Alternative use of various plant parts of vachellia nilotica as fodder for small ruminants: implications for woody plant encroachment |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/31682 |journal=University of South Africa |language=en}}</ref>
+Pods are used as a supplement to poultry rations in India. Dried pods are particularly sought out by animals on rangelands. In India branches are commonly lopped for [[fodder]].
+In West Africa, the pods and leaves are considered to have [[anthelminthic]] properties on small ruminants and this has been confirmed by in vitro experiments on [[nematode]]s.<ref name="ZabréKaboré2017" />
+In [[Kano (city)|Kano]] of [[Nigeria]], acacia pods have traditionally been used to dye leather a reddish-tinge.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dalziel |first=J.M. |title=African Leather Dyes |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information |volume=6 |date=1926 |issue=6 |pages=225–238 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |doi=10.2307/4118651 |language=en |jstor=4118651 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 === Tooth brushing===
-The tender twig of this plant is used as a toothbrush in south-east Africa, Indian subcontinent.{{Ref supports2|<ref>Saurabh Rajvaidhya ''et al.'' (2012) [http://www.ijpsr.com/V3I7/13%20Vol.%203,%20Issue%207,%20July%202012,%20RE-654,%20Paper%2013.pdf "A review on ''Acacia Arabica'', an Indian medicinal plant"] ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research'' Vol 3(7) pp 1995-2005</ref>|"The tender twig of this plant is used as a toothbrush"}}
+The tender twig of this plant is used as a toothbrush<ref>Saurabh Rajvaidhya ''et al.'' (2012) [http://www.ijpsr.com/V3I7/13%20Vol.%203,%20Issue%207,%20July%202012,%20RE-654,%20Paper%2013.pdf "A review on ''Acacia Arabica'', an Indian medicinal plant"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824071442/http://ijpsr.com/V3I7/13%20Vol.%203,%20Issue%207,%20July%202012,%20RE-654,%20Paper%2013.pdf |date=2013-08-24 }} ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research'' Vol 3(7) pp 1995-2005</ref> in south-east Africa and the Indian subcontinent.
 ===Gum arabic===
 {{main|Gum arabic}}
-The exudate gum of this tree is known as [[gum arabic]] and has been collected from the [[pharaoh|pharaonic]] times for the manufacture of medicines, dyes and paints. In the present commercial market, gum arabic is defined as the dried exudate from the trunks and branches of ''Senegalia (Acacia) senegal'' or ''Vachellia (Acacia) seyal'' in the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae).<ref name=NGARA>{{cite web| title=Production and marketing of gum arabic | url=http://ngara.org/Production%20and%20MArketing%20of%20Gum%20Arabic_english_french.pdf |publisher=Network for Natural Gums and Resins in Africa (NGARA) |location=Nairobi, Kenya | date=2004 }}</ref>{{rp|4}} The gum of ''A. nilotica'' is also referred to in India as ''Amaravati gum''.<ref name="Gum arabic">{{cite web|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/2342|title=Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree)|website=Invasive species compendium|publisher=Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
+The exudate gum of this tree is known as [[gum arabic]] and has been collected from the [[pharaoh|pharaonic]] times for the manufacture of medicines, dyes and paints. In the present commercial market, gum arabic is defined as the dried exudate from the trunks and branches of ''Senegalia (Acacia) senegal'' or ''Vachellia (Acacia) seyal'' in the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae).<ref name=NGARA>{{cite web | title=Production and marketing of gum arabic | url=http://ngara.org/Production%20and%20MArketing%20of%20Gum%20Arabic_english_french.pdf | publisher=Network for Natural Gums and Resins in Africa (NGARA) | location=Nairobi, Kenya | date=2004 | access-date=2016-03-10 | archive-date=2016-03-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311072759/http://ngara.org/Production%20and%20MArketing%20of%20Gum%20Arabic_english_french.pdf }}</ref>{{rp|4}} The gum of ''A.&nbsp;nilotica'' is also referred to in India as ''Amaravati gum''.<ref name="Gum arabic">{{cite journal|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/2342|title=Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree)|website=Invasive species compendium|date=2023 |publisher=Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.2342 |access-date=24 January 2016 |last1=Rojas-Sandoval |first1=Julissa |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 === Lumber ===
@@ Line 60: / Line 68: @@
 ===Food and medicine===
-In India it's used as an ingredient in various dishes.
+In India it is used as an ingredient in various dishes.
-The [[Maasai people]] eat both the inner bark ([[phloem]]) and the fruit pulp boiled in water. They also use this plant medicinally to treat sore throat, cough, chest pains etc.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruffo |first1=Christopher K. |last2=Birnie |first2=Ann |last3=Tengnäs |first3=Bo |title=Edible wild plants of Tanzania |year=2002 |publisher=Regional Land Management Unit/Sida |isbn=9966-896-62-7 }}</ref>
+The [[Maasai people]] eat both the inner bark ([[phloem]]) and the fruit pulp boiled in water. The East african tribes living on the savanna use this plant medicinally to treat sore throat, cough, chest pains etc.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruffo |first1=Christopher K. |last2=Birnie |first2=Ann |last3=Tengnäs |first3=Bo |title=Edible wild plants of Tanzania |year=2002 |publisher=Regional Land Management Unit/Sida |isbn=9966-896-62-7 }}</ref>
 In Northern Nigeria it is called ''bagaruwa'' in [[Hausa language|Hausa]]. Medicinal uses include soaking the tender bark in water to be taken against dysentery and pile. The fruits are ground together with the seeds and taken with honey as treatment against stomach ulcers.
