History of rail transport in India: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|History of rail transport in India}}
#REDIRECT [[Rail transport in India#History]]
{{hatnote|This article is part of the [[History of rail transport]] series.}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
[[Rail transport in India]] began during the early 19th century.


== 1832–1852: Industrial railways ==
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{{R from merge}}
[[India]]'s first railway proposals were made in [[Madras]] in 1832.<ref name="irfca.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/india-first-railways.html|title=[IRFCA] India's First Railways|website=www.irfca.org}}</ref> The Red Hill Railway, the country's first train, ran from [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] to [[Chintadripet]] bridge in Madras in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam-engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery. Built by [[Arthur Cotton]], the railway was primarily used to transport laterite stone for road-building work in Madras.<ref name="irfca.org"/> In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built at [[Dowleswaram]] in [[Rajahmundry]]. Also built by Cotton, it supplied stone for the construction of a dam over the [[Godavari River]].<ref name="irfca.org" />
 
On 8 May 1845, the [[Madras Railway]] was incorporated, followed that year by the [[East India Railway]]. On 1 August 1849, the [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]] was incorporated by an act of parliament. The "guarantee system", providing free land and a guaranteed five-percent rate of return to private British companies willing to build railways, was finalized on 17 August 1849. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in [[Roorkee]]. It was hauled by the Thomason steam locomotive, named after a British officer-in-charge of that name. The railway transported construction materials for an [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]] over the Solani River.<ref name="irfca.org" /> In 1852, the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated.
 
== 1853–1924: Passenger railways and expansion ==
 
{{multiple image
| align            = right
| direction        = vertical
| header            = Thane railway viaducts
| image1            = Tanna Village and Smaller Viaduct (12671597053).jpg
| image2            = Tanna Railway Viaduct (9142699593).jpg
| footer            = The smaller railway viaduct (top) and the longer railway viaduct (bottom) near Thane in 1855.
}}
}}
The country's first passenger train, which ran between [[Bombay]]'s [[Bori Bunder railway station|Bori Bunder station]] and [[Thane]] on 16 April 1853, was dedicated by Lord Dalhousie. The 14-carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives: the ''Sahib'', ''Sindh'', and ''Sultan''. Travelling {{convert|34|km}}, the train carried 400 people. The passenger line was built and operated by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/164-years-ago-on-this-day-india-s-first-train-ran-from-mumbai-to-thane-275748.html|title=164 Years Ago On This Day, India's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Indias-1st-train-When-Sahib-Sindh-Sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms|title=India's 1st train: When Sahib, Sindh & Sultan blew steam|work=The Times of India}}</ref> It was built in {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], which became the country's standard for railways.
In May 1854, the Bombay–Thane line was extended to [[Kalyan]] with the Thane viaducts over the [[Thane creek]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/history/railway-times.html|title=Extracts from the Railway Times|date=1854|work=Railway Times|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref> (India's first [[railway bridge]]s). The first passenger train in eastern India ran from [[Howrah]] (near [[Calcutta]]) to [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hoogly]], a distance of {{convert|24|mi}}, on 15 August 1854. The line was built and operated by the [[East Indian Railway Company]] (EIR).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days - 1|website=www.irfca.org}}</ref> That year, the GIPR opened its first workshops in Byculla. In 1855, the BB&CI Railway was incorporated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,477|title=Western Railway|website=www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> That August, the EIR ''Express'' and ''[[Fairy Queen (locomotive)|Fairy Queen]]'' steam locomotives were introduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irctctourism.com/ttrs/fairyqueen.html|title=Fairy Queen|website=www.irctctourism.com|access-date=26 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421025544/http://www.irctctourism.com/ttrs/fairyqueen.html|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
