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| {{merge|Human|date=April 2021}} | | #REDIRECT [[Human]] |
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| {{speciesbox | | {{Redirect category shell| |
| | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|0.3|0}} <small>[[Middle Pleistocene]]–[[Holocene|Present]]</small>
| | {{R from scientific name|mammal}} |
| | image = Akha cropped hires.JPG
| | {{R from move}} |
| | image_upright = 0.9
| | {{R with history}} |
| | image_caption = Male and female ''H s. sapiens''<br/>([[Akha people|Akha]] in northern Thailand,<br/> 2010 photograph)
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| | image_alt = Akha man and woman in northern Thailand – husband carries stem of banana-plant, which will be fed to their pigs
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| | status = LC
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| | status_system = IUCN3.1
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| | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author = Global Mammal Assessment Team | title = ''Homo sapiens'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2008 | page = e.T136584A4313662 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2008 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136584/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136584A4313662.en | accessdate = 12 January 2018 | archive-date = 7 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171207092900/http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136584/0 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
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| | taxon = Homo sapiens
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| | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
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| | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
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| | subdivision = ''[[Homo sapiens sapiens|H. s. sapiens]]''<br/>†''[[Homo sapiens idaltu|H. s. idaltu]]''<br />†''[[Homo sapiens neanderthalensis|H. s. neanderthalensis]]''(?)<br /> †''[[Homo sapiens rhodesiensis|H. s. rhodesiensis]]''(?)<br/>([[human subspecies|others proposed]])
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| }} | | }} |
| '''''Homo sapiens''''' ([[Latin]]: "wise man") is the [[scientific name]] for the [[human]] species.
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| ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' is the human [[genus]]. ''H. sapiens'' is the only surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. ''Homo Sapiens'' are sometimes called "anatomically modern humans".
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| ==Origin==
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| {{main|Out of Africa}} | |
| [[File:Homo-Stammbaum, Version Stringer-en.svg|370px|thumb|Schematic representation of the emergence of ''H. sapiens'' from earlier species of ''Homo''. The horizontal axis shows geographic location; the vertical axis shows time in millions of years ago. <br/>Blue areas show presence at a given time and place.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stringer | first=C. | title=What makes a modern human | journal=Nature | year=2012 | volume=485 | issue=7396 | pages=33–35 | doi=10.1038/485033a | pmid=22552077| s2cid=4420496 }}</ref>]]
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| The recent African origin of modern humans is the mainstream model of the origin and dispersal of anatomically modern humans.<ref>Wood B. 2010. Reconstructing human evolution: achievements, challenges, and opportunities. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' '''107''': 8902–8909. [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/Supplement_2/8902.full#abstract-1]</ref>
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| The hypothesis that humans have a single origin was published in [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[The Descent of Man]]'' (1871). The concept is supported by a study of present-day [[mitochondrial DNA]], and with evidence based on [[physical anthropology]] of fossil humans. According to genetic and fossil evidence, older versions of ''Homo sapiens'' evolved only in [[Africa]], between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago, with members of one branch leaving Africa by 90,000 years ago and over time replacing earlier human populations such as [[Neanderthal]]s and ''[[Homo erectus]]''.
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| The recent single origin of modern humans in [[East Africa]] is the near-consensus position held within the scientific community.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/505436|doi=10.1086/505436|title=A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History|year=2006|last1=Liu|first1=Hua|last2=Prugnolle|first2=Franck|last3=Manica|first3=Andrea|last4=Balloux|first4=François|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=79|issue=2|pages=230–237|pmid=16826514|pmc=1559480}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;308/5724/921g |title=Out of Africa revisited - ''Science'' '''308''' (5724): 921g - |doi=10.1126/science.308.5724.921g |publisher=Sciencemag.org |date=2005-05-13 |s2cid=220100436 |accessdate=2009-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Nature |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/423692a.html |title=Access: human evolution: out of Ethiopia |journal=Nature |date=2003-06-12 |volume=423 |issue=6941 |pages=693–695 |doi=10.1038/423692a |pmid=12802315 |s2cid=26693109 |accessdate=2009-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html |title=Origins of modern humans: multiregional or out of Africa? |publisher=ActionBioscience |accessdate=2009-11-23 |archive-date=2010-11-22 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5uQpZnojk?url=http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/origins/migration.htm |title=Modern humans - single origin (out of Africa) vs multiregional |publisher=Asa3.org |accessdate=2009-11-23}}</ref>
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| Sequencing of the full [[Neanderthal genome]] suggests Neanderthals and some modern humans share some ancient genetic lineages. The authors of the study suggest that their findings are consistent with Neanderthal admixture of up to 4% in some populations. The reason for this admixture is not known.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome|year=2010 |last=Green R.E. | display-authors = etal |doi=10.1126/science.1188021 |publisher=[[Science (journal)]] |pmid=20448178 |volume=328|issue=5979|pages=710–22 |journal=Science|pmc=5100745|bibcode=2010Sci...328..710G}}</ref> In August 2012, a study suggested that the DNA overlap is a remnant of a common ancestor of both Neanderthals and modern humans.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/aug/14/study-doubt-human-neanderthal-interbreeding Study casts doubt on human-Neanderthal interbreeding theory], The Guardian, Tuesday 14 August 2012</ref><ref>Anders Eriksson and Andrea Manica [http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/08/14/1200567109 Effect of ancient population structure on the degree of polymorphism shared between modern human populations and ancient hominins] ''PNAS'' 2012 : 1200567109v1-201200567. July 20, 2012</ref>
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| ==Evolution==
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| {{see|Human evolution}}
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| The time frame for the evolution of the genus ''[[Homo]]'' out of the last common ancestor is roughly 10 to 2 million years ago, that of ''H. sapiens'' out of ''[[Homo erectus]]'' roughly 1.8 to 0.2 million years ago.
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| Scientific study of [[human evolution]] is mostly concerned with the development of the genus ''Homo'', but usually involves studying other [[hominidae|hominids]] and [[homininae|hominines]] as well, such as ''[[Australopithecus]]''. "Modern humans" are defined as the ''Homo sapiens'' [[species]], of which the only living [[subspecies]] is known as ''Homo sapiens sapiens''.
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| ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'', the other known subspecies, is now extinct.<ref>[http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/projects/human/# Human evolution: the fossil evidence in 3D], by Philip L. Walker and Edward H. Hagen, Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved April 5, 2005.</ref> ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]'', which became extinct 30,000 years ago, has sometimes been classified as a subspecies, "''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis''". Genetic studies now suggest that the functional DNA of modern humans and Neanderthals diverged 500,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Green R.E. | display-authors = etal |year=2006 |title=Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA |journal=Nature | volume = 444 | issue = 7117 |pages= 16, 330–336 | doi = 10.1038/nature05336 | pmid = 17108958 | bibcode = 2006Natur.444..330G | s2cid = 4320907 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7117/abs/nature05336.html}}</ref>
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| Similarly, the discovered specimens of the ''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]'' species have been classified by some as a subspecies, but this classification is not widely accepted.
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| ===Earliest fossils of the species===
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| Until recently it was thought that anatomically modern humans first appeared in the [[fossil record]] in Africa about 195,000 years ago. Studies of [[molecular biology]] suggested that the approximate time of divergence from the common ancestor of all modern human populations was 200,000 years ago.<ref>[http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=102968 nsf.gov - National Science Foundation (NSF) News - New clues add 40,000 years to age of human species - US National Science Foundation (NSF)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>
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| {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4269299.stm | work=BBC News | title=Age of ancient humans reassessed | date=February 16, 2005 | accessdate=April 10, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050223122209.htm The oldest ''Homo sapiens'':] – URL retrieved May 15, 2009</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Alemseged, Z., Coppens, Y., Geraads, D. |title=Hominid cranium from ''Homo'': description and taxonomy of ''Homo''-323-1976-896 |journal=Am J Phys Anthropol |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=103–12 |year=2002 |pmid=11815945 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10032}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stoneking, Mark; Soodyall, Himla |title=Human evolution and the mitochondrial genome |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=731–6 |year=1996 |doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80028-1|pmid=8994844 }}</ref> The broad study of African genetic diversity found the ǂKhomani [[San people]] had the greatest genetic diversity among the 113 distinct populations sampled, making them one of 14 "ancestral population clusters". The research also placed the origin of modern human migration in south-western Africa, near the coastal border of [[Namibia]] and [[Angola]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |last2=Gignoux |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Jobin |first3=Matthew |year=2011 |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–62 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108|pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm | work=BBC News | first=Victoria | last=Gill | title=Africa's genetic secrets unlocked | date=May 1, 2009}}; the results were published in the online edition of the journal ''Science''.</ref>
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| In the 1960s an [[archaeological site]] at Jebel Irhoud in [[Morocco]] was dated as about 40,000 years old but it was re-dated in the 2000s. It is now thought to be between 300,000 and 350,000 years old. The skull form is almost identical to modern humans,<ref>Ghosh P. 2017. First of our kind found in Morocco. ''BBC News'' Science & Environment. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-40194150]</ref> though the jaw is different.
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| The forces of [[natural selection]] have continued to operate on human populations, with evidence that certain regions of the genome show selection in the past 15,000 years.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/science/07evolve.html | title = Still evolving, human genes tell new story | last =Wade | first = N | date = 2006-03-07 | accessdate = 2008-07-10 | work = The New York Times}}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| [[Category:Hominins]]
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| [[Category:Humans]]
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