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| {{short description|8th-13th century Indian dynasty}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Shilahara dynasty]] |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
| | {{Redirect category shell| |
| {{More citations needed|date=August 2015}}
| | {{R from move}} |
| {{Infobox country
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| | conventional_long_name = Shilahara
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| | common_name = Shilahara
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| | year_start = 8th century CE
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| | year_end = 13th century CE
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| | capital = [[Thana]]
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| | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br>[[Jainism]]
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| | common_languages = [[Marathi language|Marathi]],{{sfn|Mirashi|1977}} [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Kannada]],<ref>{{cite book |author=K. M. Shrimali |chapter=How monetized was the Śilāhāra economy? |editor1=Ram Sharan Sharma |editor2=Dwijendra Narayan Jha |title=Society and ideology in India: essays in honour of professor R.S. Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sAZuAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |page=95 |isbn=9788121506397 |quote=Linguistically, 32 out of a total of 45 records of the two branches of Konkan area are in Sanskrit and the rest are sprinkled mostly with Marathi — there are a few cases of the flourishes of Old Marathi as well as Kannada. }}</ref>
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| | government_type = Monarchy
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| | p1 = Rashtrakuta dynasty
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| | s1 = Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
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| | today = [[India]]
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| }} | | }} |
| [[Image:Shilahar.jpg|thumb|Coin of Shilaharas of Northern [[Konkan]]
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| , Billon, Dramma ?, Indo-Sassanian Design, circa 1210 - 1302.<br>
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| '''Obv:''' Unrecognizable head of king.
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| '''Rev:''' A horseman is seen sword-fighting against two foot-soldiers: a third appears to be attacking the horseman from behind, a fourth is seen dead at the feet of the horse]]
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| The '''Shilahara Dynasty''' ([[IAST]]: Śilāhāra; also Sinhara, Shailahara, Shrilara, or Silara) was a royal clan that established itself in northern and southern [[Konkan]], present-day [[Mumbai]] and southern Maharashtra ([[Kolhapur]]) during the [[Rashtrakuta]] period.
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|
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| They were split into three branches; one branch ruled North [[Konkan]], the second South Konkan (between 765 and 1029), while the third ruled what is now known as the modern districts of Kolhapur, Satara and Belgaum between 940 and 1215 after which they were overwhelmed by the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas]].<ref>{{cite web
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| |url = http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm
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| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050429040159/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm
| |
| |url-status = dead
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| |archive-date = 29 April 2005
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| |title = Nasik History - Ancient Period
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| |publisher = State Government of Maharashtra
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| |access-date = 2006-10-14
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| |df = dmy-all
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| }}</ref>
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|
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| ==Origins==
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| The dynasty originally began as vassals of the [[Rashtrakuta]] dynasty which ruled the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] plateau between the 8th and 10th centuries. Govinda II, a [[Rashtrakuta]] king, conferred the kingdom of North Konkan (the modern districts of [[Thane District|Thane]], [[Mumbai Suburban District|Mumbai]] and [[Raigad District|Raigad]]) on Kapardin ([[Sanskrit]]: Wearing the {{transl|sa|kaparda}}, a peculiar braid or knot of hair - also a term for god [[Shiva]]/ [[Rishabhanatha]]) I, founder of the Northern Silhara family, around 800. Since then North Konkan came to be known as Kapardi-dvipa or Kavadidvipa. The capital of this branch was Puri, now known as Rajapur in the Raigad District.
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|
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| The dynasty bore the title of ''Tagara-puradhishvara'', which indicates that they originally hailed from Tagara (modern Ter in the [[Osmanabad District]]).
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|
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| Around 1343 the island of [[Salsette]], and eventually the whole archipelago, passed to the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]].
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|
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| [[Shilaharas of Southern Maharashtra]] at Kolhapur was the latest of the three and was founded about the time of downfall of the Rashtrakuta Empire.
