Punjabi folklore: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:55, 7 January 2026

Folios of a manuscript of *Heer Waris Shah* (Waris Shah's version of the Heer-Ranjha folktale), circa 19th century

Punjabi folklore (more particularly its folksongs) is a core part of the Punjabi culture.^[1]^[2] Other important components of Punjabi folklore are farces, anecdotes, idioms, folktales, and sayings.^[3]

Research[edit | edit source]

Origin[edit | edit source]

Richard Carnac Temple argued in his 1884 work, The Legends of the Punjab, that the plot structure of Punjabi folktales and bardic poetry was indistinguishable from one another, albeit with the bardic poems being more textually conservative (as they had been governed by metre and rhyme due to being in verse form). This led him to believe that the folktales originated from the bardic literature, existing as degraded derivatives.^[4]

I hope to show here abundantly that the bardic poem and the folktale are constructed on precisely the same lines as far as the pure story goes, even where the former is fastened on to really historical characters and mixed up with the narrative of bona fide historical facts [which Temple evidently values]. The folktale is very often in fact a mere scene, or jumble of scenes, to be found in the poem, where only the marvellous story has been remembered, while the names and surroundings of the actors to whom it is attributed has [sic] been forgotten. (Temple, v-vi)
— Donald Haase quoting R. C. Temple, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales, page 895

Themes[edit | edit source]

Depiction of Raja Rasalu beating Raja Sirikap in a game of chaupat (pasa), original sketch from a Punjabi storybook, reproduced by Charles Swynnerton in 'The Adventures of the Panjáb Hero Rájá Rasálu, and Other Folk-Tales of the Panjáb' (1884)

Punjabi folktales commonly incorporate stories involving animals which teach a moral lesson.^[5] This is a theme which originated in ancient India, with a surviving example being the Panchatantra of the third century BCE.^[5] Other prevalent themes found within Punjabi folklore is a suspcision of those in positions of power, and folly & pretense used for derision.^[5]

The heroine in Punjabi folktales (a pari/fairy or a princess) can be found inside a fruit or vegetable, which they are named after, or in the form of an animal, such as a mammal (monkey or goat) or a bird (swan or peacock/peahen).^[6]^[7]

History of study[edit | edit source]

Error creating thumbnail: Page number not in range.

Book cover of Tales of the Punjab by Flora Annie Steel

Academic folkloristic research into and the collecting of the large corpus of Punjabi folktales began during the colonial-era by Britishers, such as Flora Annie Steel's three papers on her studies of local Punjabi folktales (1880), with a translation of three fables into English,^[2] Richard Carnac Temple's The Legends of the Punjab (1884), Flora Annie Steel's Tales of the Punjab (1894), and Charles Frederick Usborne's Panjabi Lyrics and Proverbs (1905).^[8]^[3] Native Punjabis have also contributed to this field, with some names being Devendra Satyarthi, Mohinder Singh Randhawa, Amrita Pritam, Karnail Singh Thind, Sohinder Singh Wanjara Bedi, Giani Gurdit Singh, and Sukhdev Madpuri, whom have contributed published collections, encyclopedias, anthologies, and renditions in this field of study.^[8]

