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{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Short description|Indian architect (1934–1993)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Obituary|date=February 2010}}
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{{Infobox architect
{{Infobox architect
|name = Nari (Nariman) Gandhi
| name = Nariman (Nari) Gandhi
|image = FFA Nari Gandhi.jpg
| image = FFA Nari Gandhi.jpg
|nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|1|2}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], India
|birth_place = [[Surat]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|8|18|1934|1|2}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|8|18|1934|1|1}}
| death_place = Khopoli near [[Mumbai]], India
|death_place = Khopoli near [[Mumbai]], India
| practice =  
|practice =  
| significant_buildings = Daya residence (Mumbai), Patel residence (Surat), Gateway to mosque (Kolgaon), Jain house ([[Lonavala]])
|significant_buildings = Daya residence (Mumbai), Patel residence (Surat), Gateway to mosque (Kolgaon), Jain house ([[Lonavala]])
| significant_projects =  
|significant_projects =  
| significant_design =  
|significant_design =  
| awards =  
|awards =  
}}
}}
 
'''Nariman (Nari) Dossabhai Gandhi''' (1934–1993) was an Indian architect known for his highly innovative works in [[organic architecture]].<ref name="Lang2002">{{cite book|author=Jon T. Lang|title=A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC&pg=PA141|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-017-6|pages=141–}}</ref><ref name="JohnsonLangmead2013">{{cite book|author1=Donald Leslie Johnson|author2=Donald Langmead|title=Makers of 20th-Century Modern Architecture: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COMrlmpRS0UC&pg=PA119|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-64063-6|pages=119–}}</ref> He practiced as an architect in India from 1964 to 1993 having worked on approximately 27 projects.<ref name=":2">Jalia 2008, p. 36</ref> He primarily focused on designing residences with a secondary focus on designing furniture, objects, and upholstery textiles.<ref name=":3">Jalia 2008, p. 36, p. 106</ref>
'''Nari Gandhi''' (1934–1993) was an Indian architect known for his highly innovative works in [[organic architecture]].<ref name="Lang2002">{{cite book|author=Jon T. Lang|title=A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC&pg=PA141|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-017-6|pages=141–}}</ref><ref name="JohnsonLangmead2013">{{cite book|author1=Donald Leslie Johnson|author2=Donald Langmead|title=Makers of 20th-Century Modern Architecture: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COMrlmpRS0UC&pg=PA119|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-64063-6|pages=119–}}</ref>


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Nariman (Nari) Dossabhai Gandhi was born in 1934 in [[Surat]] to a [[Zoroastrian]] [[Parsi]] family from Bombay. He was one of the six children with three brothers and two sisters.
Nari Gandhi was born on 2 January 1934 in [[Surat]] to a [[Zoroastrian]] [[Parsi]] family based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ar. Nari Gandhi (1934 - 1993): A Maverick, A Legend |url=https://www.tfod.in/art-design-articles/5452/ar-nari-gandhi-1934--1993--a-maverick-a-legend |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=www.tfod.in}}</ref><ref>Jalia 2008, p. 84</ref> He was one of the six children and had three brothers and two sisters.<ref name=":0" />


Nari completed his schooling DDFF at [[St. Xavier's High School, Fort]], [[Mumbai]], and studied architecture at [[Sir J. J. College of Architecture]], [[Mumbai]] for five years in the early 1950s. He travelled to US to apprentice with [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] at the [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]] and spent five years there. After Wright's death in 1959, Nari left Taliesin and studied pottery at the [[Kent State University]] for two years.
He completed his primary and secondary education at [[St. Xavier's High School, Fort|St. Xavier's High School]] located in [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni {{!}} St. Xavier's High School |url=https://stxaviersfort.org/alumni/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=stxaviersfort.org}}</ref> He then attended the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]] in Mumbai and pursued the diploma program in architecture until 1956.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 11, p. 13</ref> During his time at the Sir J. J. School of Art, he was acquainted with Rustom Patell, a former  [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]] (1949-1952), who, in turn, introduced him to a colleague from Taliesin, Mansinh Rana (1947-1951).<ref name=":1">Hawker 2007, p. 2-4, cited in Jalia 2008, p. 14</ref> Upon recommendation from Rana, he left the Sir J. J. School of Art without completing his formal education to join [[Frank Lloyd Wright|Frank Lloyd Wright's]] Taliesin.<ref name=":1" />


