Malik Umar Hayat Khan: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indian soldier and landowner (1874–1944)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix =  
| honorific_prefix = [[Major General]]
|name             = Sir Umar Hayat Khan
| name         = Sir Umar Hayat Khan
|honorific_suffix =  
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|GBE|KCIE|MVO}}
|image           = File:Malik Umar Hayat Khan - Assistant Delhi Herald.jpg
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|caption         = Khan as Assistant Delhi Herald, 1911
| caption       = Khan as Assistant Delhi Herald, 1911
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|birth_place     = Megha, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_place   = Megha, [[Jhawarian]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br> ({{small|now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]}})
|death_date       = {{Death date and age|1944|03|24|1874|10|05|df=yes}}
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1944|03|24|1874|10|05|df=yes}}
|death_place     = [[Sargodha]], Punjab, British India
| death_place   = Kalra Estate, [[Jhawarian]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
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|commands         =  
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[[Major General]] [[Nawab]] '''Sir Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GBE|KCIE|MVO}} (5 October 1874 – 24 March 1944), was a [[Rajput]] soldier of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], one of the largest landholders in the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], and an elected member of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State of India]].
[[Major General]] [[Nawab]] '''Sir Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GBE|KCIE|MVO}} (5 October 1874 – 24 March 1944), was a soldier of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], one of the largest landholders in the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], and an elected member of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State of India]].


==Background and early life==
==Background and early life==
He was born in Megha, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Routledge |pages=1136790292}}</ref> His father was [[Malik Sahib Khan Tiwana|Sir Malik Sahib Khan]] and his family, from [[Khushab]], were part of the [[Tiwana family of Shahpur]].<ref name=www>''MALIK MOHAMMED UMAR HAYAT KHAN (TIWANA)'', Maj.-Gen. Hon. Sir'' in ''Who Was Who 1941–1950'', (London, A & C Black, 1980 reprint: {{ISBN|0-7136-2131-1}})</ref> Khan was educated at [[Aitchison College|Aitchison Chiefs College]], [[Lahore]] between 1888–93.<ref name="Routledge"/>
He was born in a Megha, [[Jhawarian]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Routledge |pages=1136790292}}</ref> His father was [[Malik Sahib Khan Tiwana|Sir Malik Sahib Khan]] and his family, from [[Khushab]], were part of the [[Rajput]] [[Tiwana family of Shahpur|Tiwana Family]].<ref name=www>''MALIK MOHAMMED UMAR HAYAT KHAN (TIWANA)'', ''Maj.-Gen. Hon. Sir'' in ''Who Was Who 1941–1950'', (London, A & C Black, 1980 reprint: {{ISBN|0-7136-2131-1}})</ref> Khan was educated at [[Aitchison College|Aitchison Chiefs College]], [[Lahore]] between 1888 and 1893.<ref name="Routledge"/>


[[File:Malik Umar Hayat Khan c. 1901.jpg|thumb|300px|Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan as an Honorary Lieutenant of the 18th King George's Own Lancers, early 20th century (watercolour by Major A.C. Lovett (1862-1919)).]]
[[File:Malik Umar Hayat Khan c. 1901.jpg|thumb|300px|Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan as an Honorary Lieutenant of the 18th King George's Own Lancers, early 20th century (watercolour by Major A.C. Lovett (1862–1919)).]]


==Military service==
==Military service==
Khan served in the [[British Somaliland|Somaliland War]] of 1902–1904, receiving the Jidballi medal and clasp, the [[British expedition to Tibet]] of 1903-1904 (for which he was [[Mentioned in Despatches]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27710|page=5684|date=2 September 1904}}</ref>), the European theatre of the [[Great War]] between 1914-15 (during which he was Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29422|supp=y|page=75|date=31 December 1915}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29823|supp=y|page=11037|date=14 November 1916}}</ref> a further six times), and then in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. He was attached to the [[18th King George's Own Lancers]] and later the [[19th King George's Own Lancers]].<ref name=www/>
Khan served in the [[British Somaliland|Somaliland War]] of 1902–1904, receiving the Jidballi medal and clasp, the [[British expedition to Tibet]] of 1903-1904 (for which he was [[Mentioned in Despatches]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27710|page=5684|date=2 September 1904}}</ref>), the European theatre of the [[Great War]] between 1914 and 1915 (during which he was Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29422|supp=y|page=75|date=31 December 1915}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29823|supp=y|page=11037|date=14 November 1916}}</ref> a further six times), and then in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. He was attached to the [[18th King George's Own Lancers]] and later the [[19th King George's Own Lancers]].<ref name=www/>