South India's first passenger train ran from [[Royapuram]]–Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajah Road in [[Arcot]], a distance of {{convert|60|mi}}, on 1 July 1856. It was built and operated by the Madras Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railnews.in/royapuram-railway-station-legacy-through-the-ages/|title=Legacy of First Railway Station of South India|website=RailNews Media India Ltd.}}</ref> The Madras Railway's first workshop opened in [[Perambur]] (near Madras) that year, and the Bombay-Thane line was extended to [[Khopoli]]. In 1858, the Eastern Bengal Railway was incorporated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Eastern_Bengal_Railway|title=Eastern Bengal Railway - Graces Guide|website=www.gracesguide.co.uk}}</ref>
India's first [[tram]]way (a [[horse-drawn tramway]]) opened in Calcutta between [[Sealdah]] and Armenian Ghat Street, a distance of {{convert|3.8|km}}, on 24 February 1873.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturebowl.com/kolkatas-trams-a-ride-through-history/|title=Kolkata's trams – A ride through history|date=2 March 2016}}</ref> The following year, the Great South Indian and Carnatic Railways merged to form the [[South Indian Railway Company]]. On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between [[Colaba]] and [[Parel]]. The [[Calcutta Tramways Company]] was incorporated in 1880,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calcuttatramways.com/history/|title=History - The Calcutta Tramways Company [1978] Ltd.|website=calcuttatramways.com}}</ref> followed a decade later by the [[East Coast State Railway]].
Lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies in 1897. In 1902, the Jodhpur Railway was the first to introduce electric lighting as standard fixtures. Electric signal lighting was introduced between Dadar and Currey Road in Bombay in 1920.
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Railway maps of India" heights="160px">
File:Railway map india ILN 1865.jpg|alt=Old map|1865
File:IndianRailways1871b.jpg|alt=Tan tinted map|1871
File:Indian Railway network 1893.jpg|alt=Map with a horizontal centre fold|1893
File:India railways1909a.jpg|alt=Another tan map|1909
</gallery>
== 1925–1946: Electrification and further expansion ==
The first railway budget was presented in 1924. On 3 February 1925, the first electric passenger train in India ran between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station|Victoria Terminus]] (VT) and Kurla on [[List of railway electrification systems#1,500 V DC|1,500 V DC]] overhead traction.<ref name="core.indianrailways.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,530|title=Welcome to Official Website of CORE|website=www.core.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik manufactured the locomotives for this train. The VT-Bandra section was electrified (with an elevated platform at [[Sandhurst Road]]),<ref name="core.indianrailways.gov.in"/> the Oudh and Rohilkhund Railway was merged with the EIR, the first railway budget was presented in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/history-of-indian-railway-budget-5963201398_1.html|title=History of Indian Railway Budget|last=indiainfoline.com}}</ref><ref>http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369423822-operating.pdf</ref> In 1926, the Kurla-Kalyan section was electrified with 1,500 V DC. Electrification to Poona and Igatpuri (both 1,500 V DC) over the Bhore and Thal Ghats was also completed.<ref name="core.indianrailways.gov.in"/> The Charbagh railway station in [[Lucknow]] was built in 1914. The Bandra-Virar section was electrified with 1,500 V DC in January 1928.
The Frontier Mail made its inaugural run between Bombay VT and Peshawar in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iaslic1955.org/frontier_mail.html|title=Frontier Mail|website=iaslic1955.org}}</ref> The country's first automatic color-light signals became operational, on GIPR's lines between Bombay VT and [[Byculla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://signalbox.org/overseas/india/india.htm|title=Signalling in India - Past and Present|website=signalbox.org}}</ref> In 1928, the Kanpur Central and Lucknow stations opened. The Grand Trunk Express began running between Peshawar and Mangalore,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iaslic1955.org/the_grand_trunk_express.html|title=The Grand Trunk Express|website=iaslic1955.org}}</ref> the Punjab Limited Express began running between Mumbai and Lahore, and automatic color-light signaling was extended to the Byculla-Kurla section the following year. On 1 June 1930, the ''Deccan Queen'' began service (hauled by a WCP-1—No. 20024, old number EA/1 4006) with seven coaches on the GIPR's electrified route from Bombay VT to Poona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mocomi.com/deccan-queen/|title=Deccan Queen Facts - General Knowledge for Kids - Mocomi|date=26 January 2012}}</ref> The Hyderabad Godavari Valley Railway was merged into [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] and the route of the Grand Trunk Express was changed to Delhi-Madras that year.
== 1947–1950: Partition and aftermath ==
{{Empty section|date=March 2021}}
== {{anchor|1951–1983: Zonal Re-Organisation and Further Developments}}1951–1983: Zonal re-organization and further developments ==
The re-organisation of railways in India into regional zones began in 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in/index.php/history-of-railways|title=History of Railways|website=www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=26 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721211938/http://www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in/index.php/history-of-railways|archive-date=21 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 14 April of that year, the [[Southern Railway zone]] was created. On 5 November, the [[Central Railway zone|Central]] and [[Western Railway zone]]s were created.<ref name="indianrail.gov.in">http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf</ref> That year, the post of Chief Commissioner of Railways was abolished and the Railway Board adopted the practice of making its senior-most member the chairman of the board.<ref name="indianrail.gov.in"/> The government of West Bengal also entered into an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Company to take over its administrative functions that year. The [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]], [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern]] and [[North Eastern Railway zone]]s were created on 14 April 1952.<ref name="indianrail.gov.in"/>
Fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in all classes of passenger accommodations in 1952, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches. On 1 August 1955, the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South-Eastern zone]] was split off from the Eastern Railway zone. A divisional system of administration was established for the zones in 1956, and the first fully air-conditioned train was introduced (between Howrah and Delhi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-160-years-of-indian-railways-watch-how-ac-trains-were-kept-cool-4224130-PHO.html|title=160 years of Indian Railways: Here's how AC trains were kept cool|date=2 April 2013}}</ref>
In 1957, after successful trials in France, [[SNCF]] proposed [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] electrification for India's railways. [[Indian Railways]] decided to adopt 25 kV AC electrification, choosing SNCF as a technical consultant.<ref name="indianrailways.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532|title=Welcome to Official Website of CORE|website=www.core.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> The Main Line Electrification Project (which later became the Railway Electrification Project and, still later, the [[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]]) was established that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/|title=Welcome to Official Website of CORE|website=www.core.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> In 1958, the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] split off from the North Eastern zone.<ref name="indianrail.gov.in"/> In 1959, Raj Kharswan to Dangoaposi was the first section electrified with 25 kV AC traction.<ref name="indianrailways.gov.in"/> The first scheduled train using 25 kV AC traction ran on the Raj Kharswan-Dangoaposi section on 11 August 1960.<ref name="indianrailways.gov.in"/> The first containerized freight service began between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966, and 25 kV AC electrification of several suburban tracks around Delhi, Madras and Calcutta was completed. In 1979, the Main Line Electrification Project became the Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE).
== 1984 – present: Rapid transit and later developments ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi flagging off the first Semi High Speed Train “Vande Bharat Express”, at New Delhi Railway Station on February 15, 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Vande Bharat Express]], India's fastest train, 2020]]
India's first [[Rapid transit|metro]] train ran from Esplanade to Bhowanipur (now the Netaji Bhawan station) in Calcutta on 24 October 1984,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatametrorail.com/kolkata-metro-rail-project-updates|title=History of Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation - KMRC|date=4 December 2015}}</ref> and the [[Calcutta Metro]] was the country's first rapid-transit line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283|title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal|website=www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>
In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced in New Delhi.<ref>http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf</ref> The Shatabdi Express, India's fastest train, was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi in 1988; the line was later extended to [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-railways/trains/shatabdi-express.html|title=Shatabdi Express - Shatabdi Express Train, Shatabadi Express Timetable, Shatabadi Express Schedule Booking India |website=www.iloveindia.com}}</ref> In 1990, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in New Delhi. Air-conditioned, three-tier coaches and a sleeper class (separate from Second Class) were introduced in 1993.
On 16 January 1995, the first regularly-scheduled service with [[25 kV AC railway electrification#2 x 25 kV autotransformer system|2 x 25 kV]] traction began on the [[Bina Etawa|Bina]]-[[Katni]] line. In September 1996, the CONCERT system of computerized reservations began in New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. In 1998, coupon-validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station|Mumbai CST]]. The CONCERT system became operational nationwide on 18 April 1999; the [[South East Central Railway zone]] was established and credit cards were accepted for tickets and reservations at some stations that year. In February 2000, the Indian Railways website went online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/index_new.html|title=Indian Railway|website=www.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> On 6 July 2002, the [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast]], [[South Western Railway zone|South Western]], [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central]], [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]] and [[West Central Railway zone]]s were created.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/|title=North Central Railways / Indian Railways Portal|website=www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> Indian Railways (IR) began online train reservations and ticketing on 3 August of that year, with Internet ticketing extended to many cities on 1 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irctc.co.in/eticketing/loginHome.jsf|title=IRCTC Next Generation eTicketing System|website=www.irctc.co.in}}</ref> On 5 February 2012, The Western Railway zone (WR) ended its use of 1,500 V DC traction, switching to 25 kV AC traction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/mumbai-switches-from-dc-to-ac.html|title=Mumbai switches from DC to AC|first=DVV Media|last=UK}}</ref> The Tatkal system of ticketing was extended to all trains on 26 September 2013.
[[Gatimaan Express]], India's fastest train with a maximum speed of 160&nbsp;km/h, made its maiden journey from Delhi to Agra on 5 April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-in-targeted-99-minutes/1/635554.html |title = Gatimaan Express reaches Agra within targeted 100 minutes}}</ref> The Central Railway zone (CR) ended its use of DC traction in the Mumbai area and on the country's main-line rail network, switching to 25 kV AC traction on 11 April of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/end-of-an-era-mumbai-bids-goodbye-to-last-dc-local/|title=End of an era: Mumbai bids goodbye to last DC local|date=11 April 2016}}</ref> On 31 March 2017, IR announced that India's entire rail network would be electrified by 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/48-per-cent-rail-tracks-electrified-aim-to-double-it-in-5-years-govt-4594389/|title=48 per cent rail tracks electrified, aim to double it in 5 years: Govt|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ixigo.com/trains|title=Know More About IRCTC Next Generation Ticket Booking Methods|date=15 September 2020}}</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Trains|India}}
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[List of railway companies in India]]
{{clear}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
{{colbegin}}
*{{cite book | author=Andrew, W. P. | year=1884 | url=https://archive.org/details/IndianRailways | title=Indian Railways | location=London | publisher=W H Allen }}
*{{cite book | author=Awasthi, A. | title=History and Development of Railways in India | year=1994 | publisher=Deep and Deep Publications | location=New Delhi }}
*{{cite book|last1=Bhandari|first1=R.R.|title=Indian railways : Glorious 150 Years|date=2006|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India|location=New Delhi|isbn=8123012543|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book |last1=Debroy |first1=Bibek |last2=Chadha |first2=Sanjay |last3=Krishnamurthi |first3=Vidya |title=Indian Railways: The Weaving of a National Tapestry |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |location=Gurgaon, Haryana, India |isbn=9780143426752}}
*{{cite book | author=Ghosh, S. | title=Railways in India – A Legend | year=2002 | publisher=Jogemaya Prokashani | location=Kolkata }}
*{{cite book | author=Government of India Railway Board | title=History of Indian Railways Constructed and In Progress corrected up to 31st March 1918 | year=1919 | publisher=Government Central Press | location=India }}
*{{cite book|last1=Hurd|first1=John|last2=Kerr|first2=Ian J.|title=India's Railway History: A Research Handbook|series= Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2, South Asia, 27.|date=2012|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden; Boston|isbn=9789004230033|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPB5RTODBJAC}}
*{{cite book|title=History of the East Indian Railway |year=1906|author=Huddleston, George|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.|place=Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyeastindi00huddgoog#page/n8/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book | author=Kerr, Ian J. | title=Building the Railways of the Raj | year=1995 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Delhi }}
*{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Ian J.|title=Railways in Modern India|series=Oxford in India Readings|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi; New York|isbn=0195648285}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Ian J.|title=Engines of Change: the railroads that made India|series=Engines of Change series|date=2007|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn, USA|isbn=978-0275985646}}
* Kerr, Ian J. (2014) "Colonial India, Its Railways and the Cliometricians" ''The Journal of Transport History'' 35:1 (June, 2014) 114-120.
