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| {{Short description|Medieval kingdom in Southern India (c.1347–1527)}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Bahmani Kingdom]] |
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| {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
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| {{Infobox Former Country
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| | native_name = <!--Please do not complete this field [[ WP:INDICSCRIPTS]]-->
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| | conventional_long_name = Bahmani Sultanate
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| | common_name = Deccan
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| | era = Late Medieval
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| | status = [[Sultanate]]
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| | event_start =
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| | year_start = 1347
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| | date_start = 3 August
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| | event1 =
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| | date_event1 =
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| | event_end =
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| | year_end = 1527
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| | date_end =
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| | p1 = Delhi Sultanate
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| | flag_p1 =
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| | p2 = Musunuri Nayaks
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| | flag_p2 =
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| | s1 = Vijayanagara Empire
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| | flag_s1 =
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| | flag_s2 =
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| | s2 = Deccan sultanates
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| | flag_s3 =
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| | s3 = Portuguese India
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| | image_flag =
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| | flag_type =
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| | image_coat =
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| | symbol_type =
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| | image_map = Bahamani-sultanate-map.svg
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| | image_map_caption = Bahmani Sultanate, 1470 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (k)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>
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| | image_map2 =
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| | capital = {{plainlist|
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| *[[Gulbarga]] <small>(1347–1425)</small>
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| *[[Bidar]] <small>(1425–1527)</small>}}
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| | common_languages = [[Persian Language|Persian]] (official) {{sfn|Ansari|1988|pp=494–499}} <br/> [[Marathi language|Marathi]] <br/> [[Deccani language|Deccani Urdu]] <br/> [[Telugu language|Telugu]] <br/> [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
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| | religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed |title= A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=shia%20bahmani&pg=PA163 |publisher= Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd |date= 2011 |isbn= 9788131732021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Medieval Deccan History: Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi |page= 40 |isbn= 9788171545797 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&q=shia+denomination+bahmani |last1= Rā Kulakarṇī |first1= A. |last2= Nayeem |first2= M. A. |last3= De Souza |first3= Teotonio R. |year= 1996 }}</ref>
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| | currency = [[Ancient taka|Taka]]
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| | government_type = Monarchy
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| | leader1 = [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]]
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| | year_leader1 = 1347–1358
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| | leader2 = Kalim-Allah Shah
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| | year_leader2 = 1525–1527
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| | title_leader = [[Sultan]]
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| | today = [[India]]
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| | s7 =
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| }} | | }} |
| The '''Bahmani Sultanate''' was a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] empire that ruled the [[Deccan Plateau]] in [[South India]]. The Bahmani Sultanate came to power in 1347 during the [[Rebellion of Ismail Mukh]] after Ismail Mukh abdicated in favor of [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Zafar Khan]], who would establish the Bahmani Sultanate. The Bahmani Sultanate would be distinguished off its perpetual wars with its neighbors, including its rival, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], which would outlast the Sultanate.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&q=bahmani+vijayanagar+war&pg=PT597 |title= Dictionary of Wars |author= George C. Kohn |year= 2006 |publisher= Infobase Publishing |isbn= 9781438129167 }}</ref>
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| The Sultanate would begin its decline under the reign of [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Mahmood Shah]]. In 1518, the Bahmani Sultanate split up into the [[Deccan sultanates]], ending its 180 year rule over the [[Deccan]].{{sfn|Haig, 1925|pp=425-426}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNtjIJmhoIkC&dq=absurd+hasan+gangu&pg=PA16 |title= history of the decan |page= 15 |publisher= Mittal Publications |date= 1990 }}</ref>
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| ==Origin==
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| [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Zafar Khan]], the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate, was an [[Afghans|Afghan]], or [[Turkic peoples|Turk]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins|first=Everett|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1 |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=9781476608884 |pages=257 |language=English|quote=Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|title=A History of India |last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004|isbn=9780415329200 |pages=181 |language=English|quote=The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerr|first=Gordon|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Oldcastle Books Ltd|year=2017|isbn=9781843449232|pages=160|language=English|quote=In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).}}</ref> According to the medieval historian [[Ferishta]], his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Jonathan |title=Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests: with a continuation from other native writers, of the events in that part of India, to the reduction of its last monarchs by the emperor Aulumgeer Aurungzebe: also, the reigns of his successors in the empire of Hindoostan to the present day: and the history of Bengal, from the accession of Aliverdee Khan to the year 1780 |publisher=hansebooks |year=2016 |isbn=9783743414709 |pages=15|quote=Some Authors write that he was descended from Bahman, one of the ancient kings of Persia. And I have seen a pedigree of him, fo derived (?), in the royal library of Ahmednagar: but am inclined to believe, such lineage was only framed upon his accession to royalty, by flatterers and poets, and that his origin is too obscure to be authentically traced. The apellation of Bahmani, he certainly took in compliment to Kango Brahmin, which is often pronounced Bhamen, and by tribe he was an Afghan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink|first=Andre|title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |publisher=BRILL|year=1991|isbn=9781843449232|pages=144|language=English}}</ref> Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named [[Gangu (ruler)|Gangu]] (hence the name Hasan Gangu),<ref name="Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada 1972 p. 100">Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada. ''A Dictionary of Indian History'' (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972) p. 100</ref><ref name="https://books.google.se/books?id">{{cite book|last1=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global ..., Volym 1|url=https://archive.org/details/agewarsreligione00nola|url-access=limited|date=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/agewarsreligione00nola/page/n523 437]}}</ref><ref>The Discovery of India, J.L.Nehru</ref> and says that he from North India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03lDAAAAYAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+inhabitant+of+delhi+native+of+delhi |title= The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate |author= Chopdar |page=248 |date= 1951 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIQAAAAIAAJ&q=ferishta |title= The Dacca University Studies: Volumes 1-2 |page= 138 |date= 1935 |publisher= the University of Dacca }}</ref> Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend,{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=177}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=248}} but [[Ziauddin Barani|Barani]], who was the court chronicler of Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah]], as well as some other scholars have also called him as Hasan Gangu.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIQAAAAIAAJ&q=barani+hasan+gangu |title= The Dacca University Studies: Volumes 1-2 |page= 139 |date= 1935 |publisher= the University of Dacca }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/248/mode/2up?q=gangu |title= History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |author= Chopdar |publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=248 }}</ref>