 ==Phytochemistry==
-Two new antiprotozoal diterpenes have been isolated from the root bark of '''''Acacia nilotica'''''
+Two new{{clarify|date=April 2024}} antiprotozoal diterpenes have been isolated from the root bark of ''Acacia nilotica'''.'''''<ref>{{cite journal |title=Two New Antiprotozoal Diterpenes From the Roots of '''''Acacia nilotica'''''|year=2021 |journal=Frontiers in Chemistry |doi=10.3389/fchem.2021.624741 |doi-access=free |last1=Anyam |first1=John V. |last2=Daikwo |first2=Priscilla E. |last3=Ungogo |first3=Marzuq A. |last4=Nweze |first4=Nwakaego E. |last5=Igoli |first5=Ngozichukwuka P. |last6=Gray |first6=Alexander I. |last7=De Koning |first7=Harry P. |last8=Igoli |first8=John O. |volume=9 |article-number=624741 |pmid=33968894 |pmc=8097170 |bibcode=2021FrCh....9...76A }}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite journal |title=''Two New Antiprotozoal Diterpenes From the Roots of '''''Acacia nilotica'''''''|year=2021 |journal=Frontiers in Chemistry |doi=10.3389/fchem.2021.624741 |doi-access=free |last1=Anyam |first1=John V. |last2=Daikwo |first2=Priscilla E. |last3=Ungogo |first3=Marzuq A. |last4=Nweze |first4=Nwakaego E. |last5=Igoli |first5=Ngozichukwuka P. |last6=Gray |first6=Alexander I. |last7=De Koning |first7=Harry P. |last8=Igoli |first8=John O. |volume=9 |page=624741 |pmid=33968894 |pmc=8097170 }}</ref>
 ==Propagation==
-There are 5000–16000 seeds/kg.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Vachellia nilotica'' (as ''Acacia nilotica'') |publisher=Tropical Forages |url=http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Acacia_nilotica.htm }}</ref>
+There are 5000–16,000 seeds/kg.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Vachellia nilotica'' (as ''Acacia nilotica'') |publisher=Tropical Forages |url=http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Acacia_nilotica.htm }}</ref>
 ==Gallery==
 <gallery align="center" mode="packed" heights="180px">
-File:Vachellia nilotica, Village Behlolpur, Punjab, India.JPG|Vachellia nilotica, Village Behlolpur, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
+File:Vachellia nilotica, Village Behlolpur, Punjab, India.JPG|''Vachellia nilotica'', Village Behlolpur, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
-File:Vachellia nilotica, at village Chaparr Chirri, Mohali, Punjab, India.JPG|village [[Chaparr Chirri]], [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
+File:Vachellia nilotica, at village Chaparr Chirri, Mohali, Punjab, India.JPG|Village [[Chaparr Chirri]], [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
 File:Acacia-nilotica.jpg|Compound leaf, seed, flower and seed pod
 </gallery>
@@ Line 86: / Line 92: @@
 * [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI)
 * [[Babool (brand)]] of toothpaste
-* [[Teeth cleaning twig ]](datun)
+* [[Teeth-cleaning twig]] (datun)
 == References ==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+{{Commons category|Acacia nilotica|''Vachellia nilotica''}}
+{{Wikispecies|Acacia nilotica|''Vachellia nilotica''}}
 ==External links==
-* {{cite book |first=J.O. |last=Carter |chapter=7.2 ''Acacia nilotica'': a Tree Legume out of Control |chapter-url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e0v.htm |editor1-first=Ross C. |editor1-last=Gutteridge |editor2-first=H. Max |editor2-last=Shelton |title=Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture |publisher=The Tropical Grassland Society of Australia |year=1998  |isbn=978-0-9585677-1-8 |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.htm#Contents}}
+* {{cite book |first=J.O. |last=Carter |chapter=7.2 ''Acacia nilotica'': a Tree Legume out of Control |chapter-url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e0v.htm |editor1-first=Ross C. |editor1-last=Gutteridge |editor2-first=H. Max |editor2-last=Shelton |title=Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture |publisher=The Tropical Grassland Society of Australia |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-9585677-1-8 |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.htm#Contents |archive-date=2017-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203073728/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/PUBLICAT/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.htm#Contents }}
 * {{cite web |title=''Vachellia nilotica'' (as ''Acacia nilotica'' subsp. ''indica'' (Benth.) Brenan) |work=FloraBase the West Australian Flora |url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=163&level=s&id=20757&type=l&PHPSESSID=948be459b92215063fcb287af7ed3099}}
 * [http://www.frienvis.nic.in/babul.htm ''Vachellia nilotica'' (as ''Acacia nilotica'') (www.frienvis.nic.in)]
@@ Line 113: / Line 119: @@
 [[Category:Flora naturalised in Australia]]
 [[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
-[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
+[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
 [[Category:Plant dyes]]
+[[Category:Plants with thorns]]