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{{short description|Powerful government official in the context of Islamic history}} | {{short description|Powerful government official in the context of Islamic history}} | ||
{{ | {{other uses}} | ||
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} | |||
'''''Dewan''''' (also known as '''''diwan''''', sometimes spelled '''''devan''''' or '''''divan''''') designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler. A ''dewan'' was the head of a state institution of the same name (see [[Divan]]). Diwans belonged to the elite families in the history of Mughal and post-Mughal India and held high posts within the government. | '''''Dewan''''' (also known as '''''diwan''''', sometimes spelled '''''devan''''' or '''''divan''''') designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler. A ''dewan'' was the head of a state institution of the same name (see [[Divan]]). Diwans belonged to the elite families in the history of Mughal and post-Mughal India and held high posts within the government. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
{{See also|Divan}} | {{See also|Divan}} | ||
The word is Persian in origin and was loaned into Arabic. The original meaning was "bundle (of written sheets)", hence "book", especially "book of accounts," and hence "office of accounts," "custom house," "council chamber". The meaning of the word, ''[[Divan (furniture)|divan]]'' "long, cushioned seat" is due to such seats having been found along the walls in Middle Eastern council chambers. It is a common surname among Sikhs in Punjab. <ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=divan</ref> | |||
The word is Persian in origin and was loaned into Arabic. The original meaning was "bundle (of written sheets)", hence "book", especially "book of accounts," and hence "office of accounts," "custom house," "council chamber". The meaning of the word, ''[[Divan (furniture)|divan]]'' "long, cushioned seat" is due to such seats having been found along the walls in Middle Eastern council chambers. It is a common surname among Sikhs in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=divan|title = Divan | Origin and meaning of divan by Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> | |||
==Council== | ==Council== | ||
The word first appears under the [[Caliphate]] of [[ | The word first appears under the [[Caliphate]] of [[Omar|Omar I]] (A.D. 634–644). As the Caliphate state became more complicated, the term was extended over all the government bureaus.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
The ''divan of the [[Sublime Porte]]'' was the council or [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] of the state. In the [[Ottoman Empire]], it consisted of the usually (except in the [[Sultan]]'s presence) presiding [[Grand Vizier]] and other [[vizier]]s, and occasionally the [[Janissary]] Ağa.{{citation needed|date= | The ''divan of the [[Sublime Porte]]'' was the council or [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] of the state. In the [[Ottoman Empire]], it consisted of the usually (except in the [[Sultan]]'s presence) presiding [[Grand Vizier]] and other [[vizier]]s, and occasionally the [[Janissary]] Ağa.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
In 19th-century [[Romania]], the [[Ad hoc Divan]] was a body which played a role in the country's development towards independence from Ottoman rule.{{citation needed|date= | In 19th-century [[Romania]], the [[Ad hoc Divan]] was a body which played a role in the country's development towards independence from Ottoman rule.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
In [[ | In [[Malay language|Malay]] (including [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]) and related languages (such as [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], etc.), the [[borrowing (linguistics)|borrowed]] word "dewan" is the standard word for council, as in the {{Lang|id|[[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]]}} (or Indonesia's Council of People's Representatives) and Dewan Undangan Negeri ([[State legislative assemblies of Malaysia|State Legislative Assembly of Malaysia]]), Dewan Rakyat ([[Dewan Rakyat|House of Representatives of Malaysia]]), and [[Dewan Negara]] ([[Senate of Malaysia]]).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
{{anchor|Title}} <!-- Diwan (title) redirects here --> | {{anchor|Title}} <!-- Diwan (title) redirects here --> | ||
==Indian subcontinent== | ==Indian subcontinent== | ||
===Mughal Empire=== | ===Mughal Empire=== | ||
During the effective rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]], the ''Dewan'' served as the chief revenue officer of a province.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thangjam |first=Homen |date=Summer 2014 |title=Militarism, Human Rights, and Democracy in Northeast India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZErDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |journal=Kangla Lanpung |volume=VIII |issue=II |publisher=RK Sanatomba Memorial Trust,Imphal |pages=27– |issn=2321-2357}}</ref> | During the effective rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]], the ''Dewan'' served as the chief revenue officer of a province.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thangjam |first=Homen |date=Summer 2014 |title=Militarism, Human Rights, and Democracy in Northeast India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZErDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |journal=Kangla Lanpung |volume=VIII |issue=II |publisher=RK Sanatomba Memorial Trust, Imphal |pages=27– |issn=2321-2357}}</ref> | ||
Later, when most vassal states gained various degrees of self-determination, the finance — and/or chief minister and leader of many [[princely state]]s (especially [[Muslim]], but also many [[Hindu]], including [[Baroda]], [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], [[Mysore]], [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[Travancore]] — referred to as ''Dalawa'' until 1811) became known as a ''dewan''.{{citation needed|date=August | Later, when most vassal states gained various degrees of [[self-determination]], the finance — and/or chief minister and leader of many [[princely state]]s (especially [[Muslim]], but also many [[Hindu]], including [[Baroda]], [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], [[Mysore]], [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[Travancore]] — referred to as ''Dalawa'' until 1811) became known as a ''dewan''.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
Exceptionally, a ruler was himself titled Dewan or a loftier variation, notably: | Exceptionally, a ruler was himself titled Dewan or a loftier variation, notably: | ||
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* in [[Jaso State|Jaso]] (Jassu) and in [[Bandhora]] (which was split from the former c. 1750) | * in [[Jaso State|Jaso]] (Jassu) and in [[Bandhora]] (which was split from the former c. 1750) | ||
* in [[Khilchipur]] until 1873, then [[Rai Bahadur]] | * in [[Khilchipur]] until 1873, then [[Rai Bahadur]] | ||
* in [[Junagadh]], where [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]] was the prime minister of the former | * in [[Junagadh]], where [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]] was the prime minister of the former princely state. | ||
* ''Diwan Sahib'' or ''Diwan Bahadur'' in [[Garrauli State]] | * ''Diwan Sahib'' or ''Diwan Bahadur'' in [[Garrauli State]] | ||
===Maratha period=== | ===Maratha period=== | ||
As a title used in various Early Modern Indian states, ''Diwan'' denoted the highest officials in the court after the king; the suffix [[-ji]] is added as a mark of respect in India.<ref>https://luthar.com/2014/05/06/the-meaning-of-the-term-ji-in-the-indian-culture-by-dr-harsh-k-luthar/</ref> In the major [[List of Maratha dynasties and states|Maratha states]] of Baroda (ruled by the Gaekwad), Gwalior (ruled by Scindias or Shinde), Indore (ruled by Holkar), and Nagpur (ruled by Bhonsle, but not from the Chhatrapati Shivaji family), the highest officer after the king was called the Diwan. | As a title used in various Early Modern Indian states, ''Diwan'' denoted the highest officials in the court after the king; the suffix [[-ji]] is added as a mark of respect in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luthar.com/2014/05/06/the-meaning-of-the-term-ji-in-the-indian-culture-by-dr-harsh-k-luthar/|title = The Meaning of the Term "Ji" in the Indian Culture: By Dr. Harsh K. Luthar|date = 6 May 2014}}</ref> In the major [[List of Maratha dynasties and states|Maratha states]] of Baroda (ruled by the Gaekwad), Gwalior (ruled by Scindias or Shinde), Indore (ruled by Holkar), and Nagpur ([[Bhonsles of Nagpur|ruled by Bhonsle, but not from the Chhatrapati Shivaji family]]), the highest officer after the king was called the Diwan. | ||
One of the examples – Shrimant Diwan/Rao Bahadur Atmaram Kulkarni, was the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Maratha [[Jamkhandi State]]. In the 19th century, the British Parliament established in British India a supreme court for revenue matters (non-criminal matters) named the "[[Sudder Dewanny Adawlut]]", which applied Hindu law.<ref>Campbell, Lawrence Dundas (ed), Asiatic Annual Register for 1802, or A View of the History of Hindustan and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia, London, J. Debrett, 1803, footnote pp.97-100, Miscellaneous Tracts [https://books.google.com/books?id=byIoAAAAYAAJ | One of the examples – Shrimant Diwan/Rao Bahadur Atmaram Kulkarni, was the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Maratha [[Jamkhandi State]]. In the 19th century, the British Parliament established in British India a supreme court for revenue matters (non-criminal matters) named the "[[Sudder Dewanny Adawlut]]", which applied Hindu law.<ref>Campbell, Lawrence Dundas (ed), Asiatic Annual Register for 1802, or A View of the History of Hindustan and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia, London, J. Debrett, 1803, footnote pp.97-100, Miscellaneous Tracts [https://books.google.com/books?id=byIoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Dewanny+Adawlut&pg=RA2-PA98]</ref><ref name="mill">Definition per James Mill (1826): "Dewan, Duan: place of assembly. Native minister of the revenue department; and chief justice, in civil causes, within his jurisdiction; receiver-general of a province. The term is also used, to designate the principal revenue servant under a European collector, and even of a Zemindar. By this title, the East India Company are receivers-general of the revenues of Bengal, under a grant from the Great Mogul"..."Dewanny, Duannee: the office, or jurisdiction of a Dewan" (Mill, James, The History of British India, Vol. 1 (of 6), 3rd Edition, London, 1826, Glossary [http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/840])</ref> | ||
===Among Hindus and Sikhs of Punjab and Bengal=== | ===Among Hindus and Sikhs of Punjab and Bengal=== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 47: | ||
===Chhattisgarhi Rajput-Brahmins=== | ===Chhattisgarhi Rajput-Brahmins=== | ||
There is also a community with the surname Diwan found in [[Chhattisgarh]], near the [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] and [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]] regions. This is a [[Brahmin-Rajput]] community descendant from Deo Brahmin-Rajputs who migrated from [[Purvanchal]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The males in this community take the title Dhar ( | There is also a community with the surname ''Diwan'' found in [[Chhattisgarh]], near the [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] and [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]] regions. This is a [[Brahmin-Rajput]] community descendant from Deo Brahmin-Rajputs who migrated from [[Purvanchal]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The males in this community take the title Dhar (e.g., Mohan Dhar Diwan, a high-ranked member of [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]). They had a fight with the royal family of Ratanpur, defeated the king, and started ruling the Ratanpur estate. | ||
===Diwani in British India=== | ===Diwani in British India=== | ||
| Line 49: | Line 53: | ||
===Diwani in French India=== | ===Diwani in French India=== | ||
In [[French India]], one of its constituent colonies, [[Yanam, French India|Yanaon]], had [[Zamindar]] and [[Diwan Bahadur|Diwan]]. They were active in its local and municipal administration during French rule. The Zamindar of Yanam was given a 4-gun salute by French counterparts.{{citation needed|date= | In [[French India]], one of its constituent colonies, [[Yanam, French India|Yanaon]], had [[Zamindar]] and [[Diwan Bahadur|Diwan]]. They were active in its local and municipal administration during French rule. The Zamindar of Yanam was given a 4-gun salute by French counterparts.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
* [[Zamindar]] — [[Manion]] Canacaya | * [[Zamindar]] — [[Manion]] Canacaya | ||
* [[Diwan Bahadur|Diwan]] — [[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]] | * [[Diwan Bahadur|Diwan]] — [[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]] | ||
| Line 63: | Line 67: | ||
* {{Citation|last=Regmi |first=D.R. |title= Modern Nepal|volume= 1|publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1975 |isbn= 0883864916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idJBAAAAYAAJ}} | * {{Citation|last=Regmi |first=D.R. |title= Modern Nepal|volume= 1|publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1975 |isbn= 0883864916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idJBAAAAYAAJ}} | ||
[[Category:Ministerial offices]] | |||
[[Category:Titles in India]] | [[Category:Titles in India]] | ||
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]] | [[Category:Titles in Pakistan]] | ||
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]] | |||
[[Category:Indian dewans| ]] | |||
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]] | [[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]] | ||
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]] | [[Category:Bengali words and phrases]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:52, 2 March 2026
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2021) |
Dewan (also known as diwan, sometimes spelled devan or divan) designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler. A dewan was the head of a state institution of the same name (see Divan). Diwans belonged to the elite families in the history of Mughal and post-Mughal India and held high posts within the government.
Etymology[edit | edit source]
The word is Persian in origin and was loaned into Arabic. The original meaning was "bundle (of written sheets)", hence "book", especially "book of accounts," and hence "office of accounts," "custom house," "council chamber". The meaning of the word, divan "long, cushioned seat" is due to such seats having been found along the walls in Middle Eastern council chambers. It is a common surname among Sikhs in Punjab.[1]
Council[edit | edit source]
The word first appears under the Caliphate of Omar I (A.D. 634–644). As the Caliphate state became more complicated, the term was extended over all the government bureaus.[citation needed]
The divan of the Sublime Porte was the council or Cabinet of the state. In the Ottoman Empire, it consisted of the usually (except in the Sultan's presence) presiding Grand Vizier and other viziers, and occasionally the Janissary Ağa.[citation needed]
In 19th-century Romania, the Ad hoc Divan was a body which played a role in the country's development towards independence from Ottoman rule.[citation needed]
In Malay (including Indonesian) and related languages (such as Javanese, Minangkabau, etc.), the borrowed word "dewan" is the standard word for council, as in the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (or Indonesia's Council of People's Representatives) and Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly of Malaysia), Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives of Malaysia), and Dewan Negara (Senate of Malaysia).[citation needed]
Indian subcontinent[edit | edit source]
Mughal Empire[edit | edit source]
During the effective rule of Mughal India, the Dewan served as the chief revenue officer of a province.[2]
Later, when most vassal states gained various degrees of self-determination, the finance — and/or chief minister and leader of many princely states (especially Muslim, but also many Hindu, including Baroda, Hyderabad, Mysore, Kochi, Travancore — referred to as Dalawa until 1811) became known as a dewan.[citation needed]
Exceptionally, a ruler was himself titled Dewan or a loftier variation, notably:
- in Beri-Bundelkhand
- in Dhurwai
- in Jaso (Jassu) and in Bandhora (which was split from the former c. 1750)
- in Khilchipur until 1873, then Rai Bahadur
- in Junagadh, where Shah Nawaz Bhutto was the prime minister of the former princely state.
- Diwan Sahib or Diwan Bahadur in Garrauli State
Maratha period[edit | edit source]
As a title used in various Early Modern Indian states, Diwan denoted the highest officials in the court after the king; the suffix -ji is added as a mark of respect in India.[3] In the major Maratha states of Baroda (ruled by the Gaekwad), Gwalior (ruled by Scindias or Shinde), Indore (ruled by Holkar), and Nagpur (ruled by Bhonsle, but not from the Chhatrapati Shivaji family), the highest officer after the king was called the Diwan.
One of the examples – Shrimant Diwan/Rao Bahadur Atmaram Kulkarni, was the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Maratha Jamkhandi State. In the 19th century, the British Parliament established in British India a supreme court for revenue matters (non-criminal matters) named the "Sudder Dewanny Adawlut", which applied Hindu law.[4][5]
Among Hindus and Sikhs of Punjab and Bengal[edit | edit source]
Dewan, Diwan, Divan, or Deo was the hereditary title borne by the Chief Minister of the Hindu Cooch State in the Bengal region.
Diwan also became a surname of high-caste Hindus or Sikhs in the Punjab region.
Chhattisgarhi Rajput-Brahmins[edit | edit source]
There is also a community with the surname Diwan found in Chhattisgarh, near the Bilaspur and Janjgir-Champa regions. This is a Brahmin-Rajput community descendant from Deo Brahmin-Rajputs who migrated from Purvanchal in Uttar Pradesh. The males in this community take the title Dhar (e.g., Mohan Dhar Diwan, a high-ranked member of Vishwa Hindu Parishad). They had a fight with the royal family of Ratanpur, defeated the king, and started ruling the Ratanpur estate.
Diwani in British India[edit | edit source]
After the Battle of Buxar, when Bengal was annexed by the East India Company in 1764, the Mughal Emperor granted the Company the Diwani (the right to collect revenue) in Bengal and Bihar in 1765.[6][5] The term Diwani thus referred to British (fiscal) suzerainty over parts of India during the early British Raj.
Diwani in French India[edit | edit source]
In French India, one of its constituent colonies, Yanaon, had Zamindar and Diwan. They were active in its local and municipal administration during French rule. The Zamindar of Yanam was given a 4-gun salute by French counterparts.[citation needed]
- Zamindar — Manion Canacaya
- Diwan — Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou
- Sovereignty — French Colonial Empire
Nepal[edit | edit source]
The document dated Bikram Samvat 1833 Bhadra Vadi 3 Roj 6 (i.e. Friday 2 August 1776), shows that Vamsharaj Pande and Swaroop Singh Karki had carried the title of Dewan (equivalent to Prime Minister) of the Kingdom of Nepal.[7]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Divan | Origin and meaning of divan by Online Etymology Dictionary".
- ↑ Thangjam, Homen (Summer 2014). "Militarism, Human Rights, and Democracy in Northeast India". Kangla Lanpung. VIII (II). RK Sanatomba Memorial Trust, Imphal: 27–. ISSN 2321-2357.
- ↑ "The Meaning of the Term "Ji" in the Indian Culture: By Dr. Harsh K. Luthar". 6 May 2014.
- ↑ Campbell, Lawrence Dundas (ed), Asiatic Annual Register for 1802, or A View of the History of Hindustan and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia, London, J. Debrett, 1803, footnote pp.97-100, Miscellaneous Tracts [1]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Definition per James Mill (1826): "Dewan, Duan: place of assembly. Native minister of the revenue department; and chief justice, in civil causes, within his jurisdiction; receiver-general of a province. The term is also used, to designate the principal revenue servant under a European collector, and even of a Zemindar. By this title, the East India Company are receivers-general of the revenues of Bengal, under a grant from the Great Mogul"..."Dewanny, Duannee: the office, or jurisdiction of a Dewan" (Mill, James, The History of British India, Vol. 1 (of 6), 3rd Edition, London, 1826, Glossary [2])
- ↑ Robb, Peter (2004). A History of India. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 116–147. ISBN 978-0-333-69129-8. "Chapter 5: Early Modern India II: Company Raj", Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–91, ISBN 978-1-139-45887-0 "Chapter 3: The East India Company Raj, 1772-1850," Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2003). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 76–87. ISBN 0-415-30787-2. "Chapter 7: Company Raj and Indian Society 1757 to 1857, Reinvention and Reform of Tradition."
- ↑ Regmi 1975, p. 272.
Books[edit | edit source]
- Regmi, D.R. (1975), Modern Nepal, vol. 1, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, ISBN 0883864916