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| Another legend traces the ancestry of Bahmanids to the mythological Persian hero [[Kay Bahman|Bahman Shah]], which seems implausible. The claim of his descent from this half-mythical hero was an attempt to mark him out for the honour of royalty by later poets and historians, but it was not Hasan Gangu himself who claimed this.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116007/page/n55/mode/2up?q=bahman|title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol.iii |page=3 |author= Prashad, Baini|date= 1939 |publisher= Banasthali }}</ref> According to a third version, Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of [[Brahmin|Brahman]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCann |first=Michael W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtoAayu603kC&dq=his+name+derives+from+corruption+of+word+Brahman&pg=RA1-PA253 |title=Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization |date=1994-07-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55571-3 |language=en}}</ref> and Hasan Gangu was a Brahman who became Muslim.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |page=3 |author=Suvorova |title= Masnavi |date=2000|isbn=978-0-19-579148-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&q=%22Hindu+tribes+of+the+punjab%22 |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |pages=59–60 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert |title= Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama |page=140 |author= Jayanta Gaḍakarī |date=2000 }}</ref>
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| Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu was among the inhabitants of Delhi who were forced to migrate to the Deccan, to build a large Muslim settlement in the region of Daulatabad.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC |page= 34 |title=Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi |date= 1996 |publisher= Popular Prakashan |author1=A. Rā Kulakarṇī |author2=M. A. Nayeem |author3=Teotonio R. De Souza |isbn= 9788171545797 }}</ref>
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| == History ==
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| {{Further|History of the Bahmani Sultanate}}
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| Barani states that Hasan Gangu was "born in very humble circumstances. For the first thirty years of his life he was nothing more than a field laborer."<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9PYRAAAAYAAJ&dq=for+the+first+thirty+years+of+his+life+labourer&pg=PA15 |title= A History of the Deccan: Volume 1 |page= 16 |author= Gribble |year= 1896 |publisher= Luzac and Company }}</ref> He was made a commander of a hundred horsemen by the Sultan who was pleased with his honesty. This sudden rise in the military and socio-economic ladder was common in this era of Muslim India.{{sfn|J.D.E|1990|p=16}} Zafar Khan was a man of ambition and looked forward to the adventure. He had long hoped to employ his body of horsemen in the Deccan region for slaying and plundering [[Hindus]], as the Deccan was seen as the place of bounty in Muslim imagination at the time.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9PYRAAAAYAAJ&dq=for+the+first+thirty+years+of+his+life+labourer&pg=PA15 |title= A History of the Deccan: Volume 1 |page= 17 |author= Gribble |year= 1896 |publisher= Luzac and Company }}</ref> He was rewarded with an Iqta for taking part in the conquest of [[Kampili kingdom|Kampili]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&dq=zafar+khan+migrate+dauatabad&pg=PA41 |title= A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761:Eight Indian Lives · Part 1, Volume 8|page= 41 |author= Richard Eaton |publisher= Cambridge University Press |date= 2005 |isbn= 9780521254847}}</ref> He made various raids against neighboring Hindus until he could gain influence and wealth and became a powerful military chief.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9PYRAAAAYAAJ&dq=for+the+first+thirty+years+of+his+life+labourer&pg=PA15 |title= A History of the Deccan: Volume 1 |page= 17 |author= Gribble |year= 1896 |publisher= Luzac and Company }}</ref>
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| ===Rise===
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| {{South Asia in 1400|left|The Bahmani Sultanate and main South Asian polities in 1400 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=39, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076}}</ref>|{{Annotation|100|134|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|60px]]}}}}
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| Before the establishment of his kingdom, he was Governor of Deccan and a commander on behalf of Tughlaq. [[Rebellion of Ismail Mukh|During the rebellion by the Amirs of the Deccan]], led by the elderly Afghan, Ismail Mukh, also known as Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah. On 3 August 1347, the Afghan noble Nasir-ud-Din Ismail Shah, whom the rebel ''amir''s of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345) abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, resulting the establishment of the Bahmani Kingdom with its headquarters at Hasanabad ([[Gulbarga]]). the Sultan of Delhi had besieged the rebels at the citadel of Daulatabad. As another rebellion had begun in Gujarat, the Sultan left and installed Shaikh Burhan-ud-din [[Bilgram|Bilgrami]] and Malik [[Jauhar]] and other nobles in charge of the siege. Meanwhile, as these nobles were unable to stop the Deccani amirs from pursuing the imperial army, Hasan Gangu, a native of Delhi, then being pursued by the governor of Berar, Imad-ul-Mulk, and was the leader to whom the Deccani Amirs had re-assembled, attacked and slew Imad-ul-Mulk and marched on towards Daulatabad. Here Hasan Gangu and the Deccani amirs put to flight the imperial forces which had been left to besiege. The rebels at Daulatabad had the sense to see Hasan Gangu as the man of the hour, and the proposal to crown Hasan Gangu, entitled Zafar Khan, was accepted without a dissentient voice on 3 August 1347.<ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.279–80
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| </ref><ref name="Bhattacharya. p. 928">Bhattacharya. ''Indian History''. p. 928</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/historiclandmark00haigrich/page/30/mode/2up?q=bilgrami |title= Historic landmarks of the Deccan |author=Thomas Wolseley Haig |date=1919 |publisher=Pioneer Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed Farooqui |first=Salma |title=Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |publisher=Pearson |year=2011 |isbn=9789332500983 |pages=150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Anecdotes from Islam |author= Ibrahim Khan |publisher= M. Ashraf |year= 1960 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jaQGAQAAIAAJ&q=native+of+delhi }}</ref> His revolt was successful, and he established an independent state on the Deccan within the Delhi Sultanate's southern provinces with its headquarters at [[Gulbarga|Hasanabad]] ([[Gulbarga]]) and all his coins were minted at Hasanabad.<ref>
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| Mahajan, V.D. (1991). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.279–80</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=106–108, 117}}</ref>
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| With the support of the influential Indian [[Chishti]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikhs]], he was crowned "Alauddin Bahman Shah Sultan – Founder of the Bahmani Dynasty".<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&q=chishti%20sufi%20sheikhs&pg=PA88 |title= Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent |author= Burjor Avari |year= 2013 |page= 88 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9780415580618 }}</ref> They bestowed upon him a robe allegedly worn by the Prophet.