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|
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| All the branches of this family traced their descent from the legendary Vidyadhara prince [[Nagananda|Jimutavahana]], who sacrificed himself to rescue a Naga prince from the clutches of [[Garuda]]. The family-name ''Shilahara'' (meaning "mountain-peak food" in Sanskrit) is supposed to have been derived from this incident. Even single inscriptions have more than one form of the name; one has the three forms Silara, Shilara and Shrillara.
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|
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| Lassen suggests that the Shilaharas were of Afghan origin as Silar Kafirs are still found in Afghanistan, but the "Ayya" used in the names of almost all their ministers and the non-Sanskrit names of some of the chiefs support the view that they were of [[Kannada]] origin. The Shilaharas of South [[Konkan]] were the vassals of [[Rashtrakuta]]s and ruled from 765 to 1020.{{sfnm|1a1=Dept. Gazetteer|1y=1982|2a1=Dept. Gazetteer|2y=2002}}
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|
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| ==North Konkan (Thane branch)==
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| <!--Location to be determined
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| "Vihār in the Thāṇā District"
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| Vihar village in Mumbai (around Vihar lake)?
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| Virar, which was earlier in Thane district?
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|
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| "Chaudharapāḍā, near Lōnāḍ in the Bhiwaṇḍī tālukā"
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| Chiradpada? Chuadharipada?
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|
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| "Nandui, about twelve miles south-west of Vāḍā in the Ṭhāṇā District"
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| Nandani Gaigotha, to the south-west of Wada in Thane district?
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|
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| Kutapur or "Kutāpura village situated in Madhya Pradēśa"
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| -->
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| <mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the reign of the Shilaharas of North Konkan{{sfn|Mirashi|1977|pp=xi-xiii}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="7" longitude="72.99" latitude="18.4">
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ghodbunder Fort or Fort of Tanna (Ṭhāṇā)" },
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| |
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| |
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| |
| "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9781, 19.21833] }
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| |
| {
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ambarnath Temple" },
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
| "type": "Feature",
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Jogeshwari Caves]]" },
| |
| "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.8568, 19.13910] }
| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Chanje" },
| |
| "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9505, 18.86351] }
| |
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| |
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| |
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Panhale" },
| |
| "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.5653, 16.82354] }
| |
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| |
| {
| |
| "type": "Feature",
| |
| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Nala Sopara" },
| |
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| |
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Agashi" },
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| "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.7747, 19.46039] }
| |
| },
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| {
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| "type": "Feature",
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Mahul" },
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Chiplun" },
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| |
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| |
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Agarwada (Āgar)" },
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| |
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| "type": "Feature",
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ranwad (Rānvaḍ near Uraṇ)" },
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| |
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Bhoighar" },
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| |
| }
| |
| ]
| |
| }
| |
| </mapframe>
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| [[File:I20 Silaharas drachme 1 (8099991435).jpg|thumb|An anonymous silver drachma (perhaps from the North Konkan Silaharas) dating from the 11th-12th centuries. This kind of currency was found in the district of Nimar of Madhya Pradesh and in the Huzur Jawhirkhana of Indore. '''Dimension:''' 14 mm '''Weight:''' 4.4 g.]]