List of Punjabi folklore[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ Temple, Richard C. (1884) The Legends of the Panjab. Bombay: Education Society's Press, [1884–1900] (Reissued with an introduction by Kartar Singh Duggal: Rupa and Company)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "Folklore Research in India – Punjab". Varia folklorica. Alan Dundes, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. The Hague [Noordeinde 41]: Mouton. 1978. p. 205. ISBN 978-3-11-080772-1. OCLC 561720258.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Luhar, Sahdev (2023). Folklore Studies in India: Critical Regional Responses. N. S. Patel (Autonomous) Arts College. p. 53. ISBN 9788195500840.
↑ "South Asian Tales". The Greenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales (in three volumes). Donald Haase. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 2008. p. 895. ISBN 978-0-313-04947-7. OCLC 192044183.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Folktales and fairy tales : traditions and texts from around the world. Anne E. Duggan, Donald Haase, Helen Callow (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California. 2016. p. 834. ISBN 978-1-61069-253-3. OCLC 923255058.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ Kaura, Wīrapāla (2005). Pañjābī loka kahānīāṃ: rishatā nātā prabandha (in Punjabi). Wārīsa Shāha Phāuṇḍeshana. p. 104. ISBN 9788178561561.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ Pūnī, Balabīra Siṅgha (1994). Pañjābī loka sāhita ate rītī riwāja (in Punjabi). Sarawaprīta Siṅgha. p. 57.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Vol. 2. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1309. ISBN 9788126011940.
↑ Shuaib, Haroon (6 January 2022). "Raja Rasalu: An Epic Folklore from Sialkot". Youlin Magazine. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
↑ legends of the Panjab, Part 1 By R. C. Temple, Page121
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 South Asian folklore : an encyclopedia. Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills. New York, NY. 2003. p. 497. ISBN 978-1-000-14353-9. OCLC 1222776533.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ Aftab, Tahera (2008). Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide. Leiden: Brill. p. 511. ISBN 978-90-474-2385-0. OCLC 608597790.
↑ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. ISBN 9781316673898.
↑ Appadurai, Arjun; Korom, Frank J.; Mills, Margaret A. (2015). Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions. South Asia Seminar. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 203. ISBN 9781512821321.

External links[edit | edit source]

[1] Temple, Richard C. (1884) The Legends of the Panjab. Bombay: Education Society's Press, [1884–1900] (Reissued with an introduction by Kartar Singh Duggal: Rupa and Company)

[:3-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "Folklore Research in India – Punjab". Varia folklorica. Alan Dundes, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. The Hague [Noordeinde 41]: Mouton. 1978. p. 205. ISBN 978-3-11-080772-1. OCLC 561720258.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

[:4-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Luhar, Sahdev (2023). Folklore Studies in India: Critical Regional Responses. N. S. Patel (Autonomous) Arts College. p. 53. ISBN 9788195500840.

[4] "South Asian Tales". The Greenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales (in three volumes). Donald Haase. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 2008. p. 895. ISBN 978-0-313-04947-7. OCLC 192044183.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Folktales and fairy tales : traditions and texts from around the world. Anne E. Duggan, Donald Haase, Helen Callow (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California. 2016. p. 834. ISBN 978-1-61069-253-3. OCLC 923255058.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

[6] Kaura, Wīrapāla (2005). Pañjābī loka kahānīāṃ: rishatā nātā prabandha (in Punjabi). Wārīsa Shāha Phāuṇḍeshana. p. 104. ISBN 9788178561561.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[7] Pūnī, Balabīra Siṅgha (1994). Pañjābī loka sāhita ate rītī riwāja (in Punjabi). Sarawaprīta Siṅgha. p. 57.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[:1-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Vol. 2. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1309. ISBN 9788126011940.

[9] Shuaib, Haroon (6 January 2022). "Raja Rasalu: An Epic Folklore from Sialkot". Youlin Magazine. Retrieved 2023-05-07.

[10] s of the Panjab, Part 1 By R. C. Temple, Page121

[:2-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 South Asian folklore : an encyclopedia. Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills. New York, NY. 2003. p. 497. ISBN 978-1-000-14353-9. OCLC 1222776533.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

[12] Aftab, Tahera (2008). Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide. Leiden: Brill. p. 511. ISBN 978-90-474-2385-0. OCLC 608597790.

[13] Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. ISBN 9781316673898.

[14] Appadurai, Arjun; Korom, Frank J.; Mills, Margaret A. (2015). Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions. South Asia Seminar. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 203. ISBN 9781512821321.