* Kerr, Ian J. (2018) "The Transfer of Railway Technologies and Afro-Asian Labor Processes within the British Empire", ''HoST – Journal of History of Science and Technology'' 12#1 (October, 2018) 31-74
*{{cite book|last1=Khosala|first1=Guradiala Sigha|title=A History of Indian Railways|date=1988|publisher=Ministry of Railways, Railway Board, Government of India|location=New Delhi|oclc=311273060}}
*[[Law Commission]] (England and Wales) (2007) ''{{cite web |url= http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/indian_railways.pdf |title= Consultation Paper: Indian Railways Repeal Proposals |access-date= 21 October 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080725051250/http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/indian_railways.pdf |archive-date= 25 July 2008 |url-status= dead }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.62&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}''
*{{cite book |last1=McDonald |first1=Angus |title=India's Disappearing Railways: A Photographic Journey |date=2015 |publisher=Carlton Books |location=London |isbn=9781783130115}}
*{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=M.A.|title=Indian Railways|date=1999|publisher=National Book Trust, India|location=New Delhi|isbn=8123725892|edition=3rd}}
*{{cite book|last1=Sahni|first1=Jogendra Nath|title=Indian Railways: One Hundred Years, 1853 to 1953.|date=1953|publisher=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)|location=New Delhi|oclc=3153177}}
*{{cite book | author=Satow, M. & Desmond R. | title=Railways of the Raj | year=1980 | publisher=Scolar Press | location=London }}
*{{cite book | title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Company, Including the Mayavaram-Mutupet and Peralam-Karaikkal Railways | author=South Indian Railway Co. | year=1900 | publisher=Higginbotham | location=Madras }}
*{{cite book | title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Company | author=South Indian Railway Co. | year=1910 | publisher=London }}
*{{cite book | title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Company | author=South Indian Railway Co. | year=2004 | publisher=Asian Educational Services | orig-year=1926 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&q=Illustrated+Guide+to+the+South+Indian+Railway+(Incorporated+in+England):+including+the+Tanjore&pg=PP1 | isbn=81-206-1889-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Vaidyanathan|first1=K.R.|title=150 Glorious Years of Indian Railways|date=2003|publisher=English Edition Publishers and Distributors (India)|location=Mumbai|isbn=8187853492}}
*{{cite book|last1=Westwood|first1=J.N.|title=Railways of India|date=1974|publisher=David & Charles|location=Newton Abbot, Devon, UK; North Pomfret, Vt, USA|isbn=071536295X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wolmar |first1=Christian |title=Railways & the Raj: How the Age of Steam Transformed India |date=2017 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=London |isbn=9780857890641}}
{{colend}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{cite web | url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html | title=History of the Indian railways in chronological order | work=IRFC server | publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club | access-date=2007-10-21}}
*{{cite web | url=http://www.samit.org/nid/hod1.htm | title=A chronological history of India's railways | author=Roychoudhury, S. | year=2004 | access-date=2007-10-21}}
{{Asia in topic|History of rail transport in}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:India}}
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