He acted as an honorary [[aide-de-camp]] to [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]],<ref name=GazetteADCGV>{{London Gazette|issue=33664|page=7501|date=25 November 1930}}</ref> [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]],<ref name=GazetteADCEVIII>{{London Gazette|issue=34325|page=6074|date=22 September 1936}}</ref> and [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]].<ref name=www/><ref name=GazetteADCGVI>{{London Gazette|issue=34370|page=996|date=12 February 1937}}</ref>
He acted as an honorary [[aide-de-camp]] to [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]],<ref name=GazetteADCGV>{{London Gazette|issue=33664|page=7501|date=25 November 1930}}</ref> [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]],<ref name=GazetteADCEVIII>{{London Gazette|issue=34325|page=6074|date=22 September 1936}}</ref> and [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]].<ref name=www/><ref name=GazetteADCGVI>{{London Gazette|issue=34370|page=996|date=12 February 1937}}</ref>
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==London==
==London==
From 1929 to 1934, he spent most of his time in [[London]], joining the [[Conservative Party (UK)|conservative]] [[Carlton Club]] and becoming President of the British Falconers' Club.<ref name=www/> He was accompanied to London by [[Mir Sultan Khan|Sultan Khan]], a servant and talented [[chess]] player, whose career he promoted whilst in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Daniel |title=Sultan Khan: The Indian Servant Who Became Chess Champion of the British Empire |date=8 April 2020 |publisher=New in Chess |isbn=9056918761}}</ref>
From 1929 to 1934, he spent most of his time in [[London]], joining the [[Conservative Party (UK)|conservative]] [[Carlton Club]] and becoming President of the British Falconers' Club.<ref name=www/> He can be credited with taking [[Mir Sultan Khan|Sultan Khan]], a talented [[chess]] player whose career he promoted whilst in the [[United Kingdom]] to London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Atiyab |date=30 April 2020 |title=' Sultan Khan by Daniel King'- A granddaughter's review |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/atiyabsultan/sultan-khan-by-daniel-king-a-granddaughters-review |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Daniel |title=Sultan Khan: The Indian Servant Who Became Chess Champion of the British Empire |date=8 April 2020 |publisher=New in Chess |isbn=978-9056918767}}</ref> While Sultan Khan did not even know chess notation, he was nevertheless a worthy match for the top British and even international chess players.


In London he resided in the 10 Prince Albert Road, Regent's Park, and held an open house every weekend.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aziz |first1=Khursheed Kamal |title=Rahmat Ali: A Biography |year=1987 |publisher=Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden |isbn=3515050515}}</ref> [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]] was a regular guest of his during this time and his [[Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never pamphlet]] was partly penned at the residence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali Usman Qasmi, Megan Eaton Robb |title=Muslims against the Muslim League |date=15 September 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=1107166632}}</ref>
In London he resided in the 10 Prince Albert Road, Regent's Park, and held an open house every weekend.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aziz |first1=Khursheed Kamal |title=Rahmat Ali: A Biography |year=1987 |publisher=Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden |isbn=3515050515}}</ref> [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]] was a regular guest of his during this time and his [[Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never pamphlet]] was partly penned at the residence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali Usman Qasmi, Megan Eaton Robb |title=Muslims against the Muslim League |date=15 September 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107166639}}</ref>


==''O'Dwyer v. Nair'' libel case==
==''O'Dwyer v. Nair'' libel case==
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[[Michael O'Dwyer|Sir Michael O'Dwyer]], Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab until 1919, sued [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair]] in a case concerning matters arising from the [[Amritsar Massacre]] and the Punjab Disturbances of 1919, and in particular recruiting abuses in the Punjab between 1917 and 1918. The case turned into one of the longest civil hearings in English legal history up to that time.<ref name=collett/>
[[Michael O'Dwyer|Sir Michael O'Dwyer]], Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab until 1919, sued [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair]] in a case concerning matters arising from the [[Amritsar Massacre]] and the Punjab Disturbances of 1919, and in particular recruiting abuses in the Punjab between 1917 and 1918. The case turned into one of the longest civil hearings in English legal history up to that time.<ref name=collett/>


Khan, appearing as a witness for O'Dwyer, stated that there had been a recruiting quota, namely one third of all villagers of military age. He described the killing of Tahsildar Sayyad Nadir Hussain in Lakk by villagers who strongly objected to his approach to recruiting, and an attack by one thousand rioters on police seeking to enforce recruitment warrants, resulting in the killing of some of the rioters. Under cross examination, he admitted that there had been a "white book" and a "black book", in which village headmen who met recruitment targets and those who did not were listed.<ref name=collett/>
Khan, appearing as a witness for O'Dwyer, stated that there had been a recruiting quota, namely one third of all villagers of military age. He described the killing of Tahsildar Sayyad Nadir Hussain in Lakk by villagers who strongly objected to his approach to recruiting, and an attack by 1,000 rioters on police seeking to enforce recruitment warrants, resulting in the killing of some of the rioters. Under cross examination, he admitted that there had been a "white book" and a "black book", in which village headmen who met recruitment targets and those who did not were listed.<ref name=collett/>


O'Dwyer won his case,<ref name=collett/> with the sole dissenting member of the jury being the [[List of political philosophers|political philosopher]] [[Harold Laski]].<ref>Berg, Maxine, ''A Woman in History'' (1996), p. 148</ref>
O'Dwyer won his case,<ref name=collett/> with the sole dissenting member of the jury being the [[List of political philosophers|political philosopher]] [[Harold Laski]].<ref>Berg, Maxine, ''A Woman in History'' (1996), p. 148</ref>
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*[[Africa General Service Medal|Africa General Service Medal with clasp Jidballi]], 1903<ref name=www/>
*[[Africa General Service Medal|Africa General Service Medal with clasp Jidballi]], 1903<ref name=www/>
*[[Delhi Durbar Medal]], 1903<ref name=www/>
*[[Delhi Durbar Medal]], 1903<ref name=www/>
*[[Delhi Durbar Medal]], 1911<ref name=www/>
*[[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Medal]], 1911<ref name=www/>
*Member of the [[Royal Victorian Order]], Fourth class (MVO), 1911<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28559|pages=9363–9364|date=8 December 1911}}</ref>
*Member of the [[Royal Victorian Order]], Fourth class (MVO), 1911<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28559|pages=9363–9364|date=8 December 1911}}</ref>
*Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE), 1916<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29608|supp=y|page=5570|date=2 June 1916}}</ref> (CIE: 1906 [[King's Birthday Honours]]<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27926|supp=y|page=4462|date=26 June 1906}}</ref>)
*Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE), 1916<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29608|supp=y|page=5570|date=2 June 1916}}</ref> (CIE: 1906 [[King's Birthday Honours]]<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27926|supp=y|page=4462|date=26 June 1906}}</ref>)
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*Honorary [[Magistrate#India|Magistrate]] (first class)<ref name=www/>
*Honorary [[Magistrate#India|Magistrate]] (first class)<ref name=www/>
*President of the Falconers' Club<ref name=www/>
*President of the Falconers' Club<ref name=www/>
Malik Muhammad Umar Hayat Khan Towana had strictly forbidden the administration that the administration should not employ anyone from his father's state in government jobs, the reason being that Malik did not want the people of his state to behave like the rulers of the British. The residents of the state had to pay fees, that's why there were very few Hindus in Kalra state and in their place, very few refugees came to Kalra state at the time of partition.


===Military promotions===
===Military promotions===
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[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:Officers of arms]]
[[Category:Officers of arms]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:People of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Indian Members of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Tiwana family]]
[[Category:Tiwana family]]
[[Category:People of British India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]

Latest revision as of 19:40, 19 November 2025


Major General

Sir Umar Hayat Khan

GBE KCIE MVO
Khan as Assistant Delhi Herald, 1911
Born(1874-10-05)5 October 1874
Megha, Jhawarian, Punjab, British India
(now in Punjab, Pakistan)
Died24 March 1944(1944-03-24) (aged 69)
Kalra Estate, Jhawarian, Punjab, British India
Allegiance British India
Service/branch British Indian Army
RankMajor General
Unit18th King George's Own Lancers
19th King George's Own Lancers
Battles/warsSomaliland War
British expedition to Tibet
World War I
Third Anglo-Afghan War
Alma materAitchison College

Major General Nawab Sir Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana GBE KCIE MVO (5 October 1874 – 24 March 1944), was a soldier of the Indian Empire, one of the largest landholders in the Punjab, and an elected member of the Council of State of India.

Background and early life[edit | edit source]

He was born in a Megha, Jhawarian, Punjab.[1] His father was Sir Malik Sahib Khan and his family, from Khushab, were part of the Rajput Tiwana Family.[2] Khan was educated at Aitchison Chiefs College, Lahore between 1888 and 1893.[1]

Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan as an Honorary Lieutenant of the 18th King George's Own Lancers, early 20th century (watercolour by Major A.C. Lovett (1862–1919)).

Military service[edit | edit source]

Khan served in the Somaliland War of 1902–1904, receiving the Jidballi medal and clasp, the British expedition to Tibet of 1903-1904 (for which he was Mentioned in Despatches[3]), the European theatre of the Great War between 1914 and 1915 (during which he was Mentioned in Despatches[4][5] a further six times), and then in the Third Anglo-Afghan War. He was attached to the 18th King George's Own Lancers and later the 19th King George's Own Lancers.[2]

He acted as an honorary aide-de-camp to George V,[6] Edward VIII,[7] and George VI.[2][8]

Public life[edit | edit source]

In 1907, moving beyond his career as a soldier, the management of his family estates in the Punjab, and his role as an hereditary Provincial Darbari, Khan became an Attaché to HM the Amir of Afghanistan.[2] He served as a member of the Governor-General of India's Imperial Council from 1910 to 1944.[2]

In 1910, in the Imperial legislature, Khan called for Europeans to supervise districts as "...disinterested men to safeguard the interests of all".[9]

At the Delhi Durbar of 1911, Khan acted as Assistant Herald to Brigadier General William Peyton, the Delhi Herald Extraordinary.[2][10]

In December 1913, he was elected as one of the seventeen officers of the All-India Muslim League, at the League's Seventh Session held at Agra.[11] He was instrumental in ensuring ex-servicemen were enfranchised in the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919.[1]

He was a member of the Council of the Secretary of State for India from 1924 to 1934, as well as becoming an elected member of the Council of State and a member of the Punjab Legislative Council for two terms.[2]

In a deposition for a case in the High Court in 1924, Khan was described as "Colonel Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana KCIE, CEI, MVO, Zamindar of forty-eight thousand bighas at Shapur, Rawalpindi, Honorary Magistrate 1st Class".[12]

London[edit | edit source]

From 1929 to 1934, he spent most of his time in London, joining the conservative Carlton Club and becoming President of the British Falconers' Club.[2] He can be credited with taking Sultan Khan, a talented chess player whose career he promoted whilst in the United Kingdom to London.[13][14] While Sultan Khan did not even know chess notation, he was nevertheless a worthy match for the top British and even international chess players.

In London he resided in the 10 Prince Albert Road, Regent's Park, and held an open house every weekend.[15] Choudhry Rahmat Ali was a regular guest of his during this time and his Now or Never pamphlet was partly penned at the residence.[16]

O'Dwyer v. Nair libel case[edit | edit source]

In 1924, Khan appeared as a significant witness in the O'Dwyer v. Nair libel case, heard in the High Court in London over five weeks from 30 April 1924.[17]

Sir Michael O'Dwyer, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab until 1919, sued Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair in a case concerning matters arising from the Amritsar Massacre and the Punjab Disturbances of 1919, and in particular recruiting abuses in the Punjab between 1917 and 1918. The case turned into one of the longest civil hearings in English legal history up to that time.[17]

Khan, appearing as a witness for O'Dwyer, stated that there had been a recruiting quota, namely one third of all villagers of military age. He described the killing of Tahsildar Sayyad Nadir Hussain in Lakk by villagers who strongly objected to his approach to recruiting, and an attack by 1,000 rioters on police seeking to enforce recruitment warrants, resulting in the killing of some of the rioters. Under cross examination, he admitted that there had been a "white book" and a "black book", in which village headmen who met recruitment targets and those who did not were listed.[17]

O'Dwyer won his case,[17] with the sole dissenting member of the jury being the political philosopher Harold Laski.[18]

Personal life[edit | edit source]

His son Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana went on to become the last Premier of the Punjab.[1]

Honours[edit | edit source]

Malik Muhammad Umar Hayat Khan Towana had strictly forbidden the administration that the administration should not employ anyone from his father's state in government jobs, the reason being that Malik did not want the people of his state to behave like the rulers of the British. The residents of the state had to pay fees, that's why there were very few Hindus in Kalra state and in their place, very few refugees came to Kalra state at the time of partition.

Military promotions[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Talbot, Ian (16 December 2013). Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India. Routledge. p. 1136790292.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 MALIK MOHAMMED UMAR HAYAT KHAN (TIWANA), Maj.-Gen. Hon. Sir in Who Was Who 1941–1950, (London, A & C Black, 1980 reprint: ISBN 0-7136-2131-1)
  3. ↑ "No. 27710". The London Gazette. 2 September 1904. p. 5684.
  4. ↑ "No. 29422". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1915. p. 75.
  5. ↑ "No. 29823". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 November 1916. p. 11037.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "No. 33664". The London Gazette. 25 November 1930. p. 7501.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "No. 34325". The London Gazette. 22 September 1936. p. 6074.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "No. 34370". The London Gazette. 12 February 1937. p. 996.
  9. ↑ Shukla, J. D., Indianisation of All-India Services and Its Impact on Administration 1834-1947, New Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1982
  10. ↑ Cox, Noel, A New Zealand Heraldic Authority? in John Campbell-Kease (ed), Tribute to an Armorist: Essays for John Brooke-Little to mark the Golden Jubilee of The Coat of Arms, London, The Heraldry Society, 2000, p. 93 & p. 101: "Two heralds, with ceremonial rather than heraldic responsibilities, were appointed for the Delhi Durbar in 1911... Delhi Herald (Brigadier-General William Eliot Peyton) and Assistant Delhi Herald (Captain the Honourable Malik Mohammed Umar Hayat Khan)."
  11. ↑ Ralhan, O. P., Encyclopaedia of Political Parties: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (1996), p. 242: "10. The Hon'ble Captain Malik Umar Hayat Khan, CIE, MVO"
  12. ↑ Collett, Nigel A., The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited II online at The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited II Archived 1 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine at the web site usiofindia.org (accessed 25 January 2008)
  13. ↑ Sultan, Atiyab (30 April 2020). "' Sultan Khan by Daniel King'- A granddaughter's review". Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  14. ↑ King, Daniel (8 April 2020). Sultan Khan: The Indian Servant Who Became Chess Champion of the British Empire. New in Chess. ISBN 978-9056918767.
  15. ↑ Aziz, Khursheed Kamal (1987). Rahmat Ali: A Biography. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden. ISBN 3515050515.
  16. ↑ Ali Usman Qasmi, Megan Eaton Robb (15 September 2017). Muslims against the Muslim League. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107166639.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Collett, Nigel A., The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited online at The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited Archived 1 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine at the web site usiofindia.org (accessed 25 January 2008)
  18. ↑ Berg, Maxine, A Woman in History (1996), p. 148
  19. ↑ "No. 28559". The London Gazette. 8 December 1911. pp. 9363–9364.
  20. ↑ "No. 29608". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1916. p. 5570.
  21. ↑ "No. 27926". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1906. p. 4462.
  22. ↑ "No. 34056". The London Gazette. 1 June 1934. p. 3568.
  23. ↑ "No. 31379". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 May 1919. p. 7051.
  24. ↑ "No. 27312". The London Gazette. 10 May 1901. p. 3202.
  25. ↑ "No. 28506". The London Gazette. 20 June 1911. p. 4603.
  26. ↑ "No. 30252". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 May 1930. p. 8853.
  27. ↑ "No. 33609". The London Gazette. 27 May 1930. p. 3327.
  28. ↑ "No. 34155". The London Gazette. 30 April 1935. p. 2823.
  29. ↑ "No. 34209". The London Gazette. 18 October 1935. p. 6545.

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