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+{{Short description|Folklore from Punjab}}
+[[File:Folios of a manuscript of Heer Waris Shah (Waris Shah's version of the Heer-Ranjha folktale), circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Folios of a manuscript of ''Heer Waris Shah'' (Waris Shah's version of the Heer-Ranjha folktale), circa 19th century]]
+{{Punjabi folklore}}
 {{Punjabis}}
-'''Punjabi folklore''', more particularly its [[folksong]]s, is said to be the autobiography of its people.<ref>Temple, Richard C. (1884) ''The Legends of the Panjab''. Bombay: Education Society's Press, [1884-1900] (Reissued with an introduction by Kartar Singh Duggal: Rupa and Company)</ref>
+'''Punjabi folklore''' (more particularly its [[folksong]]s) is a core part of the [[Punjabi culture]].<ref>Temple, Richard C. (1884) ''The Legends of the Panjab''. Bombay: Education Society's Press, [1884–1900] (Reissued with an introduction by Kartar Singh Duggal: Rupa and Company)</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Varia folklorica |date=1978 |publisher=Mouton |others=Alan Dundes, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences |isbn=978-3-11-080772-1 |location=The Hague [Noordeinde 41] |pages=205 |chapter=Folklore Research in India – Punjab |oclc=561720258}}</ref> Other important components of Punjabi folklore are farces, anecdotes, idioms, folktales, and sayings.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Luhar |first=Sahdev |title=Folklore Studies in India: Critical Regional Responses |publisher=N. S. Patel (Autonomous) Arts College |year=2023 |isbn=9788195500840 |pages=53}}</ref>
-Folklore is the body of expressive [[culture]], including [[Folklore|tales]], [[music]], [[dance]], [[legend]]s, [[oral history]], [[proverb]]s, [[joke]]s, [[superstition|popular belief]]s, customs, and so forth within a particular population comprising the [[tradition]]s (including [[oral tradition]]s) of that culture, [[subculture]], or [[group (sociology)|group]]. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The academic and usually [[ethnology|ethnographic]] study of folklore is sometimes called [[folkloristics]].
+== Research ==
-==List of Punjabi folklore==
+=== Origin ===
+[[Richard Carnac Temple]] argued in his 1884 work, ''The Legends of the Punjab'', that the plot structure of Punjabi folktales and [[Bhat Vahis|bardic poetry]] was indistinguishable from one another, albeit with the bardic poems being more textually conservative (as they had been governed by [[Metre (poetry)|metre]] and [[rhyme]] due to being in verse form). This led him to believe that the folktales originated from the bardic literature, existing as degraded derivatives.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Greenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales (in three volumes) |date=2008 |publisher=Greenwood Press |others=Donald Haase |isbn=978-0-313-04947-7 |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=895 |chapter=South Asian Tales |oclc=192044183}}</ref>
+{{Blockquote|text=I hope to show here abundantly that the bardic poem and the folktale are constructed on precisely the same lines as far as the pure story goes, even where the former is fastened on to really historical characters and mixed up with the narrative of bona fide historical facts [which Temple evidently values]. The folktale is very often in fact a mere scene, or jumble of scenes, to be found in the poem, where only the marvellous story has been remembered, while the names and surroundings of the actors to whom it is attributed has [sic] been forgotten. (Temple, v-vi)|author=Donald Haase quoting R. C. Temple|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales|source=page 895}}
+=== Themes ===
+[[File:Depiction of Raja Rasalu beating Raja Sirikap in a game of chaupat (pasa), original sketch from a Punjabi storybook, reproduced by Charles Swynnerton (1884).jpg|thumb|Depiction of Raja Rasalu beating Raja Sirikap in a game of chaupat (pasa), original sketch from a Punjabi storybook, reproduced by Charles Swynnerton in 'The Adventures of the Panjáb Hero Rájá Rasálu, and Other Folk-Tales of the Panjáb' (1884)]]
