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{{Infobox deity | {{Infobox deity | ||
| type | | type = Jain | ||
| name | | name = Ghantakarna Mahavir | ||
| image | | image = GhantakarnMahvir-RavindraJain.JPG | ||
| caption | | caption = Ghantakarna Mahavir | ||
| alt | | alt = Image of deity | ||
| deity_of | | deity_of = Kshatriya protector deity (Vira) | ||
| Devanagari | | Devanagari = घंटाकर्ण महावीर | ||
| script_name = Gujarati | | script_name = Gujarati | ||
| script | | script = {{lang|gu|ઘંટાકર્ણ મહાવીર}} | ||
| mantra = ''Gantakarana Mantra Stotra'' | |||
| weapon = Bow and arrow | |||
| mantra | | region = [[Gujarat]], India | ||
| weapon | |||
| region | |||
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]] | | venerated_in = [[Jainism]] | ||
| cult_center = [[Mahudi]] | | cult_center = [[Mahudi]] | ||
| festivals | | festivals = [[Kali Chaudas]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Jainism}} | {{Jainism}} | ||
'''Ghantakarna Mahavira''' is one of the fifty-two ''vira''s (protector deities) of [[Śvētāmbara|Svetambara]] [[Jainism]].<ref name="Cort2000">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gG5dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA417|title=Tantra in Practice|last=Cort|first=John E.|date=16 July 2000|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-05779-8|editor=David Gordon White|pages=417–433|chapter=Worship of Bell-Ears the Great Hero, a Jain Tantric Deity}}</ref> He is chiefly associated with [[Tapa Gaccha]], a monastic lineage. He was a deity of the Jain ''tantrik'' tradition. There is a shrine dedicated to him at the [[Mahudi Jain Temple]] established by [[Buddhisagar Suri]], a Jain monk, in nineteenth century. It is one of the popular Jain pilgrimage centres of India.<ref name="Cort2000" /> | '''Ghantakarna Mahavira''' is one of the fifty-two ''vira''s (protector deities) of [[Śvētāmbara|Svetambara]] [[Jainism]].<ref name="Cort2000">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gG5dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA417|title=Tantra in Practice|last=Cort|first=John E.|date=16 July 2000|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-05779-8|editor=David Gordon White|pages=417–433|chapter=Worship of Bell-Ears the Great Hero, a Jain Tantric Deity}}</ref> He is chiefly associated with [[Tapa Gaccha]], a monastic lineage. He was a deity of the Jain ''tantrik'' tradition. There is a shrine dedicated to him at the [[Mahudi Jain Temple]] established by [[Buddhisagar Suri]], a Jain monk, in nineteenth century. It is one of the popular Jain pilgrimage centres of India.<ref name="Cort2000" /> | ||
== History== | == History== | ||
Ghantakarna Mahavira is a Jain deity from the Jain tradition and is worshiped and venerated by some specific monastic lineages and probably many laymen. He is one of the fifty-two ''vira''s (protector deities) and is called ''Mahavira'' (Great ''vira'').<ref name="Cort2000" /><ref name=":0" /> The verse 67 of ''Gantakarana Mantra Stotra'' by Vimalachandra states that he is worshipped since the time of [[Haribhadra]] (c. 6-8th century). There is other corroborating evidence.<ref name="Cort2000" /> In ''Ghantakrana-kalpa'', Vimalachandra mentions him as a ''vira'' as well as ''[[kshetrapala]]'' (guardian deity of the land). Late commentary on the ''Namiuna-stava'' (verse 1) also mentions his veneration.<ref name=":0" /> The veneration transmitted from the teacher to the disciple. Ravisagar Suri initiated [[Buddhisagar Suri]] (1874-1925) in February 1898. After having direct vision of Ghantakarna, Buddhisagar Suri established an image of Ghantakarna at [[Mahudi Jain Temple]].<ref name="Cort2000" /> The worship is further popularised by Jayasimha Suri, Sarabhai Nawab and other [[Śvētāmbara|Swetambara]] people. Ghantakarna is not known among [[Digambara]] Jains.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=U. P.|date=September–December 1982|title=Minor Jaina deities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeINAAAAYAAJ|journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute|location=Baroda|publisher=Oriental Institute, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]|volume=XXXII|issue= | Ghantakarna Mahavira is a Jain deity from the Jain tradition and is worshiped and venerated by some specific monastic lineages and probably many laymen. He is one of the fifty-two ''vira''s (protector deities) and is called ''Mahavira'' (Great ''vira'').