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| The extension of the Sufi's notion of spiritual sovereignty lent legitimacy to the planting of the Sultanate's political authority, where the land, people, and produce of the Deccan were merited state protection, no longer available for plunder with impunity. These Sufis legitimized the transplantation of Indo-Muslim rulership from one region in South Asia to another, converting the land of the Bahmanids into being recognized as [[Divisions of the world in Islam|Dar ul-Islam]], while it was previously considered Dar ul-Harb.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&dq=muslim+rebel+daulatabad&pg=PP59 |title= India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |author= Richard M. Eaton |date= 2019 |publisher= Penguin Books Limited |isbn= 9780141966557 }}</ref>
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| Alauddin was succeeded by his son [[Mohammed Shah I]].{{Sfn|Prasad|1933|p=417}} His conflicts with the Vijayanagar empire were singularly savage wars, as according to the historian Ferishta, "the population of the Carnatic was so reduced that it did not recover for several ages."<ref>{{cite book |title= the Age of Wrath:A History of the Delhi Sultanate |author= Abraham Elahy |date= 2015 |publisher= Penguin Books Limited }}</ref> The Bahmanids' aggressive confrontation with the two main Hindu kingdoms of the southern Deccan, Warangal and Vijayanagara, made them renowned among Muslims as warriors of the faith.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800|author= Sheila Blair, Sheila S. Blair, Jonathan M. Bloom |date= 25 September 1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&dq=warangal+bahmanids&pg=PA156 |page=159| publisher=Yale University Press |isbn= 0300064659 }}</ref>
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| The Vijayanagara empire and the Bahmanids fought over the control of the Godavari-basin, Tungabadhra Doab, and the Marathwada country, although they seldom required a pretext for declaring war,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&dq=warangal+bahmanids&pg=PA1072 |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam |author= E. J. Brill |date=1993 |page=1072 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004097940 }}</ref> as military conflicts were almost a regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKxiDwAAQBAJ&dq=warangal+bahmanids&pg=PA183|title= MEDIEVAL INDIA UPSC PREPARATION BOOKS HISTORY SERIES |publisher=Mocktime Publication |date=2011 }}</ref> Military slavery involved captured slaves from Vijayanagara and having them embrace a Deccani identity by converting them to Islam and integrating into the host society, so they could begin military careers within the Bahmanid empire.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&dq=slaves+deccani&pg=PA126 |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Part 1, Volume 8 |author=Richard M. Eaton |date=17 November 2005 |page=126 |isbn=9780521254847 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ&dq=deccanis+bahri&pg=PA67 |title=Local States in an Imperial World |page=72 |author=Roy S. Fischel |date=2020 |isbn=9781474436090 }}</ref>
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| Ghiyasuddin succeeded his father Muhammad II at the age of seventeen, but was [[Blinding (punishment)|blinded]] and imprisoned by a Turkic slave called Taghalchin,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&dq=tughalchin&pg=PA285 |title= The Cambridge Shorter History of India |page= 285 |publisher= CUP Archive }}</ref>{{Sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=129}} who had held a grudge on the Sultan for the latter's refusal to appoint him as a governor. He had lured the Sultan into putting himself in the former's power, using the beauty of his daughter, who was accomplished in music and arts, and had introduced her to the Sultan at a feast.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=03lDAAAAYAAJ&q=infatuated |title= The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate |author= Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |date= 1951 |publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page= 93 |title= The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date= 1985 |author= Haroon Khan Sherwani |publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal }}</ref> He was succeeded by Shamsuddin, who was a puppet king under Taghalchin. Firuz and Ahmed, the sons of the fourth sultan Daud, marched to Gulbarga to avenge Ghiyasuddin. Firuz declared himself the sultan, and defeated Taghalchin's forces. Taghalchin was killed and Shamsuddin was blinded.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=132}}
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| [[File:Deccani Horseman.png|thumb|Dakhani Horseman]]
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| [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah]] became the sultan in 1397.{{Sfn|Prasad|1933|p=423}} Firuz Shah fought against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to [[Deva Raya]]'s daughter.