==Career==
== Taliesin ==
He also briefly worked for the American Architect [[Warren Weber]]. He was a good friend of [[Bruce Goff]]. Nari returned to [[India]] in the early 1960s. He taught at the [[M.S. University]], [[Baroda]] and at the [[Academy of Architecture (Mumbai)|Academy of Architecture]], [[Mumbai]] for a brief period. He passionately worked on as many as 30 projects over a period of as many years. He died in a tragic accident in 1993 near Khopoli, while he was on the way to one of his project sites at Kolgaon.
Following his departure from the Sir J. J. School of Art, Nari Gandhi attended Taliesin from October 1956 through December 1961.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 15</ref> The time spent training and collaborating with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin heavily influenced Gandhi's views on organic architecture.<ref name=":4">Jalia 2008, p. 9</ref> The environment at Taliesin was conducive for artists to explore and engage in various forms of artistic express; it was here that, along with architecture, he became interested in stonework and [[pottery]].<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 2 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 17</ref>


While working in India, Nari continued to work on Wright's ideology of [[organic architecture]] and further developed his own unique style with a subtle influence of local climate and culture. He ceaselessly continued to work on Wright's idea of 'flowing space'. Nari worked without an office and rarely made any drawings for any of his projects. Nari spent a lot of time on his sites and worked closely with the craftsmen and often participated in the construction process himself.
His interest in stonework helped him leave an enduring mark at [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]]. He once ignored the mandatory Sunday breakfast with [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] and [[Olgivanna Lloyd Wright]] to instead drag a large stone that he had discovered in the mountains down to the Taliesin campus. This stone—referred to as Eagle Stone or more rarely as Nari's Rock—was erected at the entrance of the Taliesin campus.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 17</ref>


==Personal life==
He befriended architect [[Bruce Goff]] during his time at Taliesin.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 19</ref> After leaving Taliesin, he briefly worked with architect Warren Webber before studying [[pottery]], [[weaving]], [[ceramic]]s, [[photography]], and [[Wood carving|woodcarving]] at [[Kent State University]].<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 9 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 26</ref>


Nari lead a very simple life. He never married and had no children. He was a very religious man and believed in the [[Zoroastrian]] way of life. The simplicity of his life reflected in his work. The strong creative force behind his work also shaped the way he looked at ordinary things in life. In the later years of his life, Nari was greatly influenced by the ideas of the Indian philosopher [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]. He used to say that ''Silence'' and ''Void'' are synonyms of the word ''God''.
== Career ==
Following his studies at Kent State University, Nari Gandhi returned to India to practice as an independent architect.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 26</ref> He owned an office space on Nepeansea Road near [[Malabar Hill]] in South Mumbai but it was rarely occupied and used.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 35</ref> He was not a registered architect with the [[Indian Institute of Architects]] so the legal permits for his projects were obtained by an architect-friend, Dady Banaji, and other associates.<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 33</ref>


Insensitivity towards (his) work would disturb him. He used to get very angry at times. He often had disputes with his clients when they disregarded his ideas and works. He used to also get angry with the workers on his sites at times. It is very unfortunate that this aspect of Nari's life has attained more significance in people's minds rather than his creative genius.
He practiced as an architect in India from 1964 to 1993 having worked on approximately 27 projects.<ref name=":2" /> He primarily focused on designing residences (apartments, penthouses, farm houses, beach houses) with a secondary focus on designing furniture, objects, and upholstery textiles.<ref name=":3" />


His work reflected more intrinsic element of nature, which affected consciously
His work-team included Pravin Bhayani—acknowledged by Gandhi as his 'troubleshooter'—and Arvind Soni—who was responsible for the on-site labour force.<ref name=":5">Jalia 2008, p. 44</ref>


==At Taliesin==
== Architectural style ==


During the five years that Nari spent at Taliesin, he would spend more time working with his hands on stone and wood rather than on the drawing board. Nari left Taliesin with an ever-lasting mark, which is known amongst fellow apprentices as ''Nari's rock''. The rock remembered after him is actually a huge boulder, which Nari had pulled down from a nearby hill and which, still stands today near the entrance to the Taliesin.
Nari Gandhi was known for his highly innovative works in organic architecture that blended elements unique to India with the influence of Frank Lloyd Wright.<ref name=":4" /> He developed an integrated architectural style that considered the local climate, tropical lifestyle, and artisanship in collaboration with the craftsmen and masons on site.<ref name=":4" /> Labor-intensive methods were intrinsic to his work, which showed a refined sense of materials with an extraordinary use of [[clay]], stone, [[brick]], wood, [[glass]], and [[leather]].<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 34</ref>


==Architectural style==
Recurring themes in his work include extended roof slopes that touch the ground, arched structural design, preservation of and building around on-site trees, and obscuring the interior-exterior distinction.<ref name=":5" /> The idea of constant growth and change, as evident through rebuilding, rearranging, and extending, was also present in his work.<ref name=":7">Jalia 2008, p. 48</ref>


Nariman Dossabhai Gandhi's ideologies and works were in sharp contrast to the mainstream architectural thinking. His works display a distinctive '''organic''' character. They appear to have evolved as a response to the context, remaining strongly rooted to the site and being very well connected to the surroundings. Nari's works display highly skilled craftsmanship and structural ingenuity. He has stacked earthen pots to construct arches out of them and built stairs out of brick arches. Throughout his works you see extraordinary use of stone, brick, wood, glass and leather.
==Personal life==


Nari Gandhi rejected conventional ideas and paradigms and introduced his own through his work. Through his work, he started 'rethinking' about standardised practices and set up his own. When you visit any one of his houses, you will notice an evident 're-thinking' of the arrangement of various functions within the house. Each building designed by Nari is as an example of unconventional thinking in architecture.
Nari Gandhi was a practicing Zoroastrian Parsi who dressed plainly in white, [[khadi]] fabric kurta pyjamas, a Parsi top, and [[Kolhapuri chappal]]s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-18 |title=This Nari Gandhi-designed red-brick house stands above its peers in Alibag |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/magazine-story/nari-gandhi-architecture-alibag-house/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-US}}</ref> He was a bachelor and a teetotaler.<ref name=":6" /> He was influenced by the ideas of the Indian philosopher [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nanda |first=Puja |title=The Culture of Building to Craft — A Regional Contemporary Aesthetic: Material Resources, Technological Innovations and the Form Making Process |date=June 1999 |degree=MSc |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref>


He created built spaces that remained forever connected to their un-built surroundings allowing sunlight and wind to interact with the inside and animate the space with time. Each house is a series of dialogues between the built and the un-built.
He died in a car accident on 18 August 1993 while on a visit to a client's site.<ref name=":0" />


==Selected works==
==Selected works==


* Mountain Lodge for Jal Gobhai at Lonavala
* Jal Gobhai's mountain lodge (Lonavala)<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 10-11 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 37-39</ref>
* Residence for Asha Parekh at Juhu, Mumbai
* Asha Parekh's Akruti residence (Juhu, Mumbai)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 40</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2009 |first=Sharmila |last=Ganesan-Ram |title=Remembering the Howard Roark of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/remembering-the-howard-roark-of-india/articleshow/4820679.cms |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Farm house for S H Daya at Alibag
* Valia resident (Vile-Parle, Mumbai)<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 14 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 41</ref>
* Residence for S H Daya at Madh island, Mumbai
* Interior design for Vasant Seth's penthouse (Mumbai)<ref>Hawker 2007, p. 15 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 43</ref>
* Residence for Kishore Bajaj at Karjat
* Sam Dastoor's weekend house (Madh Island, Mumbai)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 43-46</ref>
* Residence for Rustom Mehta at Korlai, Alibag
* Vasant Seth's beach house<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 43</ref>
* Residence for Shreya and Kishor Dalal at Awas, Alibag
* Landscape and furniture design for Moondust (Versova)<ref name=":7" />
* Mausoleum at Kolgaon near Ahmednagar±±±±±±
* Sadruddin Daya's Revdanda residence (Revdanda, Maharashtra)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 54</ref>
* Sadruddin Daya's Mark Haven apartment (Coloba, Mumbai)<ref name=":8">Jalia 2008, p. 57</ref>
* Suryakant Patel's residence (Surat, Gujarat)<ref name=":8" />
* Interior design for Mr. Malik Tejani's apartment (Kanchanjunga, Mumbai)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 58</ref>
* Rustom Mehta's residence (Korlai, Maharashtra)<ref name="Jalia 2008, p. 61">Jalia 2008, p. 61</ref>
* Jain (co-owners of [[the Times of India]] group) bungalow (Lonavala)<ref name="Jalia 2008, p. 61"/><ref>Hawker 2007, p. 36 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 65</ref>
* Kishore Bajaj's farmhouse (Karjat)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 68</ref>
* Nasir Jamal's penthouse (Colaba, Mumbai)<ref name=":9">Jalia 2008, p. 72</ref>
* Abu Asim Azmi's penthouse (Colaba, Mumbai)<ref name=":9" />
* Sadruddin Daya's Madh Island house (Madh Island, Mumbai) (unfinished)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 76</ref>
* Malik Tejani's Tungarli bungalow (Lonavala)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 79</ref>
* Madhusthali Vidyapeeth girls school (Madhpur, Jharkhand) (unfinished)<ref>Jalia 2008, p. 81</ref>


* Gateway to mosque at Kolgaon
==Notes==
* Tejani house at Lonavala
{{Reflist}}
* Patel residence at Surat
* Jain house at Lonavala
* dawood shoe house, Mumbai


==References==
== References ==
{{More footnotes|date=July 2009}}
* Jalia, Aftab Amirali. (2008). ''[https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/43905 Refiguring the Sketch: The Nari Gandhi Cartographic]'' (MSc). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
{{Reflist}}
* Hawker, Michael C. (2007). "Celebrating the life and work of Nari Gandhi". ''[https://friendsofkebyar.com/products/volume-23-1-number-72-2007 Friends of Kebyar]''. Volume 23.1, Issue No. 72.
* Friends of Kebyar – Journal on Organic Architecture – 2007 Journal 72, Volume 23.1 – Celebrating the life and work of Nari Gandhi http://www.kebyar.com/
*  [http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/43905 Refiguring the sketch : the Nari Gandhi cartographic] DSpace@MIT
* Nari Gandhi Book published by Art & Design Book Press at Foundation ForArchitecture http://www.forarc.com/adbp/books/narigandhi/about_nari_gandhi/
* Books on Architecture covering works of Nari Gandhi at Amazon.com: https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=nari+gandhi&x=0&y=0


==Bibliography==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=H MasudTaj|title=Nari Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uG5eQwAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Foundation Forarchitecture|isbn=978-81-908832-0-7}}
* {{cite book|author=H MasudTaj|title=Nari Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uG5eQwAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Foundation Forarchitecture|isbn=978-81-908832-0-7}}
* {{cite book|author1=Aftab Amirali Jalia|author2=MIT. Dept. of Arch.|title=Refiguring the Sketch: The Nari Gandhi Cartographic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vP5PgAACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=MIT, Department of Architecture}}
==External links==
*[http://www.architectnarigandhi.org  Architect Nari Gandhi, Tribute website]
* [http://www.pushpullbar.com/forums/architects-designers/7747-india-nari-gandhi.html Images of Nari Gandhi buildings]
* [http://www.forarc.com Nari Gandhi monograph published by Foundation ForArchitecture]


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[[Category:Kent State University alumni]]
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[[Category:People from Surat]]
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[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Organic architecture]]
[[Category:Organic architecture]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Indian Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:Indian Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
[[Category:Architecture academics]]
[[Category:Architecture academics]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]