<ref name="Cort2000" /><ref name=":0" /> The verse 67 of ''Gantakarana Mantra Stotra'' by Vimalachandra states that he is worshipped since the time of [[Haribhadra]] (c. 6-8th century). There is other corroborating evidence.<ref name="Cort2000" /> In ''Ghantakrana-kalpa'', Vimalachandra mentions him as a ''vira'' as well as ''[[kshetrapala]]'' (guardian deity of the land). Late commentary on the ''Namiuna-stava'' (verse 1) also mentions his veneration.<ref name=":0" /> The veneration transmitted from the teacher to the disciple. Ravisagar Suri initiated [[Buddhisagar Suri]] (1874-1925) in February 1898. After having direct vision of Ghantakarna, Buddhisagar Suri established an image of Ghantakarna at [[Mahudi Jain Temple]].<ref name="Cort2000" /> The worship is further popularised by Jayasimha Suri, Sarabhai Nawab and other [[Śvētāmbara|Swetambara]] people. Ghantakarna is not known among [[Digambara]] Jains.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=U. P.|date=September–December 1982|title=Minor Jaina deities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeINAAAAYAAJ|journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute|location=Baroda|publisher=Oriental Institute, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]|volume=XXXII|issue=1–2|pages=95–97}}</ref> [[John E. Cort]] states it as a reformulation of a private tradition in a devotional public tradition.<ref name="Cort2000" /> | ||
== Worship == | == Worship == | ||
| Line 37: | Line 32: | ||
Mahudi Jain temple is one of the popular Jain pilgrimage centres of India.<ref name="Cort2000" /> Thousands of devotees visit it and offers ''[[Sukhdi]]'' (mixture of [[jaggery]], wheat and [[ghee]]), a sweet there. After offering, it is consumed by devotees within the temple complex. His images are also found in other Jain temples in western India.<ref name="Cort2000" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="kc" /> | Mahudi Jain temple is one of the popular Jain pilgrimage centres of India.<ref name="Cort2000" /> Thousands of devotees visit it and offers ''[[Sukhdi]]'' (mixture of [[jaggery]], wheat and [[ghee]]), a sweet there. After offering, it is consumed by devotees within the temple complex. His images are also found in other Jain temples in western India.<ref name="Cort2000" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="kc" /> | ||
On ''[[Kali Chaudas]]'' (the fourteenth day of the dark half of the month of Aso), thousands of devotees visit the Mahudi temple to attend a religious ceremony, ''[[Havan]]''.<ref name=kc>{{cite news| last = Dave| first = Pranav| date = 2013-11-02| title = Kali Chaudas havan revered by all faiths| url = | On ''[[Kali Chaudas]]'' (the fourteenth day of the dark half of the month of Aso), thousands of devotees visit the Mahudi temple to attend a religious ceremony, ''[[Havan]]''.<ref name=kc>{{cite news| last = Dave| first = Pranav| date = 2013-11-02| title = Kali Chaudas havan revered by all faiths| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Kali-Chaudas-havan-revered-by-all-faiths/articleshow/25078317.cms| newspaper = The Times of India| location = Ahmedabad| access-date = 2013-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=97203|title=Kali Chaudas Celebrated at Shri Ghantakarna Mahavir Temple at Mahudi, Gujarat|date=2013|work=Ahimsa Times|via=herenow4u}}</ref> | ||
== Texts == | == Texts == | ||
| Line 57: | Line 52: | ||
{{authority control}} | {{authority control}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Jain minor deities]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:27, 21 May 2025
| Ghantakarna Mahavir | |
|---|---|
Kshatriya protector deity (Vira) | |
 Ghantakarna Mahavir | |
| Devanagari | घंटाकर्ण महावीर |
| Gujarati | ઘંટાકર્ણ મહાવીર |
| Venerated in | Jainism |
| Major cult center | Mahudi |
| Mantra | Gantakarana Mantra Stotra |
| Weapon | Bow and arrow |
| Region | Gujarat, India |
| Festivals | Kali Chaudas |
| Part of a series on |
| Jainism |
|---|
 |
Ghantakarna Mahavira is one of the fifty-two viras (protector deities) of Svetambara Jainism.[1] He is chiefly associated with Tapa Gaccha, a monastic lineage. He was a deity of the Jain tantrik tradition. There is a shrine dedicated to him at the Mahudi Jain Temple established by Buddhisagar Suri, a Jain monk, in nineteenth century. It is one of the popular Jain pilgrimage centres of India.[1]
History[edit | edit source]