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| Firuz Shah expanded the nobility by enabling Hindus and granting them high office.<ref>{{cite book |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |date=2000 |page= 275 |author=John Stewart Bowman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&dq=Ala-ud-Din+Bahman+Shah&pg=PA274 }}</ref> In his reign, Sufis such as [[Bande Nawaz|Gesudaraz]], a Chishti saint who had immigrated from Dehli to Daulatabad, were prominent in court and daily life.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&dq=gesudaraz&pg=PA168 |title= Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition |page= 168 |author= Jamal Malik |date= 2020 |publisher= Brill |isbn= 9789004422711 }}</ref> He was the first author to write in the [[Deccani language|Dakhni]] dialect of [[Urdu]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl |author= Annemarie Schimmel |date= 1975 |page= 132 |publisher= Harrassowitz}}</ref> The Dakhni language became widespread, practised by various milieus from the court to the Sufis. It was established as a lingua franca of the Muslims of the Deccan, as not only the aspect of a dominant urban elite, but an expression of the regional religious identity.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ&dq=quli+dakhani&pg=PA74 |title= Local States in an Imperial World:Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan |author= Roy S. Fischel |date=2020 |isbn= 9781474436090 }}</ref>
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| Firuz Shah was succeeded by his younger brother [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]]. [[Bidar]] was made the capital of the sultanate in 1429.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=23}} Ahmad Shah's reign was marked by relentless military campaigns and expansionism. He imposed destruction and slaughter on Vijayanagara and finally captured the remnants of Warangal.<ref>{{cite book |title= Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |page= 275 |isbn= 9780231110044 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&dq=mahmud+shah+bahmani+vijayanagar&pg=PA276 |last1= Bowman |first1= John |last2= Bowman |first2= John Stewart |year= 2000 }}</ref>
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| [[File:Bahmanis of the Deccan. Ala al-Din Ahmad Shah II. 1435-1457.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Coinage of Ala al-Din Ahmad Shah II, who reigned from 1435-1458]]
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| Alauddin Ahmad II succeeded his father to the throne in 1436.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LHBeBAAAQBAJ&dq=alauddin+ahmad+ii&pg=PT197 |title= Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices and Meanings In 1450 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |date= 2014|author1= Knut A. Jacobsen |author2=Kristina Myrvold |author3=Mikael Aktor |isbn= 9781317675945 }}</ref> He ordered the construction of the [[Chand Minar]]. For the first half-century after the establishment of the Bahmanids, the original North Indian colonists and their sons had administered the empire quite independent of either the non-Muslim Hindus, or the Muslim foreign immigrants.
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| However, the later Bahmani Sultans, mainly starting from his father Ahmad Shah Wali I, began to recruit foreigners from overseas, whether because of depletion among the ranks of the original settlers, or the feelings of dependency upon the Persian courtly model, or both.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&dq=their+sons+administered+the+kingdom+quite+independent+of+either+foreign+immigrants+or+indigenous+non+-+Muslims+.+But+with+the+accession+of+Sultan+Firuz&pg=PA42 |title= The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700 : Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |page=42 |author= Richard Maxwell Eaton |date=2015 |isbn= 9781400868155 }}</ref> This resulted in factional strife that first became acute in the reign of his son Alauddin Ahmad Shah II.<ref>{{cite book |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSdWELuOikMC&dq=Ahmad+Shah+I+Wali+foreigners&pg=PA4 |title= Historic Landmarks of the Deccan |date=1907 |author= Sir Wolseley Haig |publisher= Pioneer Press }}</ref> In 1446, the powerful Dakhani nobles persuaded the Sultan that the Persians were responsible for the failure of the [[Konkan]] invasion.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&dq=bahmanis+massacre+persian+shias&pg=PA275 |title= Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |publisher= Columbia University Press |author= John Bowman |date= 2000 |isbn= 9780231500043 }}</ref>
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| The Sultan, drunk, condoned a terrible massacre of Persian Shi'a [[Sayyid|Sayyids]] by the Sunni Dakhani nobles and their Sunni [[Ethiopian|Abyssinian]] slaves.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wfVgEAAAQBAJ&dq=massacre+of+shia+sayyids+bahmanid&pg=PA54 |title=Islam in the Indian Subcontinent |date= 2022 |author= Annemarie Schimmel |publisher= Brill |isbn=9789004492998 }}</ref> A few survivors escaped the massacre dressed in women's clothing and convinced the Sultan of their innocence.<ref>{{cite book |title= The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&dq=chakan+massacre&pg=PA46 |page= 46 |author= Shanti Sadiq Ali |date= 1996 |publisher= Orient Longman | isbn=9788125004851 }}</ref> Ashamed of his own folly, the Sultan punished the Dakhani leaders who were responsible for the massacre, putting them to death or throwing them in prison, and reduced their families to beggary.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Wkg8AAAAMAAJ&q=chakan+survivor |title= Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan: Volumes 2-3, Issues 1-2 |publisher= Research Society of Pakistan |date= 1965 |page= 10 }}</ref> It is noteworthy that the accounts of the violent events included exaggerations as it came from the pen of the chroniclers who were themselves mainly foreigners and products of Safavid Persia.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41880628 |author=Muhammad Suleman Siddiqi |title= Sufi-State Relationship Under the Bahmanids (A.d. 1348-1538) |journal= Rivista Degli Studi Orientali |year= 1990 |volume= 64 |issue= 1/2 |page=91 |jstor= 41880628 |quote=Firishta and Tabatabai, presents a very grim picture of the locals and refer to them as permanent enemies of the Sadat. There is some exaggeration in their account but one must not forget that these accounts of unfortunate affairs are all from the pen of the aliens, who are the products of Safavid Persia. }}</ref>
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| [[File:Complete view of Mahumad Gawan.JPG|thumb|[[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]] was built by [[Mahmud Gawan]], the [[Vizier|Wazir]] of the Bahmani Sultanate as the centre of religious as well as secular education.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=91-98}}]]
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| The eldest sons of Humayun Shah, [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III]] and [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari]] ascended the throne successively, while they were young boys. The vizier [[Mahmud Gawan]] ruled as regent during this period, until Muhammad Shah reached age. Mahmud Gawan is known for setting up the [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]], a center of religious as well as secular education.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=91-98}} Gawan was considered a great statesman, and a poet of repute.
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| Mahmud Gawan was caught in a struggle between a rivalry between two groups of nobles, the Dakhanis and the Afaqis. The [[Deccanis|Dakhanis]] made the ruling indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty, being descendants of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] immigrants from Northern India, while the Afaqis were foreign newcomers from the West such as Gawan, who were mostly [[Shia Islam|Shi'is]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&dq=firoz+afaqi&pg=PA168 |title= Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition |page= 168 |author= Jamal Malik |date= 2020 |publisher= Brill |isbn= 9789004422711 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&q=deccanis%20gawan&pg=PA89 |title= Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent |author= Burjor Avari |year= 2013 |page= 89 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9780415580618 }}</ref> The Dakhanis believed that the privileges, patronage and positions of power in the Sultanate should have been reserved solely for them, based on their ethnic origin and their sense of pride of having launched the Bahmanid empire.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=deccanis+looked+upon+empire&pg=RA1-PA137 |title= Indian History |page= 137 |date= 1988 |publisher= Allied Publishers |isbn= 9788184245684 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC&dq=rama+raya+religious+war&pg=PA5 |title= Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323-1687 |author= Marika Sardar, Navina Najat Haidar |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art |date= 2011 |isbn= 9781588394385 }}</ref>
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| The divisions included sectarian religious divisions where the Afaqis were looked upon heretics by the Sunnis as the former were Shi'as,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&dq=deccanis+looked+upon+empire&pg=PA219 |title= India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent |author= Wilhelm von Pochhammer |date= 2005 |publisher= Allied |page= 219 |isbn= 9788177647150 }}</ref> while Eaton cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke Dakhni while the Afaqis favored the Persian language.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NUKGAAAAIAAJ&q=afaqis++merchants |title= Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World |page=75 |publisher= Variorum |date=1996 |author=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |isbn= 9780860785071 }}</ref> Although Mahmud Gawan was a foreigner, he attempted to reconcile the factions and strengthen the Sultanate by allotting offices to the Dakhanis.
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| Nonetheless, Mahmud Gawan found it difficult to win their confidence; the party strife could not be stopped and his opponents eventually managed to poison the ears of the Sultan.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&dq=mahmud+gawan+deccanis&pg=PA187 |title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |page= 187 |author= Satish Chandra |date= 2004 |publisher= Har-Anand Publications |isbn= 9788124110645 }}</ref> Mahmud Gawan was executed by Muhammad Shah III, an act that the latter regretted until he died in 1482.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=10}} Upon his death, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, the father of the founder of the [[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I|Nizam Shahi dynasty]] became the regent of the king.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+regent&pg=PA17 |title= The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar |page= 17 |author=Radhey Shyam |date= 1966 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 9788120826519 }}</ref> Nizam-ul-Mulk, as leader of the Dakhani party, led a cold-blooded massacre of Iranian Georgians and Turkmens in the capital of Bidar.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wVh-EAAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+mulk+massacre&pg=PA65 |title= BRIEF CULTURAL HISTORY OF BASAVAKALYANA |author= Dr. Shivakumar V. Uppe |date=2022 |isbn= 9781387847860 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2FDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+mulk+massacre+afaqis |title=History of South India: Medieval period |author= Pran Nath Chopra, T. K. Ravindran, N. Subrahmanian |date=1979 |publisher=S. Chand |page=75 }}</ref>
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| ===Later rulers and decline===
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| Muhammad Shah II was succeeded by his son [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]], the last Bahmani ruler to have real power.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=10-11}} In 1501, Mahmud Shah Bahmani united his amirs and wazirs in an agreement to wage annual [[Jihad]] against Vijayanagara. The expeditions were financially ruinous.<ref>{{cite book |title= Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |page= 276 |author= John Bowman |date= 2000 |publisher= Columbia University Press }}</ref>[[File:Sultan Husain Nizam Shah I on Horseback, Ahmadnagar ca. 1555, Cincinnati Art Museum.jpg|thumb|The independent Nizam Shahi Sultanate was founded by the son of the regent of Muhammad Shah II, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri]]
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| The last Bahmani Sultans were puppet monarchs under their [[Barid Shahi dynasty|Barid Shahi]] Prime Ministers, who were de facto rulers. After 1518 the sultanate broke up into five states: [[Nizamshahi]] of [[Ahmednagar]], [[Qutb Shahi]] of [[Golconda]] (Hyderabad), [[Barid Shahi dynasty|Barid Shahi]] of [[Bidar]], [[Imad Shahi dynasty|Imad Shahi]] of [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], [[Adil Shahi]] of [[Bijapur]]. They are collectively known as the "[[Deccan Sultanates]]".{{sfn|Haig, 1925|pp=425-426}}
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| The south Indian Emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed.<ref name="Eaton">{{cite book|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton|page=88}}</ref>
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| == Historiography ==
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| Modern scholars like [[Haroon Khan Sherwani|Sherwani]], and [[Richard M. Eaton|Eaton]] have based their accounts of the Bahmani dynasty mainly upon the medieval chronicles of [[Firishta]], and Syed Ali Tabatabai. Other contemporary works were Sivatatva Chintamani and Guru Charitra. [[Afanasy Nikitin]] traveled this kingdom. He contrasts the huge "wealth of the nobility with the wretchedness of the peasantry and the frugality of the Hindus".<ref>{{cite book |author=P. M. Kemp |title=Bharat-Rus: An Introduction to Indo-Russian Contracts and Travels from Mediaeval Times to the October Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3EDRAAAAMAAJ |year=1958 |publisher=ISCUS |page=20}}</ref>
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| == Culture ==
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| The dynasty patronized Indo-Muslim and Persian culture from Northern India and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3zaRttYiekC&dq=bahmani+indo-muslim&pg=PA730 |title= Strange Parallels: Volume 2, Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands |page=730 |author= Victor Lieberman |date=2003 |isbn= 9780521823524 }}</ref> However, the society of the Bahmnanis were dominated prominently by Iranians, Afghans, and Turks.{{sfn|N.H|1988}} They also had considerable and social influence such as with the celebration of [[Nowruz]] by Bahmani rulers.{{sfn|N.H|1988}} This also comes as [[Mohammed Shah I]] ascended the throne on Nowruz.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N.H |first=Ansari |date=1988 |title=BAHMANID DYNASTY |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahmanid-dynasty-a-dynasty-founded-in-748-1347-in-the-deccan-sanskrit-daksia-lit |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref> According to Khafi Khan and Ferishta, musicians flocked to the court from Lahore, Delhi, Persia and Khorasan.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FzVuAAAAMAAJ&q=quli+khawas |title= Annual Report |page=138 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |date=1916}}</ref>
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| The Bahmani Sultans were patrons of the [[Persian language]], [[Culture of Iran|culture]] and [[Persian literature|literature]], and some members of the dynasty became well-versed in that language and composed its literature in that language.<ref name="Ansari">[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc Ansari, N.H. "Bahmanid Dynasty"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019004703/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc |date=19 October 2006 }} ''Encyclopaedia Iranica''</ref>
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| [[File:Bahamani Tombs.JPG|thumb|[[Bahmani Tombs]] in Bidar district]]
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| The first sultan, [[Alauddin Bahman Shah]] is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity.{{sfn|Haig, 1925|pp=391, 397-398}}<ref>Sewell, Robert. ''A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar)'' pp.57-58.</ref>
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| The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work on copper and silver that it came to be known as [[Bidriware|Bidri]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news| title=Proving their mettle in metal craft| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/hyderabad/30580986_1_bidriware-hyderabad-bidar| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508043800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/hyderabad/30580986_1_bidriware-hyderabad-bidar| url-status=dead| archive-date=8 May 2013| date=2 January 2012| work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> Firuz Shah, having a passion for languages, married a large number of Indians of various ethnicities, Georgians, Iranians and Arabs, to practise speaking their languages with them. In addition he was known for speaking several Indian languages.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahmanid-dynasty-a-dynasty-founded-in-748-1347-in-the-deccan-sanskrit-daksia-lit |title= Encyclopaedia Iranica: BAHMANID DYNASTY |author= (N. H. Ansari) |date= August 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HDGdDwAAQBAJ&q=bahmani+circassian+harem |title= The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates
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| |author= Emma J. Flatt |date= 2019 |page=80|isbn= 9781108481939
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| }}</ref>
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| === Architecture ===
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| [[File:Haft_Gumbad.jpg|thumb|[[Haft Gumbaz]], tomb of Taj-ud-Din Firuz Shah]]
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| The Persianate Indo-Islamic style of architecture developed during this period was later adopted by the Deccan Sultanates as well.
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| The [[Gulbarga Fort]], [[Haft Gumbaz]], and [[Jama Mosque Gulbarga|Jama Masjid]] in Gulbarga, [[Bidar Fort]] and [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa|Madrasa Mahmud Gawan]]{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=91-98}} in Bidar, are the major architectural contributions.
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| The later rulers are buried in an elaborate tomb complex, known as the [[Bahmani Tombs]].{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=114-142}} The exterior of one of the tombs is decorated with coloured tiles. Arabic, Persian and Urdu inscriptions are inscribed inside the tombs.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=114-142}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sara Mondini|title=The Use of Quranic Inscriptions in the Bahmani Royal Mausoleums The Case of Three Tombstones from Ashtur|journal=Eurasiatica |year=2016|volume=4|doi=10.14277/6969-085-3/EUR-4-12}}</ref>
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| The Bahmani rulers made some beautiful tombs and mosques in Bidar and Gulbarga. They also built many forts at [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]], [[Golconda]] and [[Raichur]]. The architecture was highly influenced by Persian architecture. They invited architects from Persia, Turkey and Arabia. Some of the magnificent structures built by the Bahmanis were the Jami Masjid at Gulbarga, Chandand Minar and the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa at Bidar.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
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| ===Turquoise Throne===
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| {{main|Takht-i-Firoza}}
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| The '''Turquoise Throne''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: ''Takht-e-firozā'', [[Hindi language|Hindi]]: तख़्त-ए-फ़िरोज़ा) was a famous jeweled royal [[throne]] mentioned by [[Firishta]]. It was the seat of the Sultans of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Empire]] of Deccan in India since [[Mohammed Shah I]] (reigned 1358CE–1375CE). It was a gift by [[Musunuri Nayaks|Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka]], then Rai (i.e. king) of ''Telangana''.<ref name="TakhtefirozaReference">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n99/mode/1up|title=The Bahmanis Of The Deccan-An Objective Study|publisher= Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan|author= Haroon Khan Sherwani|year=1946}}</ref>{{rp|77-78}} It was mentioned by Firishta that on March 23rd, 1363CE,{{efn|Firishta mentioned that the Sultan Bahman Shah first sat on the new throne (i.e. takht-e-firoza) on [[Nowruz]], the Persian new year following the autumnal solstice in 764AH.<ref name="TakhtefirozaReference"/>{{rp|102}}}} this throne replaced the earlier Throne made of silver on which [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], the first Bahmani sultan used to sit.
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| == List of Bahmani Shahs ==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Titular Name
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| ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Personal Name
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| ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Reign
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| |-
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| |colspan=4 align="center"| Independence from [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]].
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small><br />''Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدین حسن بہمن شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]] I<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| حسن گنگو}}</small>
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| |align="center"|3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358
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| |-
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| |align="center"| ''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small><br />
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| |align="center"| [[Mohammed Shah I|Mohammad Shah I]] <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد شاہ بہمنی }} </small>
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| |align="center"|11 February 1358 – 21 April 1375
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small><br />''Ala-ud-Din Mujahid Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدین مجاہد شاہ }}</small>
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| |align="center"| [[Mujahid Shah]]
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| |align="center"|21 April 1375 – 16 April 1378
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| |-
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| |align="center"| ''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| Dawood Shah<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| داود شاہ بہمنی}}</small>
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| |align="center"|16 April 1378 – 22 May 1378
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| Mohammad Shah II<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمود شاہ بہمنی}}</small>
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| |align="center"| 21 May 1378 – 20 April 1397
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| Ghiyath-ad-din Shah <br /><small>{{Nastaliq|عیاث الدین شاہ بہمنی}}</small><br />
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| |align="center"|20 April 1397 – 14 June 1397
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| Shams-ad-din Shah<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شمس الدین شاہ بہمنی}}</small><br /><small>Puppet King Under Lachin Khan Turk</small>
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| |align="center"| 14 June 1397 – 15 November 1397
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small><br />''Taj-ud-Din Feroze Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq| تاج الدین فیروز شاہ }}</small>
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| |align="center"| [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Feroze Shah]]<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| فیروز خان}}</small>
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| |align="center"| 24 November 1397 – 1 October 1422
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani]]<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| احمد شاہ ولی بہمنی}}</small>
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| |align="center"| 1 October 1422 – 17 April 1436
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small><br />''Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدین احمد شاہ }}</small>
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| |align="center"| Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah Bahmani<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدین احمد شاہ بہمنی}}</small>
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| |align="center"| 17 April 1436 – 6 May 1458
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small><br />''Ala-ud-Din Humayun Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدین ھمایوں شاہ }}</small>
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| |align="center"| Humayun Shah Zalim Bahmani<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| ھمایوں شاہ ظالم بہمنی}}</small>
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| |align="center"| 7 May 1458 – 4 September 1461
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| [[Nizam Shah Bahmani]]<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| نظام شاہ بہمنی}}</small>
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| |align="center"| 4 September 1461 – 30 July 1463
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| |-
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small><br />''Muhammad Shah Lashkari''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq| محمد شاہ لشکری}}</small>
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| |align="center"|[[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah Bahmani III]] <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد شاہ بہمنی دوئم }} </small>
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| |align="center"| 30 July 1463 – 26 March 1482
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="#A7BFA3"
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| |align="center"|''Vira Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq| ویرا شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]]<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمود شاہ بہمنی دوئم}}</small><br /><small>Puppet King Under Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri</small>
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| |align="center"| 26 March 1482 – 27 December 1518
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| Ahmed Shah Bahmani II<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| احمد شاہ بہمنی دوئم}}</small><br /><small>Puppet King Under [[Amir Barid I]]</small>
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| |align="center"| 27 December 1518 – 15 December 1520
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small><br />''Ala-ud-Din Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدین شاہ }}</small>
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| |align="center"| Ala-ud-Din Shah Bahmani II<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدین شاہ بہمنی دوئم}}</small><br /><small>Puppet King Under [[Amir Barid I]]</small>
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| |align="center"| 28 December 1520 – 5 March 1523
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| Waliullah Shah Bahmani<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| ولی اللہ شاہ بہمنی}}</small><br /><small>Puppet King Under [[Amir Barid I]]</small>
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| |align="center"| 5 March 1522 – 1526
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
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| |align="center"|''Shah''<br /><small>{{Nastaliq|شاہ}}</small>
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| |align="center"| Kaleemullah Shah Bahmani<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| کلیم اللہ شاہ بہمنی}}</small><br /><small>Puppet King Under [[Amir Barid I]]</small>
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| |align="center"| 1525–1527
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| |-
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| |colspan=4 align="center"| Dissolution of the Sultanate into 5 Kingdoms namely; [[Bidar Sultanate]]; [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]; [[Bijapur Sultanate]]; [[Golconda Sultanate]] and [[Berar Sultanate]].
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| |}
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|
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| == Family tree ==
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|
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| {{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Bahmani dynasty}}
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| {{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| A01='''[[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Ala ud-Din<br>Bahman<br>Shah I]]'''<br><sup>(1)</sup><br><small>r. 1347-1358</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | |A02 | | | | | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| A01='''[[Mohammed Shah I|Muhammad<br>Shah I]]'''<br><sup>(2)</sup><br><small>r. 1358-1375</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A02=Mahmud|
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| A03=Dawud}}
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|
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | |A05 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| A01='''[[Mujahid Shah|Mujahid<br>Shah]]'''<br><sup>(3)</sup><br><small>r. 1375-1378</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A02='''Dawud Shah'''<br><sup>(4)</sup><br><small>r. 1378</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A03='''Muhammad<br>Shah II'''<br><sup>(5)</sup><br><small>r. 1378-1397</small>|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A04='''[[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Taj ud-Din<br>Firuz Shah]]'''<br><sup>(8)</sup><br><small>r. 1397-1422</small>|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A05='''[[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad<br>Shah I<br>Wali]]'''<br><sup>(9)</sup><br><small>r. 1422-1436</small>|boxstyle_A05=border-color:#FFD700}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| A01='''Ghiyath<br>ud-Din<br>Shah'''<br><sup>(6)</sup><br><small>r. 1397</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A02='''Shams<br>ud-Din<br>Shah'''<br><sup>(7)</sup><br><small>r. 1397</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A03=Mubarak|
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| A04='''Ala ud-Din<br>Ahmad<br>Shah II'''<br><sup>(10)</sup><br><small>r. 1436-1458</small>|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 |y|A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| A01=Nargis<br>Begum|
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| A02='''Humayun<br>Shah Zalim'''<br><sup>(11)</sup><br><small>r. 1458-1461</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| A01='''[[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam ud-Din<br>Ahmad<br>Shah III]]'''<br><sup>(12)</sup><br><small>r. 1461-1463</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A02='''[[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad<br>Shah III<br>Lashkari]]'''<br><sup>(13)</sup><br><small>r. 1463-1482</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| A01='''[[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Mahmud Shah]]'''<br><sup>(14)</sup><br><small>r. 1482-1518</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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|
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| A01='''Ahmed<br>Shah IV'''<br><sup>(15)</sup><br><small>r. 1518-1520</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A02='''Waliullah<br>Shah'''<br><sup>(17)</sup><br><small>r. 1523-1526</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
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| A03='''Kalimullah<br>Shah'''<br><sup>(18)</sup><br><small>r. 1526-1527</small>|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| A01='''Ala ud-Din<br>Shah II'''<br><sup>(16)</sup><br><small>r. 1520-1523</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
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| {{Tree chart/end}}
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|
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| {{Chart bottom}}
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|
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| <gallery>
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| File:Great Mosque in Gulbarga Fort.jpg|Great Mosque in Gulbarga Fort
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| File:Farman Of Feroz Shah Bahmani - 14 -05 -1406 A.D.jpg|[[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah]] of the Bahmani Sultanate's [[Firman]].
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| File:Ahmed Shah Al Wali Bahamani.jpg|[[Ahmad Shah I Wali]].
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| File:Tomb of Sultan Ahmed Shah Al Wali.jpg|Tomb of [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]].
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| </gallery>
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|
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| == See also ==
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| {{Karnataka History}}
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| * [[Deccan sultanates]]
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|
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| == References ==
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| ===Notes===
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| {{notelist}}
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| ===Citations===
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| {{Reflist}}
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|
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| === Sources ===
| |
| * {{citation |last=Avari |first=Burjor |author-link=Burjor Avari |title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-58061-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC}}
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| * {{cite encyclopedia | title = Bahmanid dynasty | last = Ansari | first = N. H. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahmanid-dynasty-a-dynasty-founded-in-748-1347-in-the-deccan-sanskrit-daksia-lit | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5 | pages = 494–499 | year = 1988}}
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| * {{citation |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA177 |year=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}
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| * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989/page/n1|title=The Cambridge History of India (Volume III)|last=Haig|first=Sir Thomas Wolseley|author-link=Wolseley Haig|year=1925|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref={{sfnref|Haig, 1925}}}}
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| * {{cite book |last1=J.D.E |first1=Gribble |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNtjIJmhoIkC |title=History of the Decan |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1990 |language=en}}
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| * {{Citation |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |year=2004 |title=A History of India |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415329194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C |edition=Fourth}}
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| * {{citation |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8IKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA248 |year=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}
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| *{{cite book | last = Meri | first = Josef W. | title = Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | isbn = 9781135455965 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC | year = 2005 | publisher = Routledge | pages = 1–1088 }}
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| *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281016/mode/2up|title=History Of Mediaeval India|last=Prasad|first=Ishwari|year=1933|author-link=Ishwari Prasad|publisher=The Indian Press Ltd.|location=Allahabad}}
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| *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551|title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan|last=Sherwani|first=Haroon Khan|year=1946|author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani}}
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| *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1|title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments|last=Yazdani|first=Ghulam|year=1947|author-link=Ghulam Yazdani|ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1947}}}}
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|
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| == External links ==
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|
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| * {{EI3|last=Overton|first=Keelan|title=Bahmanī dynasty|year=2016|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/bahmani-dynasty-COM_25147}}
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| * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html#in0015 Library of Congress – A Country Study: India]
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|
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| {{Coord missing|India}}
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|
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| {{Telangana}}
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| {{Authority control}}
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|
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| [[Category:Bahmani Sultanate| ]]
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| [[Category:1527 disestablishments in India]]
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| [[Category:States and territories established in 1347]]
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| [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1527]]
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| [[Category:1347 establishments in Asia]]
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| [[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
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| [[Category:Former sultanates]]
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