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| {{Short description|Indian script in Southeast Asia}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Sanskrit inscriptions in Maritime Southeast Asia]] |
| {{see also|Category: Inscriptions in Indonesia}}
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| A good number of inscriptions written in [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]] have been found in [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] (in [[bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]] known as ''Prasasti''). "Early inscriptions written in Indian languages and scripts abound in Southeast Asia. [...] The fact that southern Indian languages didn't travel eastwards along with the script further suggests that the main carriers of ideas from the southeast coast of India to the east - and the main users in Southeast Asia of religious texts written in Sanskrit and Pali - were Southeast Asians themselves. The spread of these north Indian sacred languages thus provides no specific evidence for any movements of South Asian individuals or groups to Southeast Asia.<ref>Jan Wisseman Christie, "The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China", ''[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]'', Vol. 29, No. 02, September 1998, pp 239-268</ref>
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| == Notable inscriptions ==
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| === Kutai inscriptions ===
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| [[File:Prasasti-Yupa02.jpg|thumb|180px|Picture of one of the Kutai inscriptions at the [[National Museum (Indonesia)|National Museum]] in Jakarta]]
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| The oldest known inscriptions in [[Indonesia]] are the '''Kutai inscriptions''', or the '''Muarakaman inscriptions''', which are those on seven stone pillars, or ''[[yupa]]'' (“sacrificial posts”), found in the eastern part of Borneo, in the area of [[Kutai]], [[East Kalimantan]] province. They are written in the early [[Pallava script]], in the [[Sanskrit]] language, and commemorate sacrifices held by a king called [[Mulavarman]]. Based on palaeographical grounds, they have been dated to the second half of the 4th century AD. They attest to the emergence of an Indianized state in the Indonesian archipelago prior to AD 400, and hence Old Kutai Kingdom ({{Lang|id|Kutai Kuno}}) is the earliest known Indianized polity in Indonesia.
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| In addition to Mulavarman, the reigning king, the inscriptions mention the names of his father Asvavarman and his grandfather Kundungga. It is generally agreed that Kundungga is not a Sanskrit name, but one of native origin. The fact that his son Asvavarman is the first of the line to bear a Sanskrit name indicates that he was probably also the first to adhere to Hinduism.<ref>S. Supomo, "Chapter 15. Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of ''Jawa'' and the Javanization of the ''Bharata'' in Peter S. Bellwood, James J. Fox, [[Darrell Tryon|Darrell T. Tryon]] (eds.), ''The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives'', Australian National University, 1995</ref>
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| === Tugu Inscription ===
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| [[File:Prasasti tugu.jpg|thumb|180px|Tugu inscription in [[National Museum of Indonesia]]]]
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| The '''Tugu inscription''' is one several inscriptions associated to [[Tarumanagara]], discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, [[North Jakarta]], in [[Indonesia]]. The inscription contains information about hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river by the order of a certain ''Rajadirajaguru'', and also the water project of the Gomati river by the order of King [[Purnawarman]] in the 22nd year of his reign. The digging project to straighten and widen the river was conducted in order to avoid flooding in the wet season, and as an irrigation project during the dry season.
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| The Tugu inscription was written in [[Pallava script]] arranged in the form of [[Sanskrit]] Sloka with [[Anustubh]] metrum, consisting of five lines that run around the surface of the stone. Just like other inscriptions from the Tarumanagara kingdom, the Tugu inscriptions do not mention the date of the edict. The date of the inscriptions was estimated and analyzed according to paleographic study which concluded that the inscriptions originated from the mid 5th century. The script of the Tugu inscription and the Cidanghyang inscription bear striking similarity, such as the script "citralaikha" written as "citralekha", leading to the assumption that the writer of these inscriptions was the same person.
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| The Tugu inscription is the longest Tarumanagara inscription pronounced by edict of Sri Maharaja Purnawarman. The inscription was made during the 22nd year of his reign, to commemorate the completion of the canals of the Gomati and Candrabhaga rivers. On the inscription there is an image of a staff crowned with [[Trisula]] straight to mark the separation between the beginning and the end of each sentence.