+Punjabi folktales commonly incorporate stories involving animals which teach a moral lesson.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Folktales and fairy tales : traditions and texts from around the world |date=2016 |others=Anne E. Duggan, Donald Haase, Helen Callow |isbn=978-1-61069-253-3 |edition=2nd |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=834 |oclc=923255058}}</ref> This is a theme which originated in ancient India, with a surviving example being the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' of the third century BCE.<ref name=":0" /> Other prevalent themes found within Punjabi folklore is a suspcision of those in positions of power, and folly & pretense used for derision.<ref name=":0" />
+The heroine in Punjabi folktales (a [[Peri|pari]]/fairy or a princess) can be found inside a fruit or vegetable, which they are named after, or in the form of an animal, such as a mammal (monkey or goat) or a bird (swan or peacock/peahen).<ref>{{cite book |title=Pañjābī loka kahānīāṃ: rishatā nātā prabandha |first=Wīrapāla |last=Kaura |publisher=Wārīsa Shāha Phāuṇḍeshana |date=2005 |page=104 |isbn=9788178561561 |lang=Punjabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPiBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80+%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87+%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0+,+%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2+%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87+%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4+%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pañjābī loka sāhita ate rītī riwāja |first=Balabīra Siṅgha |last=Pūnī |publisher=Sarawaprīta Siṅgha |date=1994 |page=57 |lang=Punjabi}}</ref>
-=== Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus ===
+=== History of study ===
+[[File:Tales of the Punjab.pdf|thumb|[[Book cover]] of ''Tales of the Punjab'' by Flora Annie Steel]]
+Academic folkloristic research into and the collecting of the large corpus of Punjabi folktales began during the colonial-era by Britishers, such as [[Flora Annie Steel]]'s three papers on her studies of local Punjabi folktales (1880), with a translation of three fables into English,<ref name=":3" /> Richard Carnac Temple's ''The Legends of the Punjab'' (1884), Flora Annie Steel's ''Tales of the Punjab'' (1894), and Charles Frederick Usborne's ''Panjabi Lyrics and Proverbs'' (1905).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1988 |isbn=9788126011940 |volume=2 |pages=1309}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Native Punjabis have also contributed to this field, with some names being [[Devendra Satyarthi]], [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa]], [[Amrita Pritam]], [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003440628-18/folklore-medieval-punjabi-literature-karnail-thind Karnail Singh Thind], [[Sohinder Singh Wanjara Bedi]], [[Giani Gurdit Singh]], and Sukhdev Madpuri, whom have contributed published collections, encyclopedias, anthologies, and renditions in this field of study.<ref name=":1" />
-*The Adventures of [[Raja Sálbán|raja Rasalu]]- (Punjabi:ਰਾਜਾ ਰਸਾਲੂ)
-*The Chronicles of the Nang
-*[[Sakhi Sarwar]] and Dani Jatti
-*[[Dhanna Bhagat]]
-*Sarwar
-*The Legend of Guru Gugga<ref>legends of the Panjab, Part 1 By R. C. Temple, Page121</ref>
-*Princess Adhik Anup Dai
-*The Legend of Sila Dai
-*The Story of Raja Mahi Parkash of Sarmor
-*The Story of Syama, Lord of Sohini
-*The Song of Negi Bahadur
-*Madana the Brave, Lord of Chaura
-*The Legend of [[Safidon]]
-*Princess Niwal Dai
-*The Genealogies of Lal Beg
-*The Legend of Raja Gopi Chand
-*The Story of Raja Chandarbhan and Rani Chand Karan
-*Songs About Namdev
-*Sakhi Sarwar and Jati
-*The Marriage of Sakhi Sarwar
-*The Ballad of Chuhar Singh
-*Sansar Chand of Kangra and Fatteh Parkash of Sarmor
-*Raja Jagat Singh of Nurpur
-*The Story of Raja Jagdeo
-*Raja Nal
-*The Legend of Raja Jagdeo
-*Raja Nal
-*The Legend of Raja Dhol
-*Raja Rattan Sin of Chhittaur
-*Sarwan and Farjian
-*Puran Bhagat
-*Sucha Singh Soorma
-*Jeona Maur
-*Loona
-*Kehar Singh Ram Kaur
-*Sham Kaur/sham Singh/sham Lal
-*Dhol Sammi
-*Kaulan
-*Manu Guggu
-*Ustaad Harman
-eqrre
-=== Punjabi Muslims ===
-*The Marriage of Ghazi Salar
+==List of Punjabi folklore==
-*The Ballad Of Isa Baniya
+*The Adventures of [[Raja Rasalu]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuaib |first=Haroon |date=6 January 2022 |title=Raja Rasalu: An Epic Folklore from Sialkot |url=https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/raja-rasalu-an-epic-folklore-from-sialkot/MjE2OA== |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Youlin Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