Ghantakarna Mahavira is a Jain deity from the Jain tradition and is worshiped and venerated by some specific monastic lineages and probably many laymen. He is one of the fifty-two viras (protector deities) and is called Mahavira (Great vira).[1][2] The verse 67 of Gantakarana Mantra Stotra by Vimalachandra states that he is worshipped since the time of Haribhadra (c. 6-8th century). There is other corroborating evidence.[1] In Ghantakrana-kalpa, Vimalachandra mentions him as a vira as well as kshetrapala (guardian deity of the land). Late commentary on the Namiuna-stava (verse 1) also mentions his veneration.[2] The veneration transmitted from the teacher to the disciple. Ravisagar Suri initiated Buddhisagar Suri (1874-1925) in February 1898. After having direct vision of Ghantakarna, Buddhisagar Suri established an image of Ghantakarna at Mahudi Jain Temple.[1] The worship is further popularised by Jayasimha Suri, Sarabhai Nawab and other Swetambara people. Ghantakarna is not known among Digambara Jains.[2] John E. Cort states it as a reformulation of a private tradition in a devotional public tradition.[1]
Worship[edit | edit source]
Ghantakarna is invoked for protection from variety of obstacles and difficulties such as epidemics, diseases, fire, invasions, ghosts.[2][1] He is also invoked for the protection from the opponents of Jainism.[1]
Mahudi Jain temple is one of the popular Jain pilgrimage centres of India.[1] Thousands of devotees visit it and offers Sukhdi (mixture of jaggery, wheat and ghee), a sweet there. After offering, it is consumed by devotees within the temple complex. His images are also found in other Jain temples in western India.[1][2][3]
On Kali Chaudas (the fourteenth day of the dark half of the month of Aso), thousands of devotees visit the Mahudi temple to attend a religious ceremony, Havan.[3][4]
Texts[edit | edit source]
Gantakarana Mantra Stotra is a Sanskrit text associated with him which has 71 verses and is used as a mantra as well as hymn. It was composed in later half of the 16th century by a little known Jain monk Vimalachandra who was a disciple of Sakalachandra, a disciple of Tapa Gaccha monk Hiravijaya Suri. There are other Gantakarna Mantras as well.[1] Ghantakrana-kalpadi-sangrah published by Sarabhai M. Nawab is a collection of late manuscripts such as Ghantakarna-kalpa from Jain libraries with 26 illustrations. He has included some instructions in Gujarati in Ghantakarna-kalpa No. 2 and No. 3 but has not mentioned its source of translation or any manuscript. The Sanskrit mantra in No. 3 is the only mantra common is texts found in Jain libraries.[2]
Mythology[edit | edit source]
In past life, Ghantakarna Mahavir was a king Tungabhadra or Mahabal from Shrinagar and had died fighting thieves to protect the innocents and pilgrims going to Shri Parvat. He reincarnated as Ghantakarna Mahavir, the thirtieth among fifty-two Viras (protector deities).[5]
Iconography[edit | edit source]
There is no Jain textual authority to the iconography of Ghantakarna Mahavir described in kalpa texts or modern paintings.[2] Until Buddhisagar Suri established anthropomorphic image of Ghantakarna Mahavir at Mahudi Jain Temple, Ghantakarna Mahavir was worshiped only in anthropomorphic yantras and in an abstract forms.[1] In paintings, he is depicted as a two, four, six or eight armed with the bow and the arrow. He is also depicted with the shield, the sword, the mace, the shield, the vajra, the bow and arrow, the rosary, and the banner.[2] The anthropomorphic image shows a standing man holding the bow and the arrow aimed towards left, having a crown on his head and the bell-shaped earrings. He has bell-shaped ears (Ghanta and karna) so he was called Ghantakarna Mahavir.[1]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Cort, John E. (16 July 2000). "Worship of Bell-Ears the Great Hero, a Jain Tantric Deity". In David Gordon White (ed.). Tantra in Practice. Princeton University Press. pp. 417–433. ISBN 978-0-691-05779-8.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Shah, U. P. (September–December 1982). "Minor Jaina deities". Journal of the Oriental Institute. XXXII (1–2). Baroda: Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda: 95–97.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dave, Pranav (2 November 2013). "Kali Chaudas havan revered by all faiths". The Times of India. Ahmedabad. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ↑ "Kali Chaudas Celebrated at Shri Ghantakarna Mahavir Temple at Mahudi, Gujarat". Ahimsa Times. 2013 – via herenow4u.
- ↑ "Ghantakarna". HereNow4u: Portal on Jainism. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
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