Latest revision as of 23:58, 11 March 2026


Nariman (Nari) Gandhi
Born(1934-01-02)2 January 1934
Surat, India
Died18 August 1993(1993-08-18) (aged 59)
Khopoli near Mumbai, India
OccupationArchitect
BuildingsDaya residence (Mumbai), Patel residence (Surat), Gateway to mosque (Kolgaon), Jain house (Lonavala)

Nariman (Nari) Dossabhai Gandhi (1934–1993) was an Indian architect known for his highly innovative works in organic architecture.[1][2] He practiced as an architect in India from 1964 to 1993 having worked on approximately 27 projects.[3] He primarily focused on designing residences with a secondary focus on designing furniture, objects, and upholstery textiles.[4]

Early life and education[edit | edit source]

Nari Gandhi was born on 2 January 1934 in Surat to a Zoroastrian Parsi family based in Mumbai.[5][6] He was one of the six children and had three brothers and two sisters.[5]

He completed his primary and secondary education at St. Xavier's High School located in Fort, Mumbai.[7] He then attended the Sir J. J. School of Art in Mumbai and pursued the diploma program in architecture until 1956.[8] During his time at the Sir J. J. School of Art, he was acquainted with Rustom Patell, a former Taliesin (1949-1952), who, in turn, introduced him to a colleague from Taliesin, Mansinh Rana (1947-1951).[9] Upon recommendation from Rana, he left the Sir J. J. School of Art without completing his formal education to join Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin.[9]

Taliesin[edit | edit source]

Following his departure from the Sir J. J. School of Art, Nari Gandhi attended Taliesin from October 1956 through December 1961.[10] The time spent training and collaborating with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin heavily influenced Gandhi's views on organic architecture.[11] The environment at Taliesin was conducive for artists to explore and engage in various forms of artistic express; it was here that, along with architecture, he became interested in stonework and pottery.[12]

His interest in stonework helped him leave an enduring mark at Taliesin. He once ignored the mandatory Sunday breakfast with Frank Lloyd Wright and Olgivanna Lloyd Wright to instead drag a large stone that he had discovered in the mountains down to the Taliesin campus. This stone—referred to as Eagle Stone or more rarely as Nari's Rock—was erected at the entrance of the Taliesin campus.[13]

He befriended architect Bruce Goff during his time at Taliesin.[14] After leaving Taliesin, he briefly worked with architect Warren Webber before studying pottery, weaving, ceramics, photography, and woodcarving at Kent State University.[15]

Career[edit | edit source]

Following his studies at Kent State University, Nari Gandhi returned to India to practice as an independent architect.[16] He owned an office space on Nepeansea Road near Malabar Hill in South Mumbai but it was rarely occupied and used.[17] He was not a registered architect with the Indian Institute of Architects so the legal permits for his projects were obtained by an architect-friend, Dady Banaji, and other associates.[18]

He practiced as an architect in India from 1964 to 1993 having worked on approximately 27 projects.[3] He primarily focused on designing residences (apartments, penthouses, farm houses, beach houses) with a secondary focus on designing furniture, objects, and upholstery textiles.[4]

His work-team included Pravin Bhayani—acknowledged by Gandhi as his 'troubleshooter'—and Arvind Soni—who was responsible for the on-site labour force.[19]

Architectural style[edit | edit source]

Nari Gandhi was known for his highly innovative works in organic architecture that blended elements unique to India with the influence of Frank Lloyd Wright.[11] He developed an integrated architectural style that considered the local climate, tropical lifestyle, and artisanship in collaboration with the craftsmen and masons on site.[11] Labor-intensive methods were intrinsic to his work, which showed a refined sense of materials with an extraordinary use of clay, stone, brick, wood, glass, and leather.[20]

Recurring themes in his work include extended roof slopes that touch the ground, arched structural design, preservation of and building around on-site trees, and obscuring the interior-exterior distinction.[19] The idea of constant growth and change, as evident through rebuilding, rearranging, and extending, was also present in his work.[21]

Personal life[edit | edit source]

Nari Gandhi was a practicing Zoroastrian Parsi who dressed plainly in white, khadi fabric kurta pyjamas, a Parsi top, and Kolhapuri chappals.[22] He was a bachelor and a teetotaler.[22] He was influenced by the ideas of the Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti.[23]

He died in a car accident on 18 August 1993 while on a visit to a client's site.[5]

Selected works[edit | edit source]

  • Jal Gobhai's mountain lodge (Lonavala)[24]
  • Asha Parekh's Akruti residence (Juhu, Mumbai)[25][26]
  • Valia resident (Vile-Parle, Mumbai)[27]
  • Interior design for Vasant Seth's penthouse (Mumbai)[28]
  • Sam Dastoor's weekend house (Madh Island, Mumbai)[29]
  • Vasant Seth's beach house[30]
  • Landscape and furniture design for Moondust (Versova)[21]
  • Sadruddin Daya's Revdanda residence (Revdanda, Maharashtra)[31]
  • Sadruddin Daya's Mark Haven apartment (Coloba, Mumbai)[32]
  • Suryakant Patel's residence (Surat, Gujarat)[32]
  • Interior design for Mr. Malik Tejani's apartment (Kanchanjunga, Mumbai)[33]
  • Rustom Mehta's residence (Korlai, Maharashtra)[34]
  • Jain (co-owners of the Times of India group) bungalow (Lonavala)[34][35]
  • Kishore Bajaj's farmhouse (Karjat)[36]
  • Nasir Jamal's penthouse (Colaba, Mumbai)[37]
  • Abu Asim Azmi's penthouse (Colaba, Mumbai)[37]
  • Sadruddin Daya's Madh Island house (Madh Island, Mumbai) (unfinished)[38]
  • Malik Tejani's Tungarli bungalow (Lonavala)[39]
  • Madhusthali Vidyapeeth girls school (Madhpur, Jharkhand) (unfinished)[40]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Jon T. Lang (2002). A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India. Orient Blackswan. pp. 141–. ISBN 978-81-7824-017-6.
  2. ↑ Donald Leslie Johnson; Donald Langmead (13 May 2013). Makers of 20th-Century Modern Architecture: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Routledge. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-1-136-64063-6.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jalia 2008, p. 36
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jalia 2008, p. 36, p. 106
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Ar. Nari Gandhi (1934 - 1993): A Maverick, A Legend". www.tfod.in. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  6. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 84
  7. ↑ "Alumni | St. Xavier's High School". stxaviersfort.org. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  8. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 11, p. 13
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hawker 2007, p. 2-4, cited in Jalia 2008, p. 14
  10. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 15
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Jalia 2008, p. 9
  12. ↑ Hawker 2007, p. 2 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 17
  13. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 17
  14. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 19
  15. ↑ Hawker 2007, p. 9 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 26
  16. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 26
  17. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 35
  18. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 33
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Jalia 2008, p. 44
  20. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 34
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Jalia 2008, p. 48
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "This Nari Gandhi-designed red-brick house stands above its peers in Alibag". Architectural Digest India. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  23. ↑ Nanda, Puja (June 1999). The Culture of Building to Craft — A Regional Contemporary Aesthetic: Material Resources, Technological Innovations and the Form Making Process (MSc thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  24. ↑ Hawker 2007, p. 10-11 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 37-39
  25. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 40
  26. ↑ Ganesan-Ram, Sharmila (26 July 2009). "Remembering the Howard Roark of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  27. ↑ Hawker 2007, p. 14 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 41
  28. ↑ Hawker 2007, p. 15 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 43
  29. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 43-46
  30. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 43
  31. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 54
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Jalia 2008, p. 57
  33. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 58
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Jalia 2008, p. 61
  35. ↑ Hawker 2007, p. 36 cited in Jalia 2008, p. 65
  36. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 68
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Jalia 2008, p. 72
  38. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 76
  39. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 79
  40. ↑ Jalia 2008, p. 81

References[edit | edit source]

Further reading[edit | edit source]

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