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{{Short description|Indian ruler's title}}
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{{Distinguish|text=[[Nayak (surname)]]}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Nayak (caste)]]}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Nayak (caste)]]}}
{{Short description|Surname}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
The '''Nayak''' is a historic Indian title conferred on [[Sardar]]s, who were [[governor]]s of feudal states in the Middle Ages. Today it is also a surname. Nayaks are mostly [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]], who follow [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]] respectively.


==As a surname==
'''Nayak''', '''Nayaka''' or '''Nayakar''', was historically a [[Indian honorifics|honorific]] [[Noble title|title]] conferred on a military captain in various [[Indian feudalism|feudal states]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name=":0" /> as a derivative of the ancient Sanskrit word Nāyaka.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=nAyaka&dir=au | title=Learn Sanskrit | website=www.learnsanskrit.cc}}</ref> The [[Noble title|title]] often came with a [[Prize of war|prize]] in the form of a [[Polygar|palayam]], [[jagir]], [[zamindar]]i, or similar grant of a [[fief]] carved out of the newly annexed territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=http://archive.org/details/aristocracyofsou00vadiuoft |title=The aristocracy of southern India |publisher=Printed by Vest |year=1903 |location=Madras |pages=129–152}}</ref> Today, they are also used as surnames by the descendants of the original recipients and as the modern military rank of [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]], while the film industry has co-opted the term with [[Katha Nayagan (disambiguation)|Katha Nayagan]] and [[Kathanayakudu (disambiguation)|Kathanayakudu]]. The title is closely related to the Telugu [[Nayakudu]], Nayudu, or [[Naidu]], the Malayali [[Nair]], and the Tamil Nayakar, [[Nayakan]], Naicken and Naicker. Nayaks are mostly [[Hindu]] with a few [[Sikh|Sikhs.]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Kumar Suresh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHL_bToO9oEC |title=People of India: Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-564444-9 |page=54}}</ref>
Today, the surname ''Nayak'' is used by various [[Indian castes|castes]] and [[Indian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] across India. Mostly they belong from [[forward class]] and mainly follows [[Sikhism]] and [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=People of India: Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHL_bToO9oEC|page=54|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-564444-9}}</ref>


* '''Nayak''', or '''Naik''' is a [[Indian honorifics|title]] used by [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[Princely state|Princely State]] of [[Jawhar State|Jawhar]] was founded by a [[List of Koli titles, clans and subcastes|Koli]] Nayak [[Jayaba Mukne]] around 1300.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=103: the state of [[Jawhar]], below the mountains in the [[Konkan]], was founded by a Koli nayak around 1300 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Maval]] region was known as  [[Maratha occupation of Kolistan (1672)|Koli country]] of fifty two [[Valley|valleys]] in [[Maratha Empire]]. Each valley was controlled by a [[List of Koli states and clans|Koli]] Nayak and the Sirnayak, or head chief, lived at [[Junnar taluka|Junnar]], and presided over the [[Gotra|gotarni]], or caste council.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |last2=Hardiman |first2=Professor of History David |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=221: The Koli country was then known as the Bavan Mavals , or '52 valleys ' in Maratha Empire . Each valley was controlled by a Koli chief , or nayak . The sirnayak , or head chief , lived at Junnar , and presided over the gotarni , or caste council |language=en}}</ref> the [[Forts in India|Fort]] of [[Sinhagad]] was built and ruled by [[Koli people|Koli]] chief [[Nag Nayak of Sinhagad|Nag Nayak]] who resisted the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Sultan]] [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] for eight months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Himanshu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAa9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Nayak+Koli&pg=PT23 |title=Veer Tanhaji Malusare |date=2019-11-05 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-5296-955-5 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> the Kolis of Maharashtra revolted against Mughal ruler [[Aurangzeb]] under their Koli chief [[Khemirao Sarnaik|Khemirao Sirnaik]] and in 1769, Kolis revolted against Peshwa of [[Maratha Empire]] under their Koli Naik [[Javji Bamble]] and broken the peace of Konkan and in 1798, Kolis challenged the [[British Raj|British government]] under their Koli Naik Ramji Naik Bhangria who was father of freedom fighter [[Raghoji Bhangare]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&dq=Koli+Naik&pg=PA333 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref>
== As a title ==
Today, the title is used by various [[Indian castes|castes]] and [[Indian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] across India as a matter of tradition and custom.


