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[[File:Process of making bhang in Punjab, India.jpg|thumb|Process of making Shaheedi | [[File:Process of making bhang in Punjab, India.jpg|thumb|Process of making Shaheedi degh in a Sikh village in [[Punjab, India]]. On the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] army training day called [[Hola Mohalla|Hola Moholla]] it is a customary tradition.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ayyagari | first=Shalini | name-list-style = vanc | title="Hori Hai": A Festival of Colours!! (review) | journal=Asian Music | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | volume=38 | issue=2 | year=2007 | pages=151–153 | doi=10.1353/amu.2007.0029 | s2cid=192201145 }}</ref>]] | ||
In [[Sikhism]], some Sikhs particularly of the [[Nihang]] community use [[Cannabis edible|edible]] [[cannabis]] in a religious context. They make use of [[cannabis]] by ingestion. It is used to make a drink called | In [[Sikhism]], some Sikhs particularly of the [[Nihang]] community use [[Cannabis edible|edible]] [[cannabis]] in a religious context. They make use of [[cannabis]] by ingestion. It is used to make a drink called ''[[Shaheedi Degh]]'' which is meant to help Nihang Singhs become highly present in the moment. [citation needed] [[Nihang]] Singhs used marijuana in the early times of Sikh history during times of battle, when it is believed to have helped them become more fierce warriors. [citation needed] | ||
==Prohibition== | ==Prohibition== | ||
The first Sikh guru, [[Guru Nanak]], stated that using any mind altering substance (without medical purposes) is a distraction from God. Guru Nanak was offered ''[[bhang]]'' by the Mughal emperor [[Babur]]; Nanak however declined, and recited this [[shabda|shabad]]: | The first Sikh guru, [[Guru Nanak]], stated that using any mind altering substance (without medical purposes) is a distraction from God. Guru Nanak was offered ''[[bhang]]'' by the Mughal emperor [[Babur]]; Nanak however declined, and recited this [[shabda|shabad]]: | ||
{{blockquote|''Fear of Thee, o Lord, is my bhang, and my mind the pouch in which I carry it. Intoxicated with this bhang I have abandoned all interest in worldly concerns''.<ref name="McLeod, 2004">{{cite book|author=McLeod|title=Sikhs and Sikhism: Comprising Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion, Early Sikh Tradition, The Evolution of the Sikh Community, Who is a Sikh?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhV5AAAAMAAJ|date=4 March 2004|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-566892-6|pages=74–75}}</ref>}}The [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]] has also added a section in their [[Sikh Rehat Maryada|rehait maryada]] (Sikh codes of conduct) that bans the Cannabis, opium and liquor for all Sikhs that follow its rehit maryada. The following is a translated quote from the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada|rehait maryada]]. ''"A Sikh must not take hemp (cannabis), opium, liquor, tobacco, in short, any intoxicant. His only routine intake should be food."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=SikhiToTheMax |url=https://www.sikhitothemax.org/rehat-maryadha |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=www.sikhitothemax.org |language=en}}</ref> | {{blockquote|''Fear of Thee, o Lord, is my bhang, and my mind the pouch in which I carry it. Intoxicated with this bhang I have abandoned all interest in worldly concerns''.<ref name="McLeod, 2004">{{cite book|author=McLeod|title=Sikhs and Sikhism: Comprising Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion, Early Sikh Tradition, The Evolution of the Sikh Community, Who is a Sikh?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhV5AAAAMAAJ|date=4 March 2004|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-566892-6|pages=74–75}}</ref>}}The [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]] has also added a section in their [[Sikh Rehat Maryada|rehait maryada]] (Sikh codes of conduct) that bans the Cannabis, opium and liquor for all Sikhs that follow its rehit maryada. The following is a translated quote from the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada|rehait maryada]]. ''"A Sikh must not take hemp (cannabis), opium, liquor, tobacco, in short, any intoxicant. His only routine intake should be food."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=SikhiToTheMax |url=https://www.sikhitothemax.org/rehat-maryadha |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=www.sikhitothemax.org |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105104150/https://www.sikhitothemax.org/rehat-maryadha |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==Usage== | ==Usage== | ||