-*The Ballad of Isa Bapari
+*The Legend of [[Raja Sálbán]]
-*Hyms to Abdu Iiah Shah of Samin
+*The Legend of [[Gogaji|Guru Gugga]]<ref>legends of the Panjab, Part 1 By R. C. Temple, Page121</ref>
-*The Adventures of [[Mir (title)|Mir Chakur]]
+*[[Puran Bhagat]]
-*Ismail Khan S Grandmother
+*The [[Vaar|Ballad]] of [[Jasrat|Sheikh Khokhar]]
-*The Bracelet-Maker of Jhang
+*[[Heer Ranjha]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=South Asian folklore : an encyclopedia |date=2003 |others=Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills |isbn=978-1-000-14353-9 |location=New York, NY |pages=497 |oclc=1222776533}}</ref>
-*[[Heer Ranjha]]
 *[[Mirza Sahiba]]
-*[[Sassi Punnun]]
+*[[Sassi Punnun]]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aftab |first=Tahera |title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-2385-0 |location=Leiden |pages=511 |oclc=608597790}}</ref>
 *[[Sohni Mahiwal]]
-*Shirin Farhad
+*[[Yusuf and Zulaikha#Other versions|Yusuf and Zulaikha]]
-*[[Yusuf and Zulaikha]]
+*The [[Vaar|Ballad]] of [[Dulla Bhatti]]<ref name=":2" />
-*[[Dulla Bhatti]]
+*[[Dhola Maru]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781316673898 |pages=252}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Appadurai |first1=Arjun |title=Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions |last2=Korom |first2=Frank J. |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret A. |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781512821321 |series=South Asia Seminar |pages=203}}</ref>
+== See also ==
+* [[Vaar]]
+* [[Punjabi Qisse]]
+* [[Mirasi]]
+* [[Punjabi folk religion]]
+* [[Punjabi folk music]]
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+== Further reading ==
+{{refbegin}}
+;Folktale collections:
+* {{Cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas W. |title=Folk-Tales from the Panjab |journal=Folklore |volume=32 |issue=3 |date=1921 |pages=211–13 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1921.9719202 |jstor=1254870}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
+* {{cite journal |last=King |first=L. W. |title=Folk-Tales from the Panjab [II]|journal=Folklore |volume=32 |issue=4 |date=1921 |pages=271–73 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1921.9719210 |jstor=1255204}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
+* {{cite journal |last=King |first=L. W. |title=Folk-Tales from the Panjab [III] |journal=Folklore |volume=33 |issue=1 |date=1922 |pages=122–24 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1922.9719231 |jstor=1255190}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
+* {{cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas |title=Folktales from the Panjab, IV |journal=Folklore |volume=35 |issue=1 |date=1924 |pages=86–91 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1924.9719989 |jstor=1255785}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
+* {{cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas |title=Panjab Folktales, V. (Continued) |journal=Folklore |volume=36 |issue=3 |date=1925 |pages=258–63 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1925.9718329 |jstor=1256050}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
+* {{cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas |title=Panjab Folktales, VI (Continued) |journal=Folklore |volume=36 |issue=4 |date=1925 |pages=362–66 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1925.9718338 |jstor=1256209}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
+* {{cite journal |last=King |first=Lucas |title=Panjab Folktales, VII |journal=Folklore |volume=37 |issue=1 |date=1926 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1926.9718348 |jstor=1255953}} Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
+* {{cite book |last=Rassool |first=S.H.A. |date=1964 |title=Les contes et récits du Pakistan |location=Paris |publisher=Fernand Nathan |lang=FR}} (collected from a source in Narowal, Panjab)
+* {{cite book |title=Märchen aus dem Pandschab |trans-title=Fairy Tales from the Punjab |first=Helmtraut |last=Sheikh-Dilthey |publisher=Diederichs |date=1976 |language=DE}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Harjeet Singh |title=Heer Ranjha and Other Legends of the Punjab |publisher=Harman Publishing House |others=Illustrated by Eric Vikramjeet Singh Gill |year=2003 |isbn=9788186622605}}
+* {{cite book |last=Aqeel |first=Shafi |author-link=Shafi Aqeel |title=Popular Folk Tales of the Punjab |translator=[[Ahmad Bashir]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2008 |isbn=9780195475791}}
+* {{cite book |title=Folk Tales from [[Multan]] |editor=B. R. Mehta |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |date=2011 |isbn=9789380213392}}
+* Bedi, Sohinder Singh Wanjara. ''Punjabi Lokdhara Vishav Kosh'' (in many volumes) [in Punjabi]. Lok Prakashan. ISBN 978-8190860031.
+{{refend}}
 ==External links==
 {{Portal|Punjab}}
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&pg=PA121&dq=Guru+Gugga&hl=en&ei=v58oTeTkDM7srQeorsGjDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Guru%20Gugga&f=false The Legend of Guru Gugga]
+*[https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/legends-panjab The Legends Of The Punjab : Temple, R. C.]
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXPa3jZDQZUC&pg=PA184&dq=Puran+Bhagat&cd=8#v=onepage&q=Puran%20Bhagat&f=false Puran Bhagat]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Guru+Gugga&pg=PA121 The Legend of Guru Gugga]
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=E5J6bO8qQ7YC&pg=PA100&dq=Guru+Gugga&hl=en&ei=XaUoTf2NM4vtrQfg4uX-DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Guru%20Gugga&f=false Guru Gugga]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXPa3jZDQZUC&dq=Puran+Bhagat&pg=PA184 Puran Bhagat]
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=bmFYZANvqRoC&pg=PA58&dq=Loona+shiv+kumar+batalvi&hl=en&ei=FqsoTZiwIMKGrAe86uiLCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Loona%20shiv%20kumar%20batalvi&f=false Loona by Shiv Kumar Batalvi]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=E5J6bO8qQ7YC&dq=Guru+Gugga&pg=PA100 Guru Gugga]
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&pg=PA98&dq=Ghazi+Salar&hl=en&ei=76soTayxHI_QrQe78bTQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Ghazi%20Salar&f=false The Marriage of Ghazi Salar]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=bmFYZANvqRoC&dq=Loona+shiv+kumar+batalvi&pg=PA58 Loona by Shiv Kumar Batalvi]
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K7fJzpzRtEYC&pg=PA182&dq=Raja+Jagdeo&hl=en&ei=VLEoTbOxJcaurAf3mOHFDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Raja%20Jagdeo&f=false Raja Jagdeo]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Ghazi+Salar&pg=PA98 The Marriage of Ghazi Salar]
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K7fJzpzRtEYC&pg=PA1&dq=The+legend+of+Raja+Gopi+Chand&hl=en&ei=wbIoTYKCFI_SrQfYpNTSDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20legend%20of%20Raja%20Gopi%20Chand&f=false Raja Gopi Chand]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K7fJzpzRtEYC&dq=Raja+Jagdeo&pg=PA182 Raja Jagdeo]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K7fJzpzRtEYC&dq=The+legend+of+Raja+Gopi+Chand&pg=PA1 Raja Gopi Chand]
 *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEWsZZLM31E  Arif Lohar Sings Mirza]
 *[http://khurmi.com/gems.htm Punjabi Folksongs] explained in English
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K7fJzpzRtEYC&pg=PA457&dq=mir+chakur&cd=1#v=onepage&q=mir%20chakur&f=false The Adventures of Mir Chakur]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K7fJzpzRtEYC&dq=mir+chakur&pg=PA457 The Adventures of Mir Chakur]
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&pg=PA210&dq=Isa+Baniya&hl=en&ei=oekpTemYD4LkrAfuqMz5DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Isa%20Baniya&f=false The Ballad Of Isa Baniya]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Isa+Baniya&pg=PA210 The Ballad Of Isa Baniya]
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&pg=PA225&dq=Adhik+Anup+Dai&hl=en&ei=QeopTcieN4rrrQeb8tiZDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Adhik%20Anup%20Dai&f=false Princess Adhik Anup Dhai]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Adhik+Anup+Dai&pg=PA225 Princess Adhik Anup Dhai]
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&pg=PA404&dq=Madana+the+Brave&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Madana%20the%20Brave&f=false Madna the Brave]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7ym3M0UDTsC&dq=Madana+the+Brave&pg=PA404 Madna the Brave]
 [[Category:Punjabi folklore| ]]