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[[Image:Proton Exchange Fuel Cell Diagram.svg|thumb| | {{Short description|Type of fuel cell}} | ||
[[Image:Proton Exchange Fuel Cell Diagram.svg|thumb|Diagram of a phosphoric acid fuel cell]] | |||
'''Phosphoric acid fuel cells''' ('''PAFC''') are a type of [[fuel cell]] that uses liquid [[phosphoric acid]] as an [[electrolyte]]. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Such characteristics have made the PAFC a good candidate for early stationary applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/types-fuel-cells#phosphoric.|title = Types of Fuel Cells}}</ref> | '''Phosphoric acid fuel cells''' ('''PAFC''') are a type of [[fuel cell]] that uses liquid [[phosphoric acid]] as an [[electrolyte]]. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Such characteristics have made the PAFC a good candidate for early stationary applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/types-fuel-cells#phosphoric.|title = Types of Fuel Cells}}</ref> | ||
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==Electrode reactions== | ==Electrode reactions== | ||
Anode reaction: 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4H<sup>+</sup> + | Anode reaction: 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e | ||
Cathode reaction: O<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e‾ → 2H<sub>2</sub>O | Cathode reaction: O<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e‾ → 2H<sub>2</sub>O | ||
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==Advantages and disadvantages== | ==Advantages and disadvantages== | ||
At an operating range of 150 to 200 °C, the expelled water can be converted to steam for air and water heating ([[Cogeneration|combined heat and power]]). This potentially allows [[thermodynamic efficiency|efficiency]] increases of up to 70%.<ref> | At an operating range of 150 to 200 °C, the expelled water can be converted to steam for air and water heating ([[Cogeneration|combined heat and power]]). This potentially allows [[thermodynamic efficiency|efficiency]] increases of up to 70%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fuel Cells |url=http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/renewables/fuel-cells |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123204231/http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/renewables/fuel-cells |archivedate=Nov 23, 2010 |website=Center for Sustainable Energy}}</ref> PAFCs are [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]]-tolerant and can tolerate a [[carbon monoxide|CO]] concentration of about 1.5%, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed.<ref name="FCorg">[http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html Fuel Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : Types<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127051636/http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html |date=2008-11-27 }}.</ref> At lower temperatures phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor, and CO poisoning of the platinum electro-catalyst in the anode becomes severe.<ref name="FuelcellHandbook">{{cite web |url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/pubs/fchandbook7.pdf |title= Solid Oxide Fuel Cell|website=www.netl.doe.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123023857/http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/pubs/fchandbook7.pdf |archive-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> However, they are much less sensitive to CO than [[proton-exchange membrane fuel cell]]s (PEMFC) and [[alkaline fuel cell]]s (AFC). | ||
Disadvantages include rather low power density and chemically aggressive electrolyte.{{clarify|date=January 2012}} | Disadvantages include rather low power density and chemically aggressive electrolyte.{{clarify|date=January 2012}} | ||
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==Applications== | ==Applications== | ||
[[File:PureCell System 400 CEP.jpg|thumb|PureCell System 400 CEP]] | [[File:PureCell System 400 CEP.jpg|thumb|PureCell System 400 CEP]] | ||
PAFC have been used for stationary power generators with output in the 100 kW to 400 kW range and are also finding application in large vehicles such as buses.<ref name="FCToday">[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/about-fuel-cells/technologies/pafc Fuel Cell Today | PAFC have been used for stationary power generators with output in the 100 kW to 400 kW range and are also finding application in large vehicles such as buses.<ref name="FCToday">[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/about-fuel-cells/technologies/pafc Fuel Cell Today – Home Page<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> | ||
Major manufacturers of PAFC technology include Doosan Fuel Cell America Inc.<ref>http://www.doosanfuelcell.com/en/main.do | Major manufacturers of PAFC technology include Doosan Fuel Cell America Inc.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.doosanfuelcell.com/en/main.do | title=Doosan Fuelcell America }}</ref> (formerly [[ClearEdge Power]] & UTC Power<ref>[http://www.clearedgepower.com/news/clearedge-power-completes-acquisition-utc-power ClearEdge Power – Media Room<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref>) and [[Fuji Electric]]. | ||
India's [[DRDO]] has developed PAFC based [[air-independent propulsion]] for integration into their {{ | India's [[DRDO]] has developed PAFC based [[air-independent propulsion]] for integration into their {{Sclass|Kalvari|submarine|||2015}}s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indianbuilt-scorpene-to-carry-critical-drdo-system/article6558305.ece| title=Indian-built Scorpene to carry critical DRDO system | work=The Hindu | date=3 Nov 2014 | accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1016372.ece | title=DRDO working on system to cut submarine vulnerability | date= 30 December 2010 | first=S. | last=Anandan | newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828192711/http://www.utcpower.com/ UTC Power Official Site] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828192711/http://www.utcpower.com/ UTC Power Official Site] | ||