[[File:Gouache by an Amritsar artist depicting the preparation and consumption of Indian hemp (bhang).jpg|thumb|Gouache by an Amritsar artist depicting the preparation and consumption of Indian hemp (bhang), circa 1870.]] | ''[[Bhang]]'' (hemp) was a wild-growth plant found in the jungles of Punjab and along river-banks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1978 |volume=IV: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |pages=205}}</ref> An intoxicating drink can be produced by pounding the plant in a mortar and sifting it.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Gouache by an Amritsar artist depicting the preparation and consumption of Indian hemp (bhang).jpg|thumb|Gouache by an Amritsar artist depicting the preparation and consumption of Indian hemp (bhang), circa 1870.]] | ||
The Sikhs inherited the tradition of drinking originates from the sixth Sikh | The Sikhs inherited the tradition of drinking originates from the sixth Sikh guru, [[Guru Hargobind|Guru Hargobind Sahib]] who started it to give sikhs Bir Ras (warrior spirit) and to get them energized, as Sikhs used to get up early for [[Amrit Velā|''amrit vela'']] and not go back to sleep till after the evening prayers of Sohila Sahib. | ||
ਬਿਦਿਹ ਸਾਕੀਯਾ ਸਾਗ਼ਰੇ ਸਬਜ਼ ਗੂੰ ॥ | |||
‘Oh! Saki Give me the cup full of green (liquid) | |||
ਕਿ ਮਾਰਾ ਬਕਾਰਸਤ ਜੰਗ ਅੰਦਰੂੰ ॥੨੦॥ | |||
‘Which I need at the time of struggle(20) | |||
ਲਬਾਲਬ ਬਕੁਨ ਦਮ ਬਦਮ ਨੋਸ਼ ਕੁਨ ॥ | |||
‘Fill it up to the brim so that I can drink it with every breath | |||
ਗ਼ਮੇ ਹਰ ਦੁ ਆਲਮ ਫ਼ਰਾਮੋਸ਼ ਕੁਨ ॥੨੧॥੧੨॥ | |||
‘And forget the afflictions of both the worlds(21)(12) | |||
(Dasam Guru Granth Sahib, Ang 1428) | |||
The [[Bhangi Misl]] of the [[Sikh Confederacy]] in the 18th century derived its name from ''[[bhang]]''. The ''misl'' received its name "Bhangi" because Chhajja Singh and his soldiers frequently used the herbal intoxicant [[bhang]] (drink made from [[cannabis sativa]]).<ref>Singh, Bhagata (1993). ''A History of The Sikh Misals'', p. 89. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1993.</ref><ref>Seetal, Sohan Singh (1981). ''The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States'', p.11. India: Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana, 1981.</ref> | |||
===Nihang Sikhs=== | ===Nihang Sikhs=== | ||
In the modern day, cannabis consumption (but not smoking) is commonly associated with the [[Nihang]] Singhs, a sect who continue the orthodox Sikh warrior tradition, who consume drinks as ''sukha'' or ''sukhnidhaan, or more commonly | [[File:Mural of two Nihang Sikhs making Bhang or Sukh Nidhan.jpg|thumb|Mural of two Nihang Sikhs making Bhang or Sukh Nidhan.]] | ||
In the modern day, cannabis consumption (but not smoking) is commonly associated with the [[Nihang]] Singhs, a sect who continue the orthodox Sikh warrior tradition, who consume drinks as ''sukha'' or ''sukhnidhaan,'' or more commonly ''shaheedi degha''.<ref name="SinghFenech2014">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA378|date=March 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=378–}}</ref><ref name="SinghHawley2012">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Michael Hawley|title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA34|date=7 December 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-24236-4|pages=34–}}</ref> S''haheedi degh'' is mostly used in Panjab on the Sikh holidays of [[Holla Mohalla]] and [[Vaisakhi]]. At many Sikh temples, including Takht Sachkhand Sri [[Hazur Sahib]] Ji, the ''shaheedi degh'' is offered as a holy food.<ref name="amritworld.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.amritworld.com/main/?p=82#sthash.agD98t5F.dpbs|title=The 'Sukhnidhaan' or 'Bhang' (cannabis)|work=Amrit World|date=28 February 2008|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120075451/http://www.amritworld.com/main/?p=82#sthash.agD98t5F.dpbs|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 2001, [[Jathedar Santa Singh|Baba Santa Singh]], the jathedar of [[Budha Dal]], along with 20 Nihang [[Jathedar|jathadars]] (leaders), refused to accept the ban on the consumption of bhang by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010326/punjab1.htm#3 Nihangs ‘not to accept’ ban on bhang]. [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]. March 26, 2001.</ref> Baba Santa Singh was excommunicated for a different issue, and replaced with Balbir Singh | In 2001, [[Jathedar Santa Singh|Baba Santa Singh]], the jathedar of [[Budha Dal]], along with 20 Nihang [[Jathedar|jathadars]] (leaders), refused to accept the ban on the consumption of bhang by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010326/punjab1.htm#3 Nihangs ‘not to accept’ ban on bhang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215114/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010326/punjab1.htm#3 |date=2016-03-03 }}. [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]. March 26, 2001.</ref> Baba Santa Singh was excommunicated for a different issue, and replaced with Balbir Singh, who agreed to shun the consumption of bhang.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010310/main7.htm#2 No ‘bhang’ at Hola Mohalla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208130304/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010310/main7.htm#2 |date=2015-12-08 }}. [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]. March 10, 2001.</ref> | ||
Some Nihang groups consume cannabis or shaheedi degh (ਭੰਗ), purportedly to help in meditation. Sukhaa-parsaad (ਸੁੱਖਾਪ੍ਰਰਸਾਦ), "dry-sweet", is the term Nihang use to refer to it. It was traditionally crushed and taken as a liquid, especially during festivals like Hola Mohalla. | Some Nihang groups consume cannabis or shaheedi degh (ਭੰਗ), purportedly to help in meditation. Sukhaa-parsaad (ਸੁੱਖਾਪ੍ਰਰਸਾਦ), "dry-sweet", is the term Nihang use to refer to it. It was traditionally crushed and taken as a liquid, especially during festivals like Hola Mohalla. | ||
| Line 22: | Line 42: | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Rehat}} | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Diet in Sikhism}} | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Jhatka}} | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Meat consumption among Sikhs}} | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Prohibitions in Sikhism}} | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Bhangi Misl}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 33: | Line 53: | ||
{{Cannabis and religion}} | {{Cannabis and religion}} | ||
{{Sikhism}} | |||
[[Category:Cannabis and Sikhism]] | [[Category:Cannabis and Sikhism]] | ||
[[Category:Cannabis culture]] | [[Category:Cannabis culture]] | ||
[[Category:Cannabis in India]] | [[Category:Cannabis in India]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:42, 5 March 2026
In Sikhism, some Sikhs particularly of the Nihang community use edible cannabis in a religious context. They make use of cannabis by ingestion. It is used to make a drink called Shaheedi Degh which is meant to help Nihang Singhs become highly present in the moment. [citation needed] Nihang Singhs used marijuana in the early times of Sikh history during times of battle, when it is believed to have helped them become more fierce warriors. [citation needed]
Prohibition[edit | edit source]
The first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak, stated that using any mind altering substance (without medical purposes) is a distraction from God. Guru Nanak was offered bhang by the Mughal emperor Babur; Nanak however declined, and recited this shabad:
Fear of Thee, o Lord, is my bhang, and my mind the pouch in which I carry it. Intoxicated with this bhang I have abandoned all interest in worldly concerns.[2]
The SGPC has also added a section in their rehait maryada (Sikh codes of conduct) that bans the Cannabis, opium and liquor for all Sikhs that follow its rehit maryada. The following is a translated quote from the rehait maryada. "A Sikh must not take hemp (cannabis), opium, liquor, tobacco, in short, any intoxicant. His only routine intake should be food."[3]
Usage[edit | edit source]
Bhang (hemp) was a wild-growth plant found in the jungles of Punjab and along river-banks.[4] An intoxicating drink can be produced by pounding the plant in a mortar and sifting it.[4]
.jpg)
The Sikhs inherited the tradition of drinking originates from the sixth Sikh guru, Guru Hargobind Sahib who started it to give sikhs Bir Ras (warrior spirit) and to get them energized, as Sikhs used to get up early for amrit vela and not go back to sleep till after the evening prayers of Sohila Sahib.
ਬਿਦਿਹ ਸਾਕੀਯਾ ਸਾਗ਼ਰੇ ਸਬਜ਼ ਗੂੰ ॥
‘Oh! Saki Give me the cup full of green (liquid)
ਕਿ ਮਾਰਾ ਬਕਾਰਸਤ ਜੰਗ ਅੰਦਰੂੰ ॥੨੦॥
‘Which I need at the time of struggle(20)
ਲਬਾਲਬ ਬਕੁਨ ਦਮ ਬਦਮ ਨੋਸ਼ ਕੁਨ ॥
‘Fill it up to the brim so that I can drink it with every breath
ਗ਼ਮੇ ਹਰ ਦੁ ਆਲਮ ਫ਼ਰਾਮੋਸ਼ ਕੁਨ ॥੨੧॥੧੨॥
‘And forget the afflictions of both the worlds(21)(12)
(Dasam Guru Granth Sahib, Ang 1428)
The Bhangi Misl of the Sikh Confederacy in the 18th century derived its name from bhang. The misl received its name "Bhangi" because Chhajja Singh and his soldiers frequently used the herbal intoxicant bhang (drink made from cannabis sativa).[5][6]
Nihang Sikhs[edit | edit source]
In the modern day, cannabis consumption (but not smoking) is commonly associated with the Nihang Singhs, a sect who continue the orthodox Sikh warrior tradition, who consume drinks as sukha or sukhnidhaan, or more commonly shaheedi degha.[7][8] Shaheedi degh is mostly used in Panjab on the Sikh holidays of Holla Mohalla and Vaisakhi. At many Sikh temples, including Takht Sachkhand Sri Hazur Sahib Ji, the shaheedi degh is offered as a holy food.[9]
In 2001, Baba Santa Singh, the jathedar of Budha Dal, along with 20 Nihang jathadars (leaders), refused to accept the ban on the consumption of bhang by the SGPC.[10] Baba Santa Singh was excommunicated for a different issue, and replaced with Balbir Singh, who agreed to shun the consumption of bhang.[11]
Some Nihang groups consume cannabis or shaheedi degh (ਭੰਗ), purportedly to help in meditation. Sukhaa-parsaad (ਸੁੱਖਾਪ੍ਰਰਸਾਦ), "dry-sweet", is the term Nihang use to refer to it. It was traditionally crushed and taken as a liquid, especially during festivals like Hola Mohalla.
See also[edit | edit source]
- Rehat – Sikh codes of conduct
- Diet in Sikhism – Views on what followers of Sikhism are permitted to eat
- Jhatka – Meat in the Sikh tradition
- Meat consumption among Sikhs
- Prohibitions in Sikhism – List of banned practices in Sikhism
- Bhangi Misl – Sovereign state of the Sikh Confederacy
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Ayyagari S (2007). ""Hori Hai": A Festival of Colours!! (review)". Asian Music. 38 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 151–153. doi:10.1353/amu.2007.0029. S2CID 192201145.
- ↑ McLeod (4 March 2004). Sikhs and Sikhism: Comprising Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion, Early Sikh Tradition, The Evolution of the Sikh Community, Who is a Sikh?. OUP India. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-19-566892-6.
- ↑ "SikhiToTheMax". www.sikhitothemax.org. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gupta, Hari Ram (1978). History of the Sikhs. Vol. IV: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 205.
- ↑ Singh, Bhagata (1993). A History of The Sikh Misals, p. 89. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1993.
- ↑ Seetal, Sohan Singh (1981). The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States, p.11. India: Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana, 1981.
- ↑ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. OUP Oxford. pp. 378–. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
- ↑ Pashaura Singh; Michael Hawley (7 December 2012). Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt. BRILL. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-90-04-24236-4.
- ↑ "The 'Sukhnidhaan' or 'Bhang' (cannabis)". Amrit World. 28 February 2008. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Nihangs ‘not to accept’ ban on bhang Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. The Tribune. March 26, 2001.
- ↑ No ‘bhang’ at Hola Mohalla Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine. The Tribune. March 10, 2001.