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| {{short description|Necklace, tied around the bride's neck in Hindu weddings}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Mangalasutra]] |
| {{about|the amulet necklace|the Buddhist discourse|Mangala Sutta}}
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| {{redirect|Thaali}}
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| {{refimprove|date=October 2011}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
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| [[File:Indian Mangalsutra.jpg|thumb|200px]]
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| A '''mangala sutra''' ({{IAST3|maṅgala sūtra}}), or '''thaali''' (ISO: ''tāḷi''), is a necklace that the groom ties around the bride's neck in the [[Indian subcontinent]], in a ceremony called ''Mangalya Dharanam'' ({{Language with name/for||Sanskrit|"wearing the auspicious"}}). The necklace serves as a [[Visual markers of marital status|visual marker of status as a married Hindu woman]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/matrimonial1/a/mangalsutra.htm|title=Mangalsutra Necklace - Hindu Symbol of Love & Marriage|author=Subhamoy Das|work=About.com Religion & Spirituality|access-date=8 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513102744/http://hinduism.about.com/od/matrimonial1/a/mangalsutra.htm|archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref>
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| Mangala sutra's origin dates back to the 6th Century AD as a single yellow thread was tied around the bride for protection from other men and evil spirits. Mangala sutra is a social practice widespread in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]]. The term mangala sutra in [[Sanskrit]] means holy thread.
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| ==Overview==
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| Mangala sutram literally means "an auspicious thread" which is knotted around the bride's neck. It is usually a [[necklace]] with black beads strung from a black or yellow [[yarn|thread]] prepared with [[turmeric]]. Sometimes gold, white or red beads are also added to the mangala sutram, depending on regional variation. It is a symbol of marriage worn by women. The idea of sacred thread existed for centuries, even going back to Sangam period. But the nature of these auspicious threads have evolved over time, and varies widely according to various communities. Non-Hindu religious groups such as Syrian Christians also wear mangal sutra, but with a cross on it. There are many communities in India, among whom the mangal sutra seems to be absent, and other forms of marital tokens have taken their place. For example, in large parts of North India, the toe ring and glass bangles indicate the marital status of a woman. Historian of Indian jewellery, Dr. Usha Balakrishnan explains that the practice of ritualistically adorning the bride with a mangal sutra to solemnise marriage, is a modern concept, made possible due to marketing strategies of businesses. She also says that,<blockquote>“There was no concept in ancient India of a marriage being solemnised through a mangal sutra as we know of it today with diamonds, pendants and the like,”<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-05|title=How the concept of Mangal Sutra has evolved over the centuries|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-the-concept-of-mangal-sutra-has-evolved-over-the-centuries-7607983/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>The concept of mangal sutra has evolved over centuries, and has become an integral part of marriages among several Indian communities.
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| ==Significance==
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| The significance of the mangala sutra was re-iterated by [[Adi Shankara]] in his famous book [[Soundarya Lahari]]. According to Hindu tradition, the mangala sutra is worn for the long life of the husband. As told by religious customs and social expectations, married women should wear mangala sutra throughout their life as it is believed that the practice enhances the well-being of her husband. Bridal jewellery in ancient times also worked as a financial security against old age and widowhood, as women did not have any property rights.<ref name=":0" />
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| ==In different languages==
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| It is called ''thaali'' ({{Lang|ta|தாலி}}) or ''maangalyam'' ({{Lang|ta|மாங்கல்யம்}}) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], nuptial chain in [[English language|English]], ''thella'' ({{Lang|si|තැල්ල}}) in [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]], ''mongolsutro'' (মঙ্গলসূত্র) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], ''mangal sutra'' ({{Lang|mr|मंगळसूत्र}}) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], ''mangalyasutra'' ({{Lang|kn|ಮಾಂಗಲ್ಯ ಸೂತ್ರ}}), ''thaali'' ({{Lang|kn|ತಾಳಿ}}) in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], and ''thaali'' ({{Lang|te|తాళి}}), ''maangalyamu'' ({{Lang|te|మాంగళ్యము}}), ''mangalasutramu'' ({{Lang|te|మంగళసూత్రము}}) or ''pustelu'' ({{Lang|te|పుస్తెలు}}) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''thaali'' ({{Lang|ml|താലി}}) in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], Mangalasutra (ମଙ୍ଗଳସୂତ୍ର) in [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Konkani people]] ([[Goans]], [[Mangaloreans]], [[East Indians]] and others, including Hindus ) wear three necklaces around their necks, referred to as ''dhaaremani'' or ''muhurtmani'' (big golden bead), ''mangalasutra'' with one or two gold discs and ''kasithaali'' with gold and coral beads. In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana regions, the two coin-sized gold discs are separated by 2-3 beads of different kinds. By tradition, one disc comes from the bride's family and another from the groom's side.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-27|title=Mangalsutra From Different States of India|url=https://www.kuberbox.com/blog/mangalsutra-different-states-india/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=KuberBox Jewellery Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>
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| ===Designs===
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| Mangala sutras are made in a variety of designs. The common ones are the ''Lakshmi thaali'', pustelu worn by the Telugus, ela thaali or minnu worn by the Malayalees, and the ''kumbha thaali'' worn by the tamilians of the [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya caste]]. The design is chosen by the groom's family according to prevalent customs. Gujaratis and Marwaris often use a diamond pendant in a gold chain which is merely ornamental in nature and is not a substitute to the mangala sutra in the traditional sense. Maharashtrians wear a pendant of two ''vati'' ornaments. The mangalya, thaali or mangala sutra of [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]] is similar to that of the Maharashtrians, except that it usually has two vatis. Nowadays many fashion conscious families opt for lighter versions, with a single vati or more contemporary style.
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| ==Gallery==
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| <gallery>
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| File:Mangalsutra.png|Traditional Mangalasutram in Andhra Pradesh
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| File:Nasrani Syrian Christian Minnu.jpg| Thaali with cross of 21 beads used by [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of Kerala.
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| File:A thaali- pillaiyar thaali.jpg|Pillayar Thali
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| File:A thamiar-thaali.jpg|Thamarai Thali
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| File:A thennaimaraththaali.jpg|Thennaimarathali
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| File:A- thaali koundars.jpg| Thaali
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| File:A- thaali vanniyar.jpg|Kongu Vellala Gounder Thaali
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| File:Amman thali.jpg|Devi Mangala sutra
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| </gallery>
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Vivaaha]]
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| *[[Sindoor]]
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| *[[Karva Chauth]]
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| *[[Pativrata]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Sources==
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| *"An Ornament of Beauty," by Ganesh Joshi published in ''Woman's Era'', January 2007.
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| {{Indian wedding}}
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| [[Category:Indian wedding]]
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| [[Category:Indian culture]]
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| [[Category:Necklaces]]
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| [[Category:Jewellery of India]]
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| [[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
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