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| | #REDIRECT [[South Dravidian languages]] |
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| {{Infobox language family | | {{Redirect category shell| |
| |name = Tamil–Kannada
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| |region = [[South India]]
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| |familycolor = Dravidian
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| |fam2 = [[Southern Dravidian]]
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| |child1 = Kannada–Badaga
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| |child2 = Tamil–Kodagu | |
| |glotto = tami1291
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| |glottorefname= Tamil–Kannada
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| }} | | }} |
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| '''Tamil–Kannada''' is an inner branch (Zvelebil 1990:56) of the Southern Dravidian I (SDr I) subfamily of the [[Dravidian languages]] that include [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]]. (There have been slight differences in the way Dravidian languages are grouped by various Dravidian [[linguist]]s: See Subrahmanyam 1983, Zvelebil 1990, Krishnamurthi 2003). Tamil–Kannada itself is designated as a branch of the South Dravidian I subfamily and in turn branches off into Tamil–Kodagu and Kannada–Badaga. The languages that constitute the Tamil–Kannada branch are [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Irula language|Irula]], [[Toda language|Toda]], [[Kota language (India)|Kota]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]], and [[Badaga language|Badaga]]. (Zvelebil 1990:56)
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| According to [[R. C. Hiremath]], Director of International School of Dravidian Linguistics in Trivandrum, the separation of Tamil and Kannada into independent languages from the Tamil–Kannada inner branch started with the separation of [[Tulu language|Tulu]] in about 1500 BCE and completed in about 300 BCE.
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| Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam are recognized among the [[official languages of India]] and are spoken mainly in [[South India]]. All three are officially recognized as [[classical languages]] by the Government of India, along with [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece</ref>
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| ==Phonological features==
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| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] have both [[retroflex lateral approximant|retroflex lateral]] (/ɭ/) and [[retroflex approximant]] (/ɻ/) sounds, whereas [[Kannada]] has retained only the retroflex lateral. Evidence shows that both retroflex approximant and the retroflex laterals were once (before the 10th century) also present in Kannada. However, all the retroflex [[approximant]]s changed into retroflex laterals in Kannada later. In Kannada, the [[bilabial]] voiceless plosive (/p/) at the beginning of many words has disappeared to produce a velar fricative (/h/) or has disappeared completely. This change is unique to [[Kannada]] in the Dravidian family. Tamil does not show this change.
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| Tamil and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] show the conversion of [[Voiceless velar plosive]] (/k/) into [[Voiceless palatal plosive]] (/c/) at the beginning of the words (refer to [[comparative method]] for details). Kannada, however, is totally inert to this change and hence the velar plosives are retained as such or with minimum changes in the corresponding words.
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| == References ==
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| === Citations ===
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| {{Reflist}}
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| === Sources ===
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| {{refbegin}}
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| * Krishnamurti, B., ''The Dravidian Languages'', Cambridge University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-521-77111-0}}.
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| * Subrahmanyam, P.S., ''Dravidian Comparative Phonology'', Annamalai University, 1983.
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| * Zvelebil, Kamil., ''Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction", PILC (Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture), 1990.
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| {{refend}}
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| {{-}}
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| {{Dravidian languages}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil-Kannada Language}}
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| [[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
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| [[Category:Dravidian languages]]
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| [[Category:Languages of India]]
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