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{{Short description|Pakistani admiral}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}} | {{EngvarB|date=January 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox military person | {{Infobox military person | ||
| honorific_prefix | | honorific_prefix = [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear Admiral]] | ||
| name | | name = Leslie Mungavin | ||
| honorific_suffix | | honorific_suffix = [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SPk SK]] [[Tamgha-i-Basalat|SBt]] | ||
| native_name | | native_name = | ||
| native_name_lang | | native_name_lang = | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| Line 13: | Line 14: | ||
| death_date = {{death year and age|1995|1925}} | | death_date = {{death year and age|1995|1925}} | ||
| death_place = [[Wandsworth]], London, England<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVZ8-YLF5 England and Wales Death Registration Index: Leslie Norman Mungavin]</ref> | | death_place = [[Wandsworth]], London, England<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVZ8-YLF5 England and Wales Death Registration Index: Leslie Norman Mungavin]</ref> | ||
| placeofburial = | | placeofburial = [[Arabian Sea]] | ||
| placeofburial_label = | | placeofburial_label = | ||
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | | placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | ||
| nickname =''Jack''<br>''Munga Khan'' | | nickname = ''Jack''<br>''Munga Khan'' | ||
| birth_name =Leslie Norman Mungavin | | birth_name = Leslie Norman Mungavin | ||
| allegiance ={{ | | allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{small|(1945-47)}}<br />{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] {{small|(1947-78)}} | ||
| branch = {{navy|British India}}<br />{{navy|PAK}} | |||
| serviceyears = | | serviceyears = 1945–1980 | ||
| rank =[[File: | | rank = [[File:13-Pakistan Navy-RADM.svg|20px]] [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear Admiral]] | ||
| servicenumber = PN No. 282{{rp|293}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LpPAQAAMAAJ&q=rear+admiral+tanveer+ahmed+SBt|accessdate=10 September 2017|author1=Pakistan}}</ref> | | servicenumber = PN No. 282{{rp|293}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LpPAQAAMAAJ&q=rear+admiral+tanveer+ahmed+SBt|accessdate=10 September 2017|author1=Pakistan}}</ref> | ||
| unit =[[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Naval Operations Branch]] | | unit = [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Naval Operations Branch]] | ||
| commands =[[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]]<br>[[Naval attaché]], [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistan Embassy, London]]<br>[[Commandant|Cmdnt]] [[Pakistan Marines]] | | commands = [[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]]<br>[[Naval attaché]], [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistan Embassy, London]]<br>[[Commandant|Cmdnt]] [[Pakistan Marines]] | ||
| battles =[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] | | battles = *[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] | ||
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] | |||
**[[Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971]] | |||
| battles_label = | | battles_label = | ||
| awards =[[File: | | awards = [[File:Sitara-e-Pakistan (SPk) (1957-86).png|40px]] [[Sitara-e-Pakistan]]<br>[[File:Sitara-e-Khidmat (SK) (1957-86).png|40px]] [[Sitara-i-Khidmat]]<br>[[File:Sitara-e-Basalat Pakistan.svg|40px]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat]] | ||
| relations = | | spouse = Joy Beatrix | ||
| laterwork =Chairman [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]] | | relations = George Mungavin (father) | ||
| laterwork = Chairman [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]] | |||
| signature = | | signature = | ||
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Leslie Norman Mungavin''' {{small|[[Sitara-e-Pakistan|SPk]], [[Sitara-i-Khidmat|SK]], [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}} (22 March 1925 – 1995), known as '''"Jack"''' was a [[Two-star admiral|two-star]] rank [[admiral]] in the Pakistan Navy, and [[Defence diplomacy|defence diplomat]]. He is widely known for voluntarily leaving his diplomatic post in [[London]] to command combat units during the [[India-Pakistan War of 1971|1971 war with India]].<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Mian Zahir|title=Bubbles of Water: Or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy|date=2001|publisher=PN Book Club Publication|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=9789698318031|pages=487|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Leslie|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en|chapter=The Wit of Mungavin}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Arshad |first=Sameer |title=Asia's highest cross in Pakistan: A fitting tribute to selfless Christian community |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/gray-areas/asias-highest-cross-in-pakistan-a-fitting-tribute-to-selfless-christian-community/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> | |||