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| === Kedah Inscription ===
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| An inscription in Sanskrit dated 1086 has been found in [[Kedah]]. This was left by [[Kulottunga I|Kulothunga Chola I]] (of the [[Chola]] empire, [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamil country]]). This too shows the commercial contacts the Chola Empire had with Malaysia.<ref name=Arokiaswamy2000>{{cite book | last = Arokiaswamy| first = Celine W.M.| title = Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines| year = 2000| location = Manila s.n.| pages = 37, 38, & 41}}</ref>
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| === Ligor Inscription ===
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| An inscription was found on the [[Southern Thailand]] [[Malay peninsula]], at [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]]. It has been dubbed the [[Ligor inscription]], being the name given by Europeans to the region in the 16th and 17th centuries. It is written in [[Sanskrit]]<ref>Niranjan Prasad Chakravarti and Bijan Raj Chatterjee, ''An Outline of Indo-Javanese History'', Calcutta: Greater India Society, 1926</ref> and bears the date of 775 AD.<ref>O. W. Wolters, “Tambralinga”, in Classical civilisations of South East Asia: an anthology of articles published in the Bulletin of SOAS (Vladimir Braginsky ed.), RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, 0-7007-1410-3, p. 588</ref> One side of the inscription refers to the Illustrious Great Monarch (śrīmahārāja) belonging to the "Lord of the Mountain" dynasty (''śailendravaṁśa''), which is also mentioned in four Sanskrit inscriptions from Central Java; the other side refers to the founding of several Buddhist sanctuaries by a king of Srivijaya.<ref>Pierre-Yves Manguin, “Srivijaya, An Introduction”, Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009</ref> [[Srivijaya]] is the name of a kingdom whose centre was located in the modern city of [[Palembang]] in [[South Sumatra]] province, Indonesia.
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| The Ligor inscription has been known in the list of inscription of Thailand as "Inscription No. 23 : Inscription of Wat Sema Mueang" which has been found at Wat Sema Mueang, Wiang Sak township, Mueang district of Nakhon Srithammarat in 1907 by Prince Damrongrachaniphab when he was Ministry of Interior during the annual inspection trip with the era recorded in the inscription as "Maha Sakkarat 697" (AD 775)<ref>{{cite web|url= https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/323&lang=T&cat=|script-title=th:จารึกวัดเสมาเมือง|access-date=19 May 2022|language=th|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| The Ligor inscription is testimony to an expansion of Sriwijaya power to the peninsula.<ref>Leonard Y. Andaya, ''Leaves of the same tree: trade and ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka'', University of Hawaii Press, 2008, p. 149</ref>
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| ==List of Sanskrit inscriptions throughout the Malay archipelago==
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| {| class="wikitable sortable"
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| !Inscriptions
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| !Place of discovery
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| !Date
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| !Note
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| |-
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| |[[Võ Cạnh inscription]]
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| |[[Nha Trang]], [[Vietnam]]
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| |2nd-3rd Century CE
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| |-
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| |[[Yūpa#Yūpa inscription in Indonesia|Muarakaman inscriptions]]
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| |[[East Kalimantan]], [[Indonesia]]
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| |~ 400 CE
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| |Also known as Kutai inscriptions
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| |-
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| |[[Kebon Kopi I inscription]]
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| |[[Bogor Regency|Bogor]], Indonesia
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| |~ 400 CE
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| |Also known as Tapak Gajah inscriptions
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| |-
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| |[[Tugu inscription]]
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| |[[North Jakarta]], Indonesia
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| |early 5th Century CE
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| |-
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| |[[Cidanghiang inscription]]
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| |[[Pandeglang Regency|Pandeglang]], Indonesia
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| |5th Century CE
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| |Also known as Lebak inscription
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| |-
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| |[[Ciaruteun inscription]]
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| |[[Bogor Regency|Bogor]], Indonesia
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| |5th Century CE
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| |-
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| |[[Muara Cianten inscription]]
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| |[[Bogor Regency|Bogor]], Indonesia
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| |5th century CE
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| |-
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| |[[Jambu inscription]]
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| |[[Bogor Regency|Bogor]], Indonesia
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| |5th century CE
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| |-
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| |[[Pasir Awi inscription]]
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| |[[Bogor Regency|Bogor]], Indonesia
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| |5th century CE
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| |-
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| |[[Tukmas inscription]]
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| |[[Magelang Regency|Magelang]], Indonesia
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| |6th-7th Century CE
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| |-
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| |[[Canggal inscription]]
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| |[[Magelang Regency|Magelang]], Indonesia
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| |732 CE
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| |Earliest mention of King [[Sanjaya of Mataram|Sanjaya]]
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| |-
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| |[[Plumpungan Inscription|Plumpungan inscription]]
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| |[[Salatiga]], Indonesia
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| |760 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Ligor inscription]]
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| |[[Nakhon Si Thammarat province|Nakhon Si Thammarat]], [[Thailand]]
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| |775 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Kalasan inscription]]
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| |[[Sleman Regency|Sleman]], Indonesia
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| |778 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Kelurak inscription]]
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| |[[Klaten Regency|Klaten]], Indonesia
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| |782 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Karangtengah inscription|Karangtengah inscriptions]]
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| |[[Temanggung Regency|Temanggung]], Indonesia
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| |824 CE
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| |Also known as Kayumwungan inscription
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| |-
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| |[[Tri Tepusan inscription]]
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| |[[Temanggung Regency|Temanggung]], Indonesia
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| |842 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Munggu Antan inscription]]
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| |[[Purworejo Regency|Purworejo]], Indonesia
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| |887 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Belanjong pillar]]
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| |[[Denpasar]], Indonesia
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| |913 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Minto Stone|Sangguran Inscription]]
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| |[[Batu, East Java|Batu]], Indonesia
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| |928 CE
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| |Also known as Minto Stone
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| |-
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| |[[Pucangan inscription]]
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| |[[Mojokerto Regency|Mojokerto]], Indonesia
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| |1041 CE
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| |Also known as Calcutta Stone
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| |-
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| |[[Mula Malurung inscription|Mula Malurung inscriptions]]
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| |[[Kediri (city)|Kediri]], Indonesia
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| |1255 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Singhasari #Inscriptions made during the Singhasari era|Gondang inscription]]
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| |[[Mojokerto Regency|Mojokerto]], Indonesia
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| |1275 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Padang Roco inscription]]
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| |[[Dharmasraya Regency|Dharmasraya]], Indonesia
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| |1286 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Wurare Inscription]]
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| |[[Mojokerto Regency|Mojokerto]], Indonesia
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| |1289 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Pasir Panjang inscription]]
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| |[[Karimun Regency|Karimun]], Indonesia
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| |9-12th Century CE
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| |-
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| |[[Singapore Stone]]
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| |[[Singapore]]
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| |10-11th Century CE
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| |Language unclear; either Sanskrit or Old Javanese
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| |-
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| |[[Akarendra inscription]]
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| |[[Tanah Datar Regency|Tanah Datar]], Indonesia
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| |12th Century CE
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| |-
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| |[[Manjusri inscription]]
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| |[[Malang Regency|Malang]], Indonesia
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| |1343 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Amoghapasa inscription]]
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| |[[Dharmasraya Regency|Dharmasraya]], Indonesia
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| |1347 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Pagaruyung III inscription]]
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| |[[Tanah Datar Regency|Tanah Datar]], Indonesia
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| |1347 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Bukit Gombak inscription]]
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| |[[Tanah Datar Regency|Tanah Datar]], Indonesia
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| |1357 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Pagaruyung VIII inscription]]
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| |[[Tanah Datar Regency|Tanah Datar]], Indonesia
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| |1369 or 1316 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Suruaso I inscription]]
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| |[[Tanah Datar Regency|Tanah Datar]], Indonesia
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| |1375 CE
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| |-
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| |[[Saruaso II inscription|Suruaso II inscription]]
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| |[[Batusangkar]], Indonesia
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| |14th Century CE
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| |Also known as Batusangkar inscription
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| |-
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| |[[Kuburajo inscription]]
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| |[[Tanah Datar Regency|Tanah Datar]], Indonesia
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| |14th Century CE
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| |}
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Tamil inscriptions in the Malay world]]
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| * [[Sanskrit#Symbolic usage|Symbolic usage of Sanskrit]]
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| * [[Indianisation]]
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| * [[Sanskritisation]]
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| * [[Indosphere]]
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| * [[Greater India]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|group=nb}}
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| [[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions|Malaysia]]
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| [[Category:History of Malaysia]]
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| [[Category:Indian diaspora in Indonesia]]
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| [[Category:Indian-Malaysian culture]]
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| [[Category:History of Indonesia]]
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