* In Punjab and Chandigarh, the surname Nayak is used by [[sikhs|Sikh]] people who follow [[Sikhism]] and are known as [[kshathriya]] in their societies.
* [[Nayak (surname)|Nayak]] and Naik are surnames used by [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[Princely state|Princely State]] of [[Jawhar State|Jawhar]] was founded by a [[Koliya|Koli]] Nayak [[Jayaba Mukne]] around 1300.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=103: the state of [[Jawhar]], below the mountains in the [[Konkan]], was founded by a Koli nayak around 1300 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Maval]] region was known as Koli country of fifty two [[valley]]s in [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]]. Each valley was controlled by a [[List of Koli states and clans|Koli]] Nayak and the Sirnayak, or head chief, lived at [[Junnar taluka|Junnar]], and presided over the [[Gotra|gotarni]], or caste council.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |last2=Hardiman |first2=Professor of History David |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=221|quote=The Koli country was then known as the Bavan Mavals, or '52 valleys ' in Maratha Empire . Each valley was controlled by a Koli chief, or nayak . The sirnayak, or head chief, lived at Junnar, and presided over the gotarni, or caste council |language=en}}</ref> the [[Forts in India|Fort]] of [[Sinhagad]] was built and ruled by [[Koli people|Koli]] chief [[Nag Nayak of Sinhagad|Nag Nayak]] who resisted the [[Sultan]] [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] for eight months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Himanshu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAa9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Nayak+Koli&pg=PT23 |title=Veer Tanhaji Malusare |date=2019-11-05 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5296-955-5 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> the Kolis of Maharashtra revolted against Mughal ruler [[Aurangzeb]] under their Koli chief [[Khemirao Sarnaik|Khemirao Sirnaik]] and in 1769, Kolis revolted against Peshwa of [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] under their Koli Naik [[Javji Bamble]] and broken the peace of Konkan and in 1798, Kolis challenged the [[East India Company|Company]] under their Koli Naik Ramji Naik Bhangria who was father of freedom fighters [[Bapuji Bhangare]] and [[Raghoji Bhangare]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&dq=Koli+Naik&pg=PA333 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref>
* In West Bengal, The Nayak is used by [[Hindus|Hindu]] people who follow [[Hinduism]].
* In Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka, the Naik and Nayak versions are used by people belonging to [[Lambadi]] and [[Banjara]] social groups. Naicker and Naidu titles are also used by Telugu castes, such as [[Balija]], [[Golla (caste)|Golla]] and [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&pg=PA89|title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh|publisher=M D Publications|author=A. Vijay Kumari|year=1998|page=89|isbn=978-81-7533-072-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=|quote=Naidu is a title assumed by a number of Telugu castes such as Balija, Bestha, Boya, Ekari, Gavara, Golla, Kaingi, Kamma, Kapu, Mutracha and Velama. They had migrated from Telugu country during the Vijayanagar rule.|title=Journal of Indian History - Volume 85|location= |publisher= Department of History, University of Kerala |year=2006|page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXJDAAAAYAAJ&q=++title+assumed++number+mutracha++Telugu+castes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|others=Assisted by K. Rangachari|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume V of VII
* Naik was another Name of Banjara Tribe of India. The Naik/Nayak surname is generally used by [[Banjaras]]/[[Lambani]]/[[Labana]] throughout [[India]]. Banjaras can also be described as Naik in Uttar Pradesh. Head of Banjara village/Tanda is called Naik. Some notable Banjaras with the Naik surname are [[Vasantrao Naik]] and [[Sudhakarrao Naik]].
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYF-lsBwZnYC&dq=Balija%2C+Bestha%2C+B%C5%8Dya%2C+%C4%92kari%2C+Gavara%2C+Golla%2C+K%C4%81lingi%2C+K%C4%81pu%2C+Mutr%C4%81cha%2C+and+Velama&pg=PT89|publisher=Library of Alexandria|year=2020|orig-date=1909|isbn=978-1-4655-8240-9|quote=Naidu.— Naidu or Nāyudu is a title, returned at times of census by many Telugu classes, e.g., Balija, Bestha, Bōya, Ēkari, Gavara, Golla, Kālingi, Kāpu, Mutrācha, and Velama. A Tamilian, when speaking of a Telugu person bearing this title, would call him Naicker or Naickan instead of Naidu}}</ref> Also in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], the Naik surname is adopted as a surname by other communities, including Bedar.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kumar Suresh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4bW-_jEvXoC |title=Ethnography, Customary Law, and Change |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7022-471-6 |page=249}}</ref>
*In [[Karnataka]] it is used by some subcastes of the [[Vokkaliga]], [[Namadhari Naik]] communities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC&dq=hale+paika&pg=PA281 | title=The Mysore Tribes and Castles }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1= L. K. A. Iyer|date=2005|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC&pg=PA270|location=New Delhi|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=270|quote=Gauda and Naika are the titles affixed to their names, and the common honorific suffixes Appa and Ayya for males and Avva and Akka for females are also in use|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Karnataka State Gazetteer: Shimoga|editor=B. N. Sri Sathyan|quote=Some Vokkaliga families also have surnames like Nayak and Heggade in this district.|url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Shimoga1975Chapter3Pdf.pdf|year=1975|publisher= Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|location=Karnataka (India)|page=102}}</ref> The Muslim [[Siddis of Karnataka]], use the surname Nayaka which they received as a title from the kings of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Shanti Sadiq Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |page=226}}</ref>
* In Maharashtra the surname  Nayak and Naik is used by [[Kshatriya]] [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], [[CKP]]s, [[Saraswat Brahmin]] and [[Deshastha Brahmin]] communities.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7IwDwAAQBAJ|publisher=University of California Press|year=2009|author=Anupama Rao|page=315|isbn=978-0-520-25761-0}}</ref>
* [[Tamil Nadu]], Nayakkar, Naidu or Naicker is also a surname used by [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking communities, in some cases as a caste affiliation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Benbabaali |first=Dalel |date=2018-07-06 |title=Caste Dominance and Territory in South India: Understanding Kammas' socio-spatial mobility |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/caste-dominance-and-territory-in-south-india-understanding-kammas-sociospatial-mobility/3C335457E34C75BEE1A06B0BD578A7E3 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1938–1976 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X16000755 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Naicker, also spelt as Nayakar, is the Tamil equivalent for the Telugu Naidu and the Sanskrit Nayaka. This title was historically bestowed upon vassals and army commanders of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empire]] who once ruled present-day Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayakas]] and [[Polygar|Poligars]]. Many places in Tamil Nadu, which were once fortified palayams like [[Palayamkottai]] that were ruled by the local Nayak poligar, have [[portmanteau]] names prefixed by the original ruling poligar's [[patronymic]] followed by "naicken and "palayam", such as [[Narasimhanaickenpalayam]], [[Kamanaicken Palayam]], and [[Thimmanayakanpalayam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=B.S. Baliga |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08433 |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Coimbatore |date=1966 |publisher=Madras, Director of Stationary and Printing |pages=64, 65}}</ref>