He also served as | He also served as [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]] from 1975 until 1977, with a two-star rank despite the position is required an admiral to be promoted in three-star rank, the [[Vice-Admiral]].{{rp|354}}<ref name="S. Low, Marston & Company 1977">{{cite book|last1=Jane|first1=Frederick Thomas|title=Jane's Fighting Ships|date=1977|publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNkqAQAAMAAJ&q=leslie+mungavin+SK|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> | ||
== | == Family and ancestry == | ||
Leslie Norman Mungavin was born in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) on 22 March 1925 into a family of [[Irish descent]].<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:HGV7-4LW2 India Births and Baptisms: Leslie Norman Mungavin]</ref> His great great grandfather, James Mungavin, was born in [[Castleconnell|Castleconnel, Ireland]] and is said to have emigrated from [[County Clare]] to [[Indian subcontinent|India]] in 1825 to work on the railways during British colonial rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of James Mungavin |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/ioanni1644?lang=en&n=mungavin&p=james |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}</ref> His son, James St. John Mungavin, joined the [[British Indian Army]]. The Mungavin family settled in the [[India|British Raj]] and became part of the [[Anglo-Indian]] [[Christian]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBIS Database - Powered by The Frontis Archive Publishing System |url=https://search.fibis.org/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=678&s_id=779&sort=7632&st=210&np=12&tn=332 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=search.fibis.org}}</ref> | |||
Mungavin | Leslie’s father is believed to have been George Leslie Coltman Mungavin, who continued in the railway service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leslie Norman Mungavin - Ancestry® |url=https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/results?firstName=leslie&lastName=mungavin |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.ancestry.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of George Leslie Coltman Mungavin |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/ioanni1644?lang=en&n=mungavin&p=george+leslie+coltman |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}</ref> Leslie was one of seven siblings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mungavin Family |url=https://www.irelandxo.com/ireland/clare/drumcliff/message-board/mungovan-family-drumcliff-ennis |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=Ireland Reaching Out}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, his family members emigrated back to the [[United Kingdom]]. Leslie, however, chose to remain and joined the newly formed [[Pakistan Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Arif |first=Hasan |date=31 March 2023 |title=Plural Pakistan: Christians in the Armed Forces |url=https://mypluralist.com/2023/03/31/hindus-pakistan-military/ |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=MyPluralist}}</ref> | ||
==Military career== | |||
In 1970s, he was elevated as the vice | Leslie Mungavin joined the [[Royal Indian Navy]] in 1945 and transferred to the [[Pakistan Navy]] after the [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1947, where his career in the navy progressed well till his retirement as [[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|VIce Chief of Naval Staff]] at the rank of Rear Admiral.<ref name=cv>[http://www.dharkan.ca/archive/fall2006/DharkanFall2006.pdf Dharkan Fall 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414164651/http://www.dharkan.ca/archive/fall2006/DharkanFall2006.pdf |date=2010-04-14 }}</ref> He specialized in [[navigation]] at the training establishment {{HMS|Dryad|shore establishment|6}} in the [[United Kingdom]].{{rp|425–426}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah" /><ref name=war >[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/military-and-aerospace/December-1971-Indo-Pakistani-conflict-at-sea---II.html Indian Defence Review 21 June 2011]</ref> In 1950s, he commanded {{ship|PNS|Alamgir|1958|6}} and the Pakistan Navy flagship {{ship|PNS|Babur|1956|6}}.<ref name=cv /> | ||