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| After [[Rashtrakuta]] power became weak, the last known ruler of this family, Rattaraja, declared his independence. But [[Chalukya]] Jayasimha, the younger brother of Vikramaditya, overthrew him and appropriated his possessions. North [[Konkan]] was conquered by the [[Rashtrakuta]] king Dantidurga sometime in the second quarter of the eighth century.{{sfn|Dept. Gazetteer|2002}}
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|
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| As per R Narasimhacharya, names like Vappuvanna, Lasthiyavva, etc. betrayed the [[Kannada]] origin of Silaharas of Thana.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C&q=velvikudi+kannada&pg=PA34|title=History of Kannada Language|last=Ramanujapuram|first=Narasimhacharya|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1942|isbn=9788120605596|pages=46, 49}}</ref>
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|
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| ===Rulers===
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| # [[Kapardin I]] (800 – 825)
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| # [[Pullashakti]] (825 – 850)
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| # Kapardin II (850 – 880)
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| # [[Vappuvanna]] (880 – 910)
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| # [[Jhanjha]] (910 – 930)
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| # [[Goggiraja]] (930 – 945)
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| # Vajjada I (945 – 965)
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| # Chhadvaideva (965 – 975)
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| # [[Aparajita]] (975 – 1010)
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| # [[Vajjada II]] (1010 – 1015)
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| # [[Arikesarin]] (1015 – 1022)
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| # [[Chhittaraja]] (1022 – 1035)
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| # Nagarjuna (1035 – 1045)
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| # Mummuniraja (1045 – 1070)
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| # Ananta Deva I (1070 – 1127)
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| # [[Aparaditya I]] (1127 – 1148)
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| # [[Haripaladeva]] (1148 – 1155)
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| # [[Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)|Mallikarjuna]] (1155 – 1170)
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| # Aparaditya II ( 1170 – 1197)
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| # Ananta Deva II (1198 – 1200)
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| # [[Keshideva II]] (1200 – 1245)
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| # Ananta Deva III (1245 – 1255)
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| # [[Someshvara (Shilahara dynasty)|Someshvara]] (1255 – 1265)
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|
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| ==South Konkan==
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| <mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the reign of the Shilaharas of South Konkan{{sfn|Mirashi|1977|p=xiii}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="7" longitude="74.03" latitude="16.48">
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| |
| },
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| {
| |
| "type": "Feature",
| |
| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Pattankudi (Paṭṭaṇakudi)" },
| |
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| |
| }
| |
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| |
| }
| |
| </mapframe>
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| This house's history is known through one record, the Kharepatan plates of Rattaraja issued in 1008. Rattaraja was the last ruler of this dynasty. The document is extremely important as it not only gives the genealogy of the ten ancestors of Rattaraja but also mentions their exploits. The founder, Sanaphulla, was vassal of the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rastrakuta]] emperor Krisna I who had established his power over [[Konkan]] by 765 and probably handed it to Sanaphulla. The Kharepatan plates declare that Sanaphulla obtained lordship over the territory between Sahya mountain and the sea through the favour of Krisnaraja.
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|
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| Sana-phulla's son Dhammayira is known to have built a fort at Vallipattana on the Western Coast. Aiyaparaja secured victory at Chandrapuri ([[Chandor]]) in Goa. The reign of Avasara I proved to be uneventful. His son Adityavarman, who is described as brilliant as the Sun in valour, offered help to the kings of Chandrapuri and Chemulya (modern Chaul), 30 miles to the south of Bombay, so the influence of the Shilaharas had spread over the whole of [[Konkan]]. At this time Laghu Kapardi, the ruler of the [[Thane]] branch, was just a boy and the help given to the ruler of Chaul must have been at his expense. Avasara II continued the policy of his father. Indraraja's son Bhima is styled as 'Rahuvadgrasta Chandramandala' because he overthrew the petty ruler of Chandor. At this time the Kadamba ruler Sasthadeva and his son Chaturbhuja were trying to overthrow the Rastrakuta rule. This explains Bhima's opposition to Chandrapuri or Chandor. Avasara III, no doubt, ruled in troubled times, but had no contribution of his to make. Finally, Rattaraja, loyal to the Rastrakutas, was compelled to transfer his allegiance to Taila II.