*In Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu, other versions of the surnames exists such as [[Naidu]] and [[Naicker]]. While [[Nayakar]] are used by people belonging to Bedar Valmiki, [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]], [[Balija]], [[Golla (caste)|Golla]], [[Telaga]], and [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]]. In the north of Tamil Nadu, the title Naicker and Nayagar are used by the Tamil speaking [[Vanniyar|Vanniyars]] while in the south of Tamil Nadu, the Telugu castes such as [[Balija]], [[Golla (caste)|Golla]], and the [[Kamma (caste)|Kammas]] use the Naicker title.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&pg=PA89|title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh|publisher=M D Publications|author=A. Vijay Kumari|year=1998|page=89|isbn=978-81-7533-072-6}}</ref> Also in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] the Naik surname is adopted as a surname by several communities including Bedar.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kumar Suresh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4bW-_jEvXoC |title=Ethnography, Customary Law, and Change |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7022-471-6 |page=249}}</ref>
== See also ==
* The Muslim [[Siddis of Karnataka]], use the surname Nayaka which they received as a title from the kings of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC|page=226|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1996|author=Shanti Sadiq Ali|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1}}</ref>
* [[Nayaka dynasties]]
*In [[Karnataka]] it is used by some subcastes of the [[Vokkaliga]] community.<ref>{{cite book |author1= L. K. A. Iyer|date=2005|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC&pg=PA270|location=New Delhi|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=270|quote=Gauda and Naika are the titles affixed to their names , and the common honorific suffixes Appa and Ayya for males and Avva and Akka for females are also in use|isbn=}}</ref> It is also a common surname amidst a section of Makkalasantana following a sect of parivara Bunt (community) and the Nayak/Bedar community.
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* In Maharashtra the surname  Nayak and Naik is used by [[Kshatriya]] [[Maratha]]s, [[CKP]]s, [[Saraswat Brahmin]] and [[Deshastha Brahmin]] communities.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7IwDwAAQBAJ|publisher=University of California Press|year=2009|author=Anupama Rao|page=315|isbn=978-0-520-25761-0}}</ref>
* [[Polygar|Poligars]]
* In Tamil Nadu, members of the [[Vanniyar]] caste are found in the districts of Chennai, Thiruvallur, Kanchipuram, and Chengalpattu. They use the Naicker and Nayagar as a surname or title.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Report_of_the_Backward_Classes_Commissio/rmVDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=vanniya+kula+kshathriya+naicker&dq=vanniya+kula+kshathriya+naicker&printsec=frontcover|title=Report of the Backward Classes Commission|author=A N Sattanathan|year=1975|page=86|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Also in Tamil Nadu, members of the Jakkama clan use Nayakkar, Naicker and Nayagar as a surname or title.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0JuAAAAMAAJ&q=vanniyar+nayagar|title=Constructing Dalit Identity|author=Chockalingam Joe Arun|year=2007|page=43|isbn=978-81-316-0081-8}}</ref>


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Indian surnames]]
[[Category:Nayaks| ]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

Latest revision as of 09:59, 27 March 2026

Not to be confused with Nayak (surname).
Not to be confused with Nayak (caste).

Nayak, Nayaka or Nayakar, was historically a honorific title conferred on a military captain in various feudal states of the Indian subcontinent,[1] as a derivative of the ancient Sanskrit word Nāyaka.[2] The title often came with a prize in the form of a palayam, jagir, zamindari, or similar grant of a fief carved out of the newly annexed territory.[3] Today, they are also used as surnames by the descendants of the original recipients and as the modern military rank of Naik, while the film industry has co-opted the term with Katha Nayagan and Kathanayakudu. The title is closely related to the Telugu Nayakudu, Nayudu, or Naidu, the Malayali Nair, and the Tamil Nayakar, Nayakan, Naicken and Naicker. Nayaks are mostly Hindu with a few Sikhs.[4]

As a title[edit | edit source]

Today, the title is used by various castes and ethnic groups across India as a matter of tradition and custom.

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 B.S. Baliga (1966). Madras District Gazetteers: Coimbatore. Madras, Director of Stationary and Printing. pp. 64, 65.
  2. ↑ "Learn Sanskrit". www.learnsanskrit.cc.
  3. ↑ Vadivelu, A. (1903). The aristocracy of southern India. Madras: Printed by Vest. pp. 129–152.
  4. ↑ Kumar Suresh Singh (2002). People of India: Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-19-564444-9.
  5. ↑ Hardiman, David (2007). Histories for the Subordinated. New Delhi, India: Seagull Books. pp. 103: the state of Jawhar, below the mountains in the Konkan, was founded by a Koli nayak around 1300. ISBN 978-1-905422-38-8.
  6. ↑ Hardiman, David; Hardiman, Professor of History David (1996). Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-19-563956-8. The Koli country was then known as the Bavan Mavals, or '52 valleys ' in Maratha Empire . Each valley was controlled by a Koli chief, or nayak . The sirnayak, or head chief, lived at Junnar, and presided over the gotarni, or caste council
  7. ↑ Sharma, Himanshu (5 November 2019). Veer Tanhaji Malusare. New Delhi, India: Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5296-955-5.
  8. ↑ Hassan, Syed Siraj ul (1989). The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions. New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Services. p. 333. ISBN 978-81-206-0488-9.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Benbabaali, Dalel (6 July 2018). "Caste Dominance and Territory in South India: Understanding Kammas' socio-spatial mobility". Modern Asian Studies. 52 (6): 1938–1976. doi:10.1017/S0026749X16000755. ISSN 0026-749X.
  10. ↑ A. Vijay Kumari (1998). Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh. M D Publications. p. 89. ISBN 978-81-7533-072-6.
  11. ↑ Journal of Indian History - Volume 85. Department of History, University of Kerala. 2006. p. 181. Naidu is a title assumed by a number of Telugu castes such as Balija, Bestha, Boya, Ekari, Gavara, Golla, Kaingi, Kamma, Kapu, Mutracha and Velama. They had migrated from Telugu country during the Vijayanagar rule.
  12. ↑ Thurston, Edgar (2020) [1909]. Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume V of VII. Assisted by K. Rangachari. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-8240-9. Naidu.— Naidu or Nāyudu is a title, returned at times of census by many Telugu classes, e.g., Balija, Bestha, Bōya, Ēkari, Gavara, Golla, Kālingi, Kāpu, Mutrācha, and Velama. A Tamilian, when speaking of a Telugu person bearing this title, would call him Naicker or Naickan instead of Naidu
  13. ↑ Kumar Suresh Singh (1993). Ethnography, Customary Law, and Change. Concept Publishing Company. p. 249. ISBN 978-81-7022-471-6.
  14. ↑ "The Mysore Tribes and Castles".
  15. ↑ L. K. A. Iyer (2005). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 270. Gauda and Naika are the titles affixed to their names, and the common honorific suffixes Appa and Ayya for males and Avva and Akka for females are also in use
  16. ↑ B. N. Sri Sathyan, ed. (1975). Karnataka State Gazetteer: Shimoga (PDF). Karnataka (India): Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press. p. 102. Some Vokkaliga families also have surnames like Nayak and Heggade in this district.
  17. ↑ Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Blackswan. p. 226. ISBN 978-81-250-0485-1.
  18. ↑ Anupama Rao (2009). The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India. University of California Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-520-25761-0.
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