In 1964, [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] Mungavin was the [[commanding officer]] of PNS ''Babur'', and participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|second war]] with India in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aqil |first=Tariq |date=2023-08-27 |title=Plight of Pakistani Christians |url=https://pakobserver.net/plight-of-pakistani-christians/#:~:text=have%20been%20martyred%20thus%20far,the%20front%20in%20the%20Bangladesh |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Pakistan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1970, [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre.]] Mungavin was posted as [[Military attaché|Military]] and [[Naval Attaché]] at the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London|High Commission of Pakistan]] in [[London]], where his services and negotiation skills merited him a [[Sitara-e-Pakistan]] award.<ref name=cv />{{rp|249}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jane|first1=Frederick Thomas|title=Jane's Fighting Ships|date=1971|publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KscqAQAAMAAJ&q=leslie+mungavin+|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> Cdre. Mungavin left his assignment, only to be promoted as [[Rear-Admiral]], and took up the command as [[Commandant]] of the [[Pakistan Marines]] which he led in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war|Western Front of the Indo-Pakistani war]] against India in 1971.{{rp|427–428}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah" /><ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, he was noted for his skills in negotiation which earned him to be decorated as and merited him with a [[Sitara-e-Pakistan]].<ref name=cv /> Mungavin was praised for his impressive adaptability.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sirohey |first=Iftikhar Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IHjAAAAMAAJ&q=Lodhi |title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey |date=1995 |publisher=Jang Publishers |language=en}}</ref> | |||
During the 1971 war, Mungavin oversaw the deployment of the [[Pakistan Marines]] in both East and [[West Pakistan]], including riverine and coastal defence operations to counter the [[Indian Army]] in [[Chittagong]] and [[Khulna]].<ref name="Pakistan Marines (Global Security.org)">{{cite web |last=Pakistan Marines (Global Security.org) |title=Pakistan Marines |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/marines.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613001010/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/marines.htm |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=Global Security.org |publisher=Pakistan Marines (Global Security.org)}}</ref> Under his leadership marines operated [[Patrol boat|gunboats]] and [[Amphibious vehicle|amphibious vehicles]] although they suffered losses due to Indian air and naval superiority.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan Defence Review: 1971 |publisher=Services Book Club |year=2000}}</ref> Mungavin was captured at the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|liberation of Chittagong]] and held as a prisoner of war until repatriation.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= 6 September 2017|title=The White of the Flag: Contributions of Non-Muslims for National Defence of Pakistan |url=https://cscr.pk/explore/themes/defense-security/white-flag-contributions-non-muslims-national-defense-of-pakistan/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=Centre for Strategic and Contemporary Research}}</ref> Mungavin was awarded the [[Sitara-e-Basalat]] for his valor in the 1971 war.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ct3uarDLgUC |title=Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces |date=1973 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence |language=en}}</ref> | |||
In the 1970s, he was elevated as the vice chief of naval staff from 1975 until 1977, with a two-star rank despite the position is required an admiral to be promoted in three-star rank, the [[Vice-Admiral]].{{rp|234}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sirohey|first1=Iftikhar Ahmed|title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|date=1995|publisher=Jang Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IHjAAAAMAAJ&q=+mungavin|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|354}}<ref name="S. Low, Marston & Company 1977"/> In the 1980s, Rear Admiral Mungavin was also involved with the negotiations with the [[US Department of State]] when the Pakistan Navy was interested in replacing their aging fleet with ''Gearing''-class destroyers.<ref>[https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?dt=2476&rid=180333&dl=1345 US Department of State EO Systematic Review 6 JUL 2006]</ref> From January 1979 to April 1980 he served as the Chairman of the Board of the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]].{{rp|188}}<ref>{{cite book|title=International Shipping and Shipbuilding Directory|date=1979|isbn=9780510497149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fghAQAAMAAJ&q=leslie++mungavin+admiral|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Death == | == Death == | ||