* [http://www.smartplanet.com/photos/off-the-grid-10-fuel-cell-deployments-photos/6266998?tag=thumbnail-view-selector;get-photo-roto Photo Gallery of Fuel Cells Being Used Today] | * [http://www.smartplanet.com/photos/off-the-grid-10-fuel-cell-deployments-photos/6266998?tag=thumbnail-view-selector;get-photo-roto Photo Gallery of Fuel Cells Being Used Today] | ||
* [http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2011/02/07/cox-communications-partners-with-utc-power-to-install-fuel-cells-in-california/ Cox Communications Installs Fuel Cells in California] | * [http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2011/02/07/cox-communications-partners-with-utc-power-to-install-fuel-cells-in-california/ Cox Communications Installs Fuel Cells in California] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203074606/http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2011/02/07/cox-communications-partners-with-utc-power-to-install-fuel-cells-in-california/ |date=2011-12-03 }} | ||
*[http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/fuelcells/fuelscells_phosacid.html D.O.E. -PAFC] | *[http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/fuelcells/fuelscells_phosacid.html D.O.E. -PAFC] | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923152407/http://www.fctec.com/fctec_types_pafc.asp Fuel Cell Basics] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923152407/http://www.fctec.com/fctec_types_pafc.asp Fuel Cell Basics] | ||
* [http://www.earthtoys.com/emagazine.php?issue_number=06.04.01&article=fuelcells Alternative Energy Magazine] | * [http://www.earthtoys.com/emagazine.php?issue_number=06.04.01&article=fuelcells Alternative Energy Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917054335/http://www.earthtoys.com/emagazine.php?issue_number=06.04.01&article=fuelcells |date=2011-09-17 }} | ||
* [http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/08/31/supermarket-installs-400-kw-fuel-cell/ Supermarket Benefits From 400kW Fuel Cell] | * [http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/08/31/supermarket-installs-400-kw-fuel-cell/ Supermarket Benefits From 400kW Fuel Cell] | ||
* [http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/Grocery-Retail.pdf Stationary Fuel Cells at Retail and Grocery Sites] | * [http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/Grocery-Retail.pdf Stationary Fuel Cells at Retail and Grocery Sites] | ||
Latest revision as of 03:14, 20 February 2025
Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) are a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Such characteristics have made the PAFC a good candidate for early stationary applications.[1]
Design[edit | edit source]
Electrolyte is highly concentrated or pure liquid phosphoric acid (H3PO4) saturated in a silicon carbide (SiC) matrix. Operating range is about 150 to 210 °C. The electrodes are made of carbon paper coated with a finely dispersed platinum catalyst.
Electrode reactions[edit | edit source]
Anode reaction: 2H2(g) → 4H+ + 4e
Cathode reaction: O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e‾ → 2H2O
Overall cell reaction: 2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Advantages and disadvantages[edit | edit source]
At an operating range of 150 to 200 °C, the expelled water can be converted to steam for air and water heating (combined heat and power). This potentially allows efficiency increases of up to 70%.[2] PAFCs are CO2-tolerant and can tolerate a CO concentration of about 1.5%, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed.[3] At lower temperatures phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor, and CO poisoning of the platinum electro-catalyst in the anode becomes severe.[4] However, they are much less sensitive to CO than proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and alkaline fuel cells (AFC).
Disadvantages include rather low power density and chemically aggressive electrolyte.[clarification needed]
Applications[edit | edit source]
PAFC have been used for stationary power generators with output in the 100 kW to 400 kW range and are also finding application in large vehicles such as buses.[5]
Major manufacturers of PAFC technology include Doosan Fuel Cell America Inc.[6] (formerly ClearEdge Power & UTC Power[7]) and Fuji Electric.
India's DRDO has developed PAFC based air-independent propulsion for integration into their -class submarines.[8][9]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Types of Fuel Cells".
- ↑ "Fuel Cells". Center for Sustainable Energy. Archived from the original on Nov 23, 2010.
- ↑ Fuel Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : Types Archived 2008-11-27 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell" (PDF). www.netl.doe.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 23, 2010.
- ↑ Fuel Cell Today – Home Page.
- ↑ "Doosan Fuelcell America".
- ↑ ClearEdge Power – Media Room.
- ↑ "Indian-built Scorpene to carry critical DRDO system". The Hindu. 3 Nov 2014. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
- ↑ Anandan, S. (30 December 2010). "DRDO working on system to cut submarine vulnerability". The Hindu.
External links[edit | edit source]
- National Pollutant Inventory - Phosphoric acid fact sheet
- UTC Power Official Site
- Photo Gallery of Fuel Cells Being Used Today
- Cox Communications Installs Fuel Cells in California Archived 2011-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
- D.O.E. -PAFC
- Fuel Cell Basics
- Alternative Energy Magazine Archived 2011-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- Supermarket Benefits From 400kW Fuel Cell
- Stationary Fuel Cells at Retail and Grocery Sites