P. K. Raja Sandow: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indian actor, film director and producer}}
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| occupation    = Film director, <br /> film producer,<br /> Actor
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| occupation    = Film director, <br> film producer,<br> Actor
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'''Raja Sandow''' (born '''P. K. Nagalingam''') was an Indian film actor, film director and producer.<ref name="A">{{cite book | first=S. Theodore| last=Baskaran | author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 1996| title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema | publisher= East West Books| location= Chennai| pages=194 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He began his career as an actor in silent films and later became a prominent actor and director in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] films of the 1930s. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of early [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020323061757/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/18/stories/13181282.htm Mylapore and movies, The Hindu 18 October 2001]</ref><ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/print.php?content_id=3722 Trendsetter from www.screenindia.com]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="M">{{cite book | first=Selvaraj| last= Velayutham| year= 2008| title= Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry |edition= Hardback| publisher= Routledge| location= New York| isbn= 978-0-415-39680-6 | pages=3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200210400.htm   Blazing new trails, The Hindu 2 May 2004]</ref>
'''Raja Sandow''' (born '''P. K. Nagalingam''') was an Indian actor, film director and producer.<ref name="A">{{cite book | first=S. Theodore| last=Baskaran | author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 1996| title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema | publisher= East West Books| location= Chennai| pages=194 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He began his career as an actor in silent films and later became a prominent actor and director in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] films of the 1930s. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of early [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020323061757/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/18/stories/13181282.htm |title=Mylapore and movies |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2001|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/18/stories/13181282.htm|archive-date=23 March 2002}}</ref><ref name="M">{{cite book | first=Selvaraj| last= Velayutham| year= 2008| title= Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry |edition= Hardback| publisher= Routledge| location= New York| isbn= 978-0-415-39680-6 | pages=3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521004821/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200210400.htm |title=Blazing new trails |work=The Hindu |date=2 May 2004|archive-date=21 May 2008|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200210400.htm}}</ref>


==Biography and career==
==Biography and career==
Raja Sandow was born in [[Pudukottai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name="B">{{cite book | first=B.S| last=Baliga| year= 1957| title=Madras District Gazetteers: Pudukkottai | publisher= Superintendent, Govt. Press| location= Chennai| pages=274 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mJDAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> He was trained as a gymnast and started his film career as a stunt actor in S.N. Patankar's National Film Company at [[Bombay]].<ref name="C">{{cite book | year= 1980| title=Cinema vision India, Volume 1 Issue 1| location= Chennai| pages=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jL5ZAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He was given the name "Raja Sandow" because of his physique (after strongman [[Eugen Sandow]]).<ref name="I">{{cite book | first=Neepa| last=Majumdar| year= 2009| title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–1950s| publisher=University of Illinois Press| ISBN= 978-0-252-07628-2 | pages=111–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC}}</ref> His first lead role was in Patankar's ''Bhaktha Bhodhana'' (1922), for which he was paid Rs. 101 as salary.<ref name="guy1">{{cite news|last=Randor Guy|author-link=Randor Guy|title=  A man with a vision  |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351210800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107225723/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351210800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|access-date=20 August 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2010}}</ref> He became famous by starring in silent films like ''Veer Bhemsen'' (1923), ''The Telephone Girl'' (1926).<ref name="D">{{cite book | first=Neepa| last=Majumdar| year= 2009| title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–1950s| publisher=University of Illinois Press| ISBN= 978-0-252-07628-2 | pages=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC}}</ref> After acting in a few silent films he also worked as a director in Ranjit Studios for a monthly salary.<ref name="A"/> His first film as director was ''Sneh Jyoti'' (1928).<ref name="F">{{cite book | first=Suresh| last=Chabria| year= 1994| title=Light of Asia: Indian silent cinema, 1912–1934| publisher=Wiley Eastern| ISBN= 978-81-224-0680-1| pages=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CORkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
Raja Sandow was born in [[Pudukottai]], Tamil Nadu into a mixed [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family.<ref name="B">{{cite book | first=B.S| last=Baliga| year= 1957| title=Madras District Gazetteers: Pudukkottai | publisher= Superintendent, Govt. Press| location= Chennai| pages=274 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mJDAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> He was trained as a gymnast and started his film career as a stunt actor in S.N. Patankar's National Film Company at [[Bombay]].<ref name="C">{{cite book | year= 1980| title=Cinema vision India, Volume 1 Issue 1| location= Chennai| pages=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jL5ZAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He was given the name "Raja Sandow" because of his physique (after strongman [[Eugen Sandow]]).<ref name="I">{{cite book | first=Neepa| last=Majumdar| year= 2009| title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–1950s| publisher=University of Illinois Press| ISBN= 978-0-252-07628-2 | pages=111–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC}}</ref> His first lead role was in Patankar's ''Bhakta Bodana'' (1922), for which he was paid Rs. 101 as salary.<ref name="guy1">{{cite news|last=Randor Guy|author-link=Randor Guy|title=  A man with a vision  |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351210800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107225723/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351210800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|access-date=20 August 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2010}}</ref> He became famous by starring in silent films like ''Veer Bhemsen'' (1923), ''The Telephone Girl'' (1926).<ref name="D">{{cite book | first=Neepa| last=Majumdar| year= 2009| title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–1950s| publisher=University of Illinois Press| ISBN= 978-0-252-07628-2 | pages=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC}}</ref> After acting in a few silent films he also worked as a director in Ranjit Studios for a monthly salary.<ref name="A"/> His first film as director was ''Sneh Jyoti'' (1928).<ref name="F">{{cite book | first=Suresh| last=Chabria| year= 1994| title=Light of Asia: Indian silent cinema, 1912–1934| publisher=Wiley Eastern| ISBN= 978-81-224-0680-1| pages=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CORkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>


Returning to Tamil Nadu, he directed and acted in a number of silent films for [[R. Padmanaban]]'s Associate Film Company.<ref name="A"/> Many of his silent films had reformist social themes like ''Peyum pennum'' (1930), ''Nandhanar'' (1930), ''Anadhai Penn'' (1931), ''Pride of Hindustan'' (1931) and ''sathi usha sundari'' (1931).<ref name="E">{{cite book | first=S Theodore| last= Baskaran| author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 2004| title= ''Em Thamizhar Seidha Padam'' |edition= Paperback | publisher= Uyirmmai Padippagam| location= Chennai| isbn= 81-88641-29-4 | pages=46–50 | language =ta}}</ref> After talking films were introduced with ''[[Alam Ara]]'' in 1931, he went back to Bombay and starred in many Hindi and Tamil talkies. He was often paired with the actresses Gohar and [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana (Ruby Myers)]].<ref name="A"/><ref name="I"/> Between 1932–35, he acted in many socially themed Hindi films like ''Shyam sundar'' (1932), ''Devaki'' (1934) and ''Indira MA'' (1935). In 1935, he was commissioned to direct his first Tamil film ''Menaka'' and returned to Madras. He continued directing and acting in films till his death in 1943. ''Vasantha Sena''(1936), ''Chalak Chor'' (1936), ''Chandra kantha'' (1936), ''Vishnuleela'' (1938), ''[[Thiruneelakantar]]'' (1939) and ''Choodamani'' (1941) were some of the films he directed and starred in during that period. The last film he worked in was ''[[Sivakavi]]'' (1943).
Returning to Tamil Nadu, he directed and acted in a number of silent films for [[R. Padmanaban]]'s Associate Film Company.<ref name="A"/> Many of his silent films had reformist social themes like ''Peyum pennum'' (1930), ''Nandhanar'' (1930), ''Anadhai Penn'' (1931), ''Pride of Hindustan'' (1931) and ''sathi usha sundari'' (1931).<ref name="E">{{cite book | first=S Theodore| last= Baskaran| author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 2004| title= ''Em Thamizhar Seidha Padam'' |edition= Paperback | publisher= Uyirmmai Padippagam| location= Chennai| isbn= 81-88641-29-4 | pages=46–50 | language =ta}}</ref> After talking films were introduced with ''[[Alam Ara]]'' in 1931, he went back to Bombay and starred in many Hindi and Tamil talkies. He was often paired with the actresses Gohar and [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana (Ruby Myers)]].<ref name="A"/><ref name="I"/> Between 1932 and 1935, he acted in many socially themed Hindi films like ''Shyam sundar'' (1932), ''Devaki'' (1934) and ''Indira MA'' (1935). In 1935, he was commissioned to direct his first Tamil film ''Menaka'' and returned to Madras. He continued directing and acting in films till his death in 1943. ''Vasantha Sena''(1936), ''Chalak Chor'' (1936), ''Chandra kantha'' (1936), ''Vishnuleela'' (1938), ''[[Thiruneelakantar]]'' (1939) and ''Choodamani'' (1941) were some of the films he directed and starred in during that period. The last film he worked in was ''[[Sivakavi]]'' (1943).
Sandow suffered a heart attack and died at [[Coimbatore]] on 25 November 1943.<ref name="L"/> He was survived by his wife ''Leelabai'' and one Son.
Sandow suffered a heart attack and died at [[Coimbatore]] on 25 November 1943.<ref name="L"/> He was survived by his wife ''Leelabai'' and one Son.


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:Sandowindirama.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Raja Sandow with [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana (Ruby Myers)]] in ''Indira M.A'' (1934)]]
[[File:Sandowindirama.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Raja Sandow with [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana (Ruby Myers)]] in ''Indira M.A'' (1934)]]
Sandow was the first Tamil film director to adopt the practice of using names of actors in film titles. He was the first to introduce intimate kissing scenes and dancers in revealing costumes to the then conservative Tamil film industry.<ref name ="G">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080105002002/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/01/04/stories/2008010450511600.htm Blast from the past (Menaka 1935), The Hindu, 4 January 2008 ]</ref><ref name="K">[http://www.appusami.com/v2/Default.asp?ColsName=2&ColsValue=4732&hidtxtvid=124&catid=111 From silents to sivaji ganesan]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was also the first director and producer to move Tamil cinema from remaking mythological stories and into making social themed films. He even advertised his films as "Don't miss to see your own picture".<ref name="J">{{cite book | year= 1975| title=Journal of Tamil studies, Issues 8–13| publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| pages=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9U0HAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> Sandow was also the first director to use Tamil literary works for film by directing ''Anadhai penn'' in 1931 based on  [[Kothainayaki Ammal|Vai. Mu. Kothainayagi Ammal]]'s novel of the same name.<ref name="L">{{cite book | first=S Theodore| last= Baskaran| author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 2004| title= ''Em Thamizhar Seidha Padam'' |edition= Paperback | publisher= Uyirmmai Padippagam| location= Chennai| isbn= 81-88641-29-4 | pages=35–36 | language =ta}}</ref>
Sandow was the first Tamil film director to adopt the practice of using names of actors in film titles. He was the first to introduce intimate kissing scenes and dancers in revealing costumes to the then conservative Tamil film industry.<ref name ="G">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080105002002/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/01/04/stories/2008010450511600.htm Blast from the past (Menaka 1935), The Hindu, 4 January 2008 ]</ref> He was also the first director and producer to move Tamil cinema from remaking mythological stories and into making social themed films. He even advertised his films as "Don't miss to see your own picture".<ref name="J">{{cite book | year= 1975| title=Journal of Tamil studies, Issues 8–13| publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| pages=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9U0HAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> Sandow was also the first director to use Tamil literary works for film by directing ''Anadhai penn'' in 1931 based on  [[Kothainayaki Ammal|Vai. Mu. Kothainayagi Ammal]]'s novel of the same name.<ref name="L">{{cite book | first=S Theodore| last= Baskaran| author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 2004| title= ''Em Thamizhar Seidha Padam'' |edition= Paperback | publisher= Uyirmmai Padippagam| location= Chennai| isbn= 81-88641-29-4 | pages=35–36 | language =ta}}</ref>


Writing about Sandow, film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran|Theodore Baskaran]] says:
Writing about Sandow, film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran|Theodore Baskaran]] says:
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Film historian [[Randor Guy]] has also described him as a tough task master:
Film historian [[Randor Guy]] has also described him as a tough task master:


{{Cquote |Raja Sandow was a tough and no-nonsense guy who would not hesitate to shout at and slap his crew and cast including women! Regretfully there are no such directors these days!.<ref name ="K"/>}}
{{Cquote |Raja Sandow was a tough and no-nonsense guy who would not hesitate to shout at and slap his crew and cast including women! Regretfully there are no such directors these days!.}}


The Tamil Nadu Government has instituted an annual award in his name called ''Raja Sandow memorial Award'', given for outstanding services to [[Tamil Cinema]].<ref name ="H">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm |title=The stamp of honour, The Hindu 10 July 2000 |access-date=11 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806041332/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Postage stamp has been in issued in recognition of his contributions to Indian cinema.<ref>[http://www.indianstampghar.com/2009/05/special-cover-india-pioneers-of-film-industry-4/ Indianstampghar.com]</ref>
The Tamil Nadu Government has instituted an annual award in his name called ''Raja Sandow memorial Award'', given for outstanding services to [[Tamil Cinema]].<ref name ="H">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm |title=The stamp of honour, The Hindu 10 July 2000 |access-date=11 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806041332/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> A Postage stamp has been in issued in recognition of his contributions to Indian cinema.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100107184017/http://www.indianstampghar.com/2009/05/special-cover-india-pioneers-of-film-industry-4/ Indianstampghar.com]}}</ref>


==Filmography==
==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| 1922
| 1922
| ''Bhaktha Bhodhana''
| ''Bhakta Bodana''
| Silent film
| Silent film
| Actor
| Actor
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|-
|-
| 1925
| 1925
| ''Mojili Mumbai''(Slaves of Luxury)
| ''[[Mojili Mumbai]]'' (The Slaves of Luxury)
| Silent film
| Silent film
| Actor
| Actor
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|-
|-
| 1926
| 1926
| Telephone Girl
| ''Telephone Girl''
| Silent film
| Silent film
| Actor
| Actor
|-
|-
| 1926
| 1926
| Typist Girl
| ''Typist Girl''
| Silent film
| Silent film
| Actor
| Actor
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| 1927
| 1927
| ''Bhaneli Bhamini''
| ''Bhaneli Bhamini''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1927
| ''[[Gunsundari (1927 film)|Gunsundari]]''
| Silent film
| Silent film
| Actor
| Actor
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|-
|-
| 1927
| 1927
| The Mission Girl
| ''The Mission Girl''
| Silent film
| Silent film
| Actor
| Actor
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[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1890s births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai]]
Line 483: Line 486:
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

Latest revision as of 22:52, 2 December 2025


Raja Sandow
Born1894 or 1895[1]
Pudukottai, India
Died1943 (aged 48–49)
OccupationFilm director,
film producer,
Actor
Years active1923–1943

Raja Sandow (born P. K. Nagalingam) was an Indian actor, film director and producer.[2] He began his career as an actor in silent films and later became a prominent actor and director in Tamil and Hindi films of the 1930s. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of early Indian cinema.[3][4][5]

Biography and career[edit | edit source]

Raja Sandow was born in Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu into a mixed Marathi and Telugu family.[6] He was trained as a gymnast and started his film career as a stunt actor in S.N. Patankar's National Film Company at Bombay.[7] He was given the name "Raja Sandow" because of his physique (after strongman Eugen Sandow).[8] His first lead role was in Patankar's Bhakta Bodana (1922), for which he was paid Rs. 101 as salary.[9] He became famous by starring in silent films like Veer Bhemsen (1923), The Telephone Girl (1926).[10] After acting in a few silent films he also worked as a director in Ranjit Studios for a monthly salary.[2] His first film as director was Sneh Jyoti (1928).[11]

Returning to Tamil Nadu, he directed and acted in a number of silent films for R. Padmanaban's Associate Film Company.[2] Many of his silent films had reformist social themes like Peyum pennum (1930), Nandhanar (1930), Anadhai Penn (1931), Pride of Hindustan (1931) and sathi usha sundari (1931).[12] After talking films were introduced with Alam Ara in 1931, he went back to Bombay and starred in many Hindi and Tamil talkies. He was often paired with the actresses Gohar and Sulochana (Ruby Myers).[2][8] Between 1932 and 1935, he acted in many socially themed Hindi films like Shyam sundar (1932), Devaki (1934) and Indira MA (1935). In 1935, he was commissioned to direct his first Tamil film Menaka and returned to Madras. He continued directing and acting in films till his death in 1943. Vasantha Sena(1936), Chalak Chor (1936), Chandra kantha (1936), Vishnuleela (1938), Thiruneelakantar (1939) and Choodamani (1941) were some of the films he directed and starred in during that period. The last film he worked in was Sivakavi (1943). Sandow suffered a heart attack and died at Coimbatore on 25 November 1943.[13] He was survived by his wife Leelabai and one Son.

Legacy[edit | edit source]

Raja Sandow with Sulochana (Ruby Myers) in Indira M.A (1934)

Sandow was the first Tamil film director to adopt the practice of using names of actors in film titles. He was the first to introduce intimate kissing scenes and dancers in revealing costumes to the then conservative Tamil film industry.[14] He was also the first director and producer to move Tamil cinema from remaking mythological stories and into making social themed films. He even advertised his films as "Don't miss to see your own picture".[15] Sandow was also the first director to use Tamil literary works for film by directing Anadhai penn in 1931 based on Vai. Mu. Kothainayagi Ammal's novel of the same name.[13]

Writing about Sandow, film historian Theodore Baskaran says:

As a director, actor, scriptwriter and producer, his contribution to Tamil cinema is significant. Many of the stars of the Forties and Fifties have worked with him. He was very competent at coaching actors and maintained complete control over his films. He was a martinet on the sets and was often compared to a ringmaster in a circus. In his films, the emphasis shifted from songs to the spoken word.[2]

Film historian Randor Guy has also described him as a tough task master:

Raja Sandow was a tough and no-nonsense guy who would not hesitate to shout at and slap his crew and cast including women! Regretfully there are no such directors these days!.

The Tamil Nadu Government has instituted an annual award in his name called Raja Sandow memorial Award, given for outstanding services to Tamil Cinema.[16] A Postage stamp has been in issued in recognition of his contributions to Indian cinema.[17]

Filmography[edit | edit source]

Year Film Language Credits
1922 Bhakta Bodana Silent film Actor
1922 Karna Silent film Actor
1922 Suryakumari Silent film Actor
1923 Veer Bhimsen Silent film Actor
1923 Vratrasoor Vadha Silent film Actor
1924 Ra Mandlik Silent film Actor
1924 Bismi Sadi Silent film Actor
1924 Razia Begum Silent film Actor
1924 Sadguni Sushila Silent film Actor
1924 Sati Sone Silent film Actor
1925 Deshna Dushman (The Divine Punishment) Silent film Actor
1925 Deva dasi Silent film Actor
1925 Indrasabha Silent film Actor
1925 Kala Chor(The Black Thief) Silent film Actor
1925 Khandani Khavis(The Noble Scamp) Silent film Actor
1925 Matri Prem(For Mother's Sake) Silent film Actor
1925 Mojili Mumbai (The Slaves of Luxury) Silent film Actor
1925 Panchdanda(Five Divine Wands) Silent film Actor
1925 Raja Yogi Silent film Actor
1925 Suvarna Silent film Actor
1925 Veer Kunal Silent film Actor
1925 Vimala Silent film Actor
1926 Madhav Kam Kundala Silent film Actor
1926 Mena Kumari Silent film Actor
1926 Muntaz Mahal Silent film Actor
1926 Neerajanam Silent film Actor
1926 Prithvi Putra Silent film Actor
1926 Ra Kawat Silent film Actor
1926 Samrat Shiladitya Silent film Actor
1926 Telephone Girl Silent film Actor
1926 Typist Girl Silent film Actor
1927 Bhaneli Bhamini Silent film Actor
1927 Gunsundari Silent film Actor
1927 Sati Madri Silent film Actor
1927 Sindh Ni Sumari Silent film Actor
1927 The Mission Girl Silent film Actor
1927 Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag(Aladdin & the Wonderful Lamp) Silent film Actor
1928 Grihalakshmi Silent film Actor
1928 Naag Padmini Silent film Actor
1928 Sneh Jyoti Silent film Actor, director
1928 Up-to-date Silent film Actor
1928 Vishwamohini Silent film Actor
1929 Young India Silent film Actor
1929 Young India Silent film Actor
1930 Bhimsen The Mighty Silent film Actor
1930 Peyum pennum Silent film Actor, director
1930 Rajlakshmi Silent film Actor
1930 Nandhanar (Elevation of the Downtrodden) Silent film Actor, director
1930 Sri Valli Thirumanam Silent film Actor, director
1930 Anadhai penn Silent film Actor, director
1931 Taranhar (Pride of Hindustan) Silent film Actor, director
1931 Sati Usha Sundari Silent film Director
1931 Rajeshwari Silent film Director
1931 Bhaktavatsala (Dhuruvanin Garvabangam) Silent film Director
1932 Parijaatha pushpaharanam Tamil Director
1932 Shyam sundar Hindi Actor
1933 Pardesi Preetam Hindi Actor
1933 Noor-E-Imaan Hindi Actor
1934 Devaki Hindi Actor
1934 Kashmeera Hindi Actor
1934 Toofani Taruni Hindi Actor
1934 Indira M.A Hindi Actor
1935 Toofani Taruni Hindi Actor
1935 Raat-Ki-Rani Hindi Actor, director
1935 Barrister's wife Hindi Actor
1935 College Kanya Hindi Actor
1935 Desh Dasi Hindi Actor
1935 Menaka Tamil Director
1936 Prabhu Ka Pyara Hindi Actor
1936 Vasantha Sena Tamil Actor, director
1936 Vasantha Sena Tamil Actor, director
1936 Chalak Chor Hindi Actor, director
1936 Chandrakantha Tamil Scriptwriter, director
1936 Dil ka Daku Hindi Actor
1936 Matlabi Duniya Hindi Actor
1937 Toofani Tarzan Hindi Actor
1937 Minor Rajamani Tamil Director
1938 Nandha Kumar Tamil Actor
1938 Vishnuleela Tamil Actor, director
1939 Thiruneelakantar Tamil Actor
1941 Choodamani Telugu Director
1942 Araichimani Tamil Director
1943 Sivakavi Tamil Director (replaced halfway)

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ S. Theodore Baskaran, in his book The eye of the serpent, gives 1894 as the year of birth for Sandow. Randor Guy says he was born in 1895.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Baskaran, S. Theodore (1996). The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema. Chennai: East West Books. p. 194.
  3. ↑ "Mylapore and movies". The Hindu. 18 October 2001. Archived from the original on 23 March 2002.
  4. ↑ Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry (Hardback ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-415-39680-6.
  5. ↑ "Blazing new trails". The Hindu. 2 May 2004. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008.
  6. ↑ Baliga, B.S (1957). Madras District Gazetteers: Pudukkottai. Chennai: Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 274.
  7. ↑ Cinema vision India, Volume 1 Issue 1. Chennai. 1980. p. 37.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Majumdar, Neepa (2009). Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–1950s. University of Illinois Press. pp. 111–2. ISBN 978-0-252-07628-2.
  9. ↑ Randor Guy (20 August 2010). "A man with a vision". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  10. ↑ Majumdar, Neepa (2009). Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–1950s. University of Illinois Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-252-07628-2.
  11. ↑ Chabria, Suresh (1994). Light of Asia: Indian silent cinema, 1912–1934. Wiley Eastern. p. 138. ISBN 978-81-224-0680-1.
  12. ↑ Baskaran, S Theodore (2004). Em Thamizhar Seidha Padam (in தமிழ்) (Paperback ed.). Chennai: Uyirmmai Padippagam. pp. 46–50. ISBN 81-88641-29-4.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Baskaran, S Theodore (2004). Em Thamizhar Seidha Padam (in தமிழ்) (Paperback ed.). Chennai: Uyirmmai Padippagam. pp. 35–36. ISBN 81-88641-29-4.
  14. ↑ Blast from the past (Menaka 1935), The Hindu, 4 January 2008
  15. ↑ Journal of Tamil studies, Issues 8–13. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1975. p. 41.
  16. ↑ "The stamp of honour, The Hindu 10 July 2000". Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  17. ↑ Indianstampghar.com[usurped]

External links[edit | edit source]

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