Admiral Mungavin died in 1995 in England. At his request his body was cremated, ashes taken back to Pakistan and spread in the Arabian Sea. The Pakistan Navy honored him with a full military funeral and his ashes were taken out to sea on board the [[PNS Babur (D-182)|PNS Babur]] and scattered there.<ref name=cv /> | Admiral Mungavin died in 1995 in [[England]]. At his request, his body was [[cremated]], ashes were taken back to Pakistan and spread in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The Pakistan Navy honored him with a full [[military funeral]], and his ashes were taken out to sea on board the [[PNS Babur (D-182)|PNS Babur]] and scattered there.<ref name=cv /> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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*Shah, Mian Zahir (2001). "The Wit of Mungavin". Bubbles of Water: Or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy. Karachi, Pakistan: PN Book Club Publication. p. 487. {{ISBN|9789698318031}}. Retrieved 15 August 2017. | *Shah, Mian Zahir (2001). "The Wit of Mungavin". Bubbles of Water: Or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy. Karachi, Pakistan: PN Book Club Publication. p. 487. {{ISBN|9789698318031}}. Retrieved 15 August 2017. | ||
{{Pakistan Navy Staff Chief | {{Pakistan Navy Staff Chief}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mungavin, Leslie}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Mungavin, Leslie}} | ||
| Line 63: | Line 74: | ||
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy officers]] | [[Category:Royal Indian Navy officers]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani Christians]] | [[Category:Pakistani Christians]] | ||
[[Category:Admirals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]] | |||
[[Category:Admirals of the | |||
[[Category:Pakistan Marines]] | [[Category:Pakistan Marines]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistan Navy admirals]] | [[Category:Pakistan Navy rear admirals]] | ||
[[Category:Recipients of the Sitara-e-Pakistan]] | [[Category:Recipients of the Sitara-e-Pakistan]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Naval attachés for Pakistan]] | ||
Latest revision as of 12:23, 19 March 2026
Leslie Mungavin | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Leslie Norman Mungavin |
| Nickname(s) | Jack Munga Khan |
| Born | 22 March 1925 Bombay, British Raj[1] |
| Died | 1995 (aged 69–70) Wandsworth, London, England[2] |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance |  British India (1945-47) Pakistan (1947-78) |
| Service/ |  Royal Indian Navy Pakistan Navy |
| Years of service | 1945–1980 |
| Rank |   Rear Admiral |
| Service number | PN No. 282:293[3] |
| Unit | Naval Operations Branch |
| Commands held | Vice Chief of Naval Staff Naval attaché, Pakistan Embassy, London Cmdnt Pakistan Marines |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | _(1957-86).png){kind=small} Sitara-e-Pakistan_(1957-86).png){kind=small} Sitara-i-Khidmat Sitara-e-Basalat |
| Spouse(s) | Joy Beatrix |
| Relations | George Mungavin (father) |
| Other work | Chairman Pakistan National Shipping Corporation |
Leslie Norman Mungavin SPk, SK, SBt (22 March 1925 – 1995), known as "Jack" was a two-star rank admiral in the Pakistan Navy, and defence diplomat. He is widely known for voluntarily leaving his diplomatic post in London to command combat units during the 1971 war with India.[4][5]
He also served as Vice Chief of the Naval Staff from 1975 until 1977, with a two-star rank despite the position is required an admiral to be promoted in three-star rank, the Vice-Admiral.:354[6]
Family and ancestry[edit | edit source]
Leslie Norman Mungavin was born in Bombay (now Mumbai) on 22 March 1925 into a family of Irish descent.[7] His great great grandfather, James Mungavin, was born in Castleconnel, Ireland and is said to have emigrated from County Clare to India in 1825 to work on the railways during British colonial rule.[8] His son, James St. John Mungavin, joined the British Indian Army. The Mungavin family settled in the British Raj and became part of the Anglo-Indian Christian community.[9]
Leslie’s father is believed to have been George Leslie Coltman Mungavin, who continued in the railway service.[10][11] Leslie was one of seven siblings.[12] After the Partition of India in 1947, his family members emigrated back to the United Kingdom. Leslie, however, chose to remain and joined the newly formed Pakistan Navy.[13]
Military career[edit | edit source]
Leslie Mungavin joined the Royal Indian Navy in 1945 and transferred to the Pakistan Navy after the partition in 1947, where his career in the navy progressed well till his retirement as VIce Chief of Naval Staff at the rank of Rear Admiral.[14] He specialized in navigation at the training establishment HMS Dryad in the United Kingdom.:425–426[4][15] In 1950s, he commanded PNS Alamgir and the Pakistan Navy flagship PNS Babur.[14]
In 1964, Commander Mungavin was the commanding officer of PNS Babur, and participated in the second war with India in 1965.[16] In 1970, Cdre. Mungavin was posted as Military and Naval Attaché at the High Commission of Pakistan in London, where his services and negotiation skills merited him a Sitara-e-Pakistan award.[14]:249[17] Cdre. Mungavin left his assignment, only to be promoted as Rear-Admiral, and took up the command as Commandant of the Pakistan Marines which he led in the Western Front of the Indo-Pakistani war against India in 1971.:427–428[4][5] Furthermore, he was noted for his skills in negotiation which earned him to be decorated as and merited him with a Sitara-e-Pakistan.[14] Mungavin was praised for his impressive adaptability.[18]
During the 1971 war, Mungavin oversaw the deployment of the Pakistan Marines in both East and West Pakistan, including riverine and coastal defence operations to counter the Indian Army in Chittagong and Khulna.[19] Under his leadership marines operated gunboats and amphibious vehicles although they suffered losses due to Indian air and naval superiority.[20] Mungavin was captured at the liberation of Chittagong and held as a prisoner of war until repatriation.[21] Mungavin was awarded the Sitara-e-Basalat for his valor in the 1971 war.[22]
In the 1970s, he was elevated as the vice chief of naval staff from 1975 until 1977, with a two-star rank despite the position is required an admiral to be promoted in three-star rank, the Vice-Admiral.:234[23]:354[6] In the 1980s, Rear Admiral Mungavin was also involved with the negotiations with the US Department of State when the Pakistan Navy was interested in replacing their aging fleet with Gearing-class destroyers.[24] From January 1979 to April 1980 he served as the Chairman of the Board of the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation.:188[25]
Death[edit | edit source]
Admiral Mungavin died in 1995 in England. At his request, his body was cremated, ashes were taken back to Pakistan and spread in the Arabian Sea. The Pakistan Navy honored him with a full military funeral, and his ashes were taken out to sea on board the PNS Babur and scattered there.[14]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ India Births and Baptisms: Leslie Norman Mungavin
- ↑ England and Wales Death Registration Index: Leslie Norman Mungavin
- ↑ Pakistan (1978). The Gazette of Pakistan. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Shah, Mian Zahir (2001). "The Wit of Mungavin". Bubbles of Water: Or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy. Karachi, Pakistan: PN Book Club Publication. p. 487. ISBN 9789698318031. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Arshad, Sameer. "Asia's highest cross in Pakistan: A fitting tribute to selfless Christian community". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jane, Frederick Thomas (1977). Jane's Fighting Ships. S. Low, Marston & Company. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ↑ India Births and Baptisms: Leslie Norman Mungavin
- ↑ "Family tree of James Mungavin". Geneanet. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ↑ "FIBIS Database - Powered by The Frontis Archive Publishing System". search.fibis.org. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ↑ "Leslie Norman Mungavin - Ancestry®". www.ancestry.com. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ↑ "Family tree of George Leslie Coltman Mungavin". Geneanet. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ↑ "Mungavin Family". Ireland Reaching Out. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ↑ Arif, Hasan (31 March 2023). "Plural Pakistan: Christians in the Armed Forces". MyPluralist. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Dharkan Fall 2006 Archived 2010-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Indian Defence Review 21 June 2011
- ↑ Aqil, Tariq (27 August 2023). "Plight of Pakistani Christians". Pakistan Observer. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ↑ Jane, Frederick Thomas (1971). Jane's Fighting Ships. S. Low, Marston & Company. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ↑ Sirohey, Iftikhar Ahmed (1995). Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey. Jang Publishers.
- ↑ Pakistan Marines (Global Security.org). "Pakistan Marines". Global Security.org. Pakistan Marines (Global Security.org). Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ↑ Pakistan Defence Review: 1971. Services Book Club. 2000.
- ↑ "The White of the Flag: Contributions of Non-Muslims for National Defence of Pakistan". Centre for Strategic and Contemporary Research. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ↑ Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces. Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence. 1973.
- ↑ Sirohey, Iftikhar Ahmed (1995). Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey. Jang Publishers. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ↑ US Department of State EO Systematic Review 6 JUL 2006
- ↑ International Shipping and Shipbuilding Directory. 1979. ISBN 9780510497149. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Shah, Mian Zahir (2001). "The Wit of Mungavin". Bubbles of Water: Or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy. Karachi, Pakistan: PN Book Club Publication. p. 487. ISBN 9789698318031. Retrieved 15 August 2017.