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|
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| Soon after the issue of the plates in 1008, the rule of [[Konkan]] passed over to the later Chalukyas. (Dept. Gazetteer: Kolaba, 1964, Dept. Gazetteer: 2002)
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|
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| ===Rulers===
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| # Sanaphulla (765 to 795)
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| # Dhammayira (795 to 820)
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| # Aiyaparaja (820 to 845)
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| # Avasara I (845 to 870)
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| # Adityavarma (870 to 895)
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| # Avasara II (895 to 920)
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| # Indraraja (920 to 945)
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| # Bhima (945 to 970)
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| # Avasara III (970 to 995)
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| # Rattaraja (995 to 1020)
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|
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| == Kolhapur branch ==
| |
| <mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the reign of the Shilaharas of Kolhapur{{sfn|Mirashi|1977|p=xiii}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="7" longitude="74.28" latitude="16.66">
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| "type": "Feature",
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| |
| },
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| "type": "Feature",
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kasheli - Kanakaditya temple (Kaśēḷī)" },
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| "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.3190665, 16.7286767] }
| |
| },
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| {
| |
| "type": "Feature",
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Jugul (Jugal)" },
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| |
| },
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| {
| |
| "type": "Feature",
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Shedbal" },
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| |
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| {
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| "type": "Feature",
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Miraj fort" },
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| |
| },
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| {
| |
| "type": "Feature",
| |
| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Vhannur - Jain temple (Honnur)" },
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| |
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| |
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| {
| |
| "type": "Feature",
| |
| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Tarale Khurd / Tarle Kasaba (Tāḷale)" },
| |
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| |
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| "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Bamani" },
| |
| "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.2384748, 16.5366732] }
| |
| }
| |
| ]
| |
| }
| |
| </mapframe>
| |
| The Shilahara family at [[Kolhapur]] was the latest of the three and was founded about the time of the downfall of the [[Rashtrakuta]] Empire. They ruled over southern [[Maharashtra]], the modern districts of Satara, Kolhapur and Belgaon. Their family deity was the goddess Mahalakshmi, whose blessing they claimed to have secured in their copperplate grants (Mahalakshmi-labdha-vara-prasada). Like their relatives of the northern branch of [[Konkan]], the Shilaharas of [[Kolhapur]] claimed to be of the lineage of the Vidyadhara Jimutavahana. They carried the banner of golden Garuda. One of the many titles used by the Shilaharas was ''Tagarapuravaradhisvara'', or supreme sovereign ruler of Tagara.{{sfnm|1a1=Bhandarkar|1y=1957|2a1=Fleet|2y=1896}}
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| The first capital of the Shilaharas was probably at Karad during the reign of Jatiga-II as known from their copper plate grant of Miraj and 'Vikramankadevacharita' of Bilhana.{{sfn|Dept. Gazetteer|2002}} Hence sometimes they are referred as 'Shilaharas of Karad'. Later on although the capital was shifted to [[Kolhapur]], some of their grants mention Valavada, and the hill fort of Pranalaka or Padmanala ([[Panhala]]) as the places of royal residence. Even though the capital was shifted to [[Kolhapur]], Karhad retained its significance during the Shilahara period. This branch rose to power during the latter part of the [[Rashtrakuta]] rule and so, unlike the kings of the other two branches, those of this branch do not mention the genealogy of the [[Rashtrakuta]]s even in their early grants. Later on they acknowledged the suzerainty of the [[Kalyani Chalukya|later Chalukya]] for some time. ''They had used [[Kannada]] as the official language as can be seen from their inscriptions''. This branch continued to hold the Southern [[Maharashtra]] from circa 940 to 1220.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}
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| It seems that [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]], the last ruler of this family, was overthrown and dispossessed by Singhana in or soon after 1219-20 (Saka 1131) as is borne out by one of Singhana's inscriptions dated Saka 1160.{{sfn|Fleet| 1896}}
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| ===Rulers===
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| # Jatiga I (940 - 960)
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| # Naivarman (960 - 980)
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| # Chandra (980 - 1000)
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| # [[Jatiga II]] (1000 - 1020)
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| # [[Gonka]] (1020 - 1050)
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| # Guhala I
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| # Kirtiraja
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| # Chandraditya
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| # [[Marsimha]] (1050 - 1075)
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| # Guhala II (1075 - 1085)
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| # [[Bhoja I]] (1085 - 1100)
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| # Ballala (1100 - 1108)
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| # Gonka II
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| # [[Gandaraditya I]] (1108 - 1138)
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| # [[Vijