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| {{Short description|Maratha dynasty that ruled Gwalior state}}
| | #REDIRECT [[House of Scindia]] |
| {{About||the Maratha clan|Shinde|the neighbourhood|Scindia, Visakhapatnam}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
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| ''' Scindia dynasty''' (anglicized from [[Shinde]] and also spelled popularly as Shinde in Maharashtra), is a [[Hindu]] [[Maratha]] dynasty of [[Kunbi]] origin that ruled the erstwhile [[Gwalior State|State of Gwalior]]. It had the patel-ship of Kumberkerrab in Wai. It was founded by Ranoji Scindia, who started as a personal servant of the Peshwa [[Bajirao I]].<ref name="Embree1988"/><ref name="Ayyar1999"/><ref name="Chandra2003"/><ref name="seminar417424"/> Ranoji and his descendents along with their rivals the [[Holkar]]s, played a leading role during the Maratha ascendency in North india during the 18th century. The Gwalior state was a [[princely state]] under the [[British Raj]] during the 19th and the 20th centuries. After India's independence in 1947, several members of the Sindhia family went on to join Indian politics.
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| ==Foundation==
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| [[File:Sardar Ranoji Scindia.jpg|thumb|Maratha Sardar Ranoji Scindia]]
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| The Scindia dynasty was founded by [[Ranoji Scindia]], a [[Kunbi]] personal servant of [[Bajirao I]] Peshwa.<ref name="Embree1988">{{cite book|author=Ainslie Thomas Embree|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-18899-7|page=14|quote=Ranoji Scindia (d. 1750), the founder of Gwalior state, started his political career reputedly as a slipper-bearer at the court of the peshwa, or prime minister, of the Marathas, but soon rose to high office.}}</ref><ref name="Ayyar1999">{{cite book|author=K. V. Krishna Ayyar|title=The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut|isbn=978-81-7748-000-9|quote=The carrying of the Pallimaradi before the Zamorin on public occasions might have been due to the same reason as the carrying of a pair of golden slippers before Scindia, whose ancestor was the slipper - bearer of Peshwa Baji Rao - to show his respect for his original humble office which was the cause of his subsequent success}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2003">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Essays on Medieval Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BRuAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566336-5|page=93|quote=The Sindhias, it is well-known, were drawn from a Kunbi family which had the hereditary patel-ship of Kumberkerrab in the district of Wai. The origins of the Holkar were even more humble: they belonged to the caste of goat-herds (dungar), the family holding zamindari rights in the village of Hal.}}</ref><ref name="seminar417424">{{cite journal|title=Seminar - Issues 417-424|page= 59 |author=Romila Thapar|year=1994|quote=Many peasant caste men who distinguished themselves in battle or otherwise served the ruler became Marathas . Witness the first Holkar who was a shepherd and the first Scindia who was a Kunbi personal servant of the Peshwa}}</ref>
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| Ranoji prospered early under Bajirao because of the favorable circumstances created by the appointment of Bajirao as the Peshwa at the age of twenty.This had evoked jealousy from senior officials like Anant Ram Sumant, [[Shripatrao Pratinidhi|Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi]], [[Khanderao Dabhade]] and Kanhoji Bhosle.This led Baji Rao to promote as commanders of his troops, talented young men who were barely out of teens such as [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], the Pawar brothers, Pilaji Jadhav, Fateh Singh Bhosle and of course, Ranoji.None of these men belonged to families that held hereditary [[Deshmukh]]i rights under earlier rulers such as the Deccan Sultanates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [u.a.] |isbn=978-0521033169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |pages=117–121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142/ |title=New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772 |date=1946 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |pages=65, 69}}</ref> The Shindes or Scindias had served as [[shiledar]]s (cavalrymen) under the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and played an important role in the state of affairs and held [[Patil (title)|Patilki]] of Kumberkerrab.<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA188|access-date=16 July 2011|date=19 December 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=188–}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2003"/>
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| ==Origin and history==
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| [[File:Weeks Edwin Lord The Maharahaj of Gwalior Before His Palace.jpg|thumb|right|The Maharaja of Gwalior Before His Palace]]
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| ===Lineage===
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| According to records of British period there are several anecdotes about origin of Scindhias, specially ''Sir John Malcolm's'' record illustrates that:
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| {{Blockquote|Scindhia hailed from cultivator caste [[Kunbi]] like Holkars who were of [[Dhangar]] origin.In ritual status they were regarded as [[Shudra]].The founder of Scindhia dynasty ""Ranoji"" was in service of Peshwa Bajirao. One day Bajirao came out of his camp and Showed his servant(Ranoji) sleeping with his sleepers.He was so impressed with faithfulness of his servant that he promoted him to his bodyguard .<ref name=Ramusack2004>{{cite book |title=The Indian Princes and their States |series=The New Cambridge History of India |first=Barbara N. |last=Ramusack |author-link=Barbara Ramusack |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781139449083 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA35 |page=35&36}}</ref>}}
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| ''Stewart Gordon'', also agrees to the cultivator, etc. origin of other [[Maratha]]s as well.<ref name="Gordon1993">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA15|date=16 September 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|pages=15–|quote=Looking backward from ample material on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, we know that Maratha as a category of caste represents the amalgamation of families from several castes - Kunbi, Lohar, Sutar, Bhandari, Thakar, and even Dhangars (shepherds) – which existed in the seventeenth century and, indeed, exist as castes in Maharashtra today. What differentiated, for example, "Maratha" from "Kunbi"? It was precisely the martial tradition, of which they were proud, and the rights (watans and inams) they gained from military service. It was these rights which differentiated them from the ordinary cultivator, ironworkers and tailors, especially at the local level}}</ref>
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| ===Maratha Period===
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| [[File:Shinde Chhatri.jpg|thumb|[[Shinde Chhatri]], Wanawdi, [[Pune]]: A memorial dedicated to [[Mahadji Shinde]]]]
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| The Scindia dynasty was founded by [[Ranoji Scindia]], who was the son of Jankojirao Scindia, the [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of [[Kanherkhed]], a village in [[Satara District]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Rathod1994">{{cite book|author=N. G. Rathod|title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA1|year=1994|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-85431-52-9|page=1}}</ref> [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I|Baji Rao]]'s career saw the strengthening of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Ranoji was in charge of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] conquests in [[Malwa]] in 1726. Ranoji established his capital at [[Ujjain]] in 1731. His successors included Jayajirao, Jyotibarao, Dattajirao, Jankojirao, [[Mahadji Shinde]] and [[Daulatrao Scindia]].The Scindias became a major regional power in the latter half of the 18th century, and figured prominently in the three [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]].They held sway over many of the [[Rajput]] states, and conquered north India. In 1818, after accepting the terms of a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the British, the family shifted their base from Ujjain to The [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]].
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| ===Rulers of Gwalior state under the British===
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| After the defeat of the allied Maratha states by the British in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] of 1818, Daulatrao Shinde was forced to accept local autonomy as a [[princely state]] within British-occupied India and to give up Ajmer to the British. After the death of Daulatrao, Maharani Baiza Bai ruled the empire, saving it from the British power, till the adopted child Jankoji Rao took over the charge. Jankoji died in 1843, and his widow Tarabai Raje Scindia successfully maintained the position and adopted a child from close lineage named Jayajirao.
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| ===Accession of Gwalior state into Independent India===
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| The Scindia family ruled Gwalior until India's independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1947, when the [[Maharaja]] [[Jiwajirao Scindia|Jivajirao Scindia]] acceded to the Government of India. Gwalior was merged with a number of other princely states to become the new Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Bharat]]. Jiwajirao Scindia served as the state's [[rajpramukh]], or appointed governor, from 28 May 1948 to 31 October 1956, when Madhya Bharat was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]].
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| ===Political careers of family members===
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| In 1962, [[Vijaya Raje Scindia|Vijayraje Scindia]], the widow of Maharaja Jiwajirao, was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], beginning the family's career in electoral politics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vijaya Raje Scindia|url=http://www.sawnet.org/whoswho/?Scindia+Vijaya+Raje|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211050038/http://www.sawnet.org/whoswho/?Scindia+Vijaya+Raje|archive-date=11 February 2007|access-date=2006-12-04}}</ref> She was first a member of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], and later became an influential member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Her son [[Madhavrao Scindia]] was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1971 representing the Jansangh Party, he joined Congress in 1980 and served until his death in 2001. His son, [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and was elected to the seat formerly held by his father in 2004. He later joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 11 March 2020.
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| Vijayaraje's daughters have supported the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. [[Vasundhara Raje|Vasundhara Raje Scindia]] contested and won five [[Indian Parliament|parliamentary]] elections from [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]. Under the Vajpayee government from 1998 onwards, Vasundhara was in charge of several different ministries. In 2003 she led the Bharatiya Janata Party to its largest majority in [[Rajasthan]], and became the state's [[Chief Minister]].<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://vasundhararaje.in/en/life-and-career Life and Career – Vasundhara Raje<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2013 again, she led Bharatiya Janata Party to a thumping win in the state of Rajasthan, winning over 160 out of the 200 seats in the assembly elections. Her other daughter, [[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]], contested assembly elections from [[Shivpuri]] in Madhya Pradesh and won in 1998, 2003 and 2013 and also [[lok sabha]] 2004, 2009 from Gwalior. Upon the BJP's win in the state, she became the state's Minister for Tourism, Sports and Youth Affairs. Vasundhara's son [[Dushyant Singh]] entered the Lok Sabha in 2004 from Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite news |title =Dushyant Singh wins|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-list-2019/dushyant-singh-20025-1|publisher =NDTV}}</ref>
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| ==Shinde Maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior==
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| [[File:Mahadaji Sindhia.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mahadaji Shinde]] was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power in North India after the [[Battle of Panipat in 1761]]<ref>{{cite book|author=N. G. Rathod|title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8|year=1994|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-85431-52-9|page=8}}</ref>]]
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| *[[Ranoji Shinde|Ranoji Rao Shinde]] (1731 – 19 July 1745). Died 19 July 1745.
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| *[[Jayappa Shinde|Jayappa Rao Shinde]] (1745 – 25 July 1755). Born c. 1720, died 25 July 1755.
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| *[[Jankoji Rao Scindia I]] (25 July 1755 – 15 January 1761). Born in 1745. died 15 January 1761.
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| * [[Dattaji Rao Scindia]] (Regent 1755 – 10 January 1760). Died 10 January 1760.
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| * ''Vacant 15 January 1761 – 25 November 1763''
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| *[[Kadarji Rao Scindia]] (25 November 1763 – 10 July 1764) Died ?.
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| *[[Manaji Rao Scindia]] (10 July 1764 – 18 January 1768) Died ?.
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| *[[Mahadaji Scindia]] (18 January 1768 – 12 February 1794). Born 3 December 1730, died 12 February 1794.
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| *[[Daulat Scindia|Daulat Rao Shinde]] (12 February 1794 – 21 March 1827). Born 1779, died 21 March 1827.
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| *[[Jankoji Rao Scindia II]] (18 June 1827 – 7 February 1843). Born 1805, died 7 February 1843.
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| *[[Jayajirao Scindia|Jayaji Rao Scindia]] (7 February 1843 – 20 June 1886). Born 19 January 1835, died 20 June 1886.
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| *[[Madho Rao Scindia]] (20 June 1886 – 5 June 1925). Born 20 October 1876, died 5 June 1925.
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| *[[Jivajirao Scindia]] (Maharaja 5 June 1925 – 15 August 1947, Rajpramukh 28 May 1948 – 31 October 1956. Last Maharaja, later Rajpramukh) Born 26 June 1916, died 16 July 1961.
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| *[[Madhavrao Scindia]] (1961–1971) The last Maharaja, before the abolishment of monarchy in 1971.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{Notelist}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| * {{Citation|title=Hobson-Jobson: a Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive|first1=Sir Henry|last1=Yule|first2=Arthur Coke|last2=Burnell|editor=William Crooke|publisher=J. Murray|year=1903|location=London|oclc=4718658|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z5iAAAAMAAJ&q=killadar+etymology}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Hope|first=John |title=The House of Scindea — A Sketch by John Hope|url=https://archive.org/stream/houseofscindeask00hoperich#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1863|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, London}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Neelesh Ishwarchandra Karkare |title=Tawaareekh-E-ShindeShahi |year=2017|isbn= 978-93-5267-241-7}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Commons category-inline}}
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| {{MarathaEmpire}}
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| {{Authority control}}
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| [[Category:Scindia dynasty of Gwalior| ]]
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| [[Category:Dynasties of India]]
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| [[Category:Indian surnames]]
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| [[Category:Maratha clans]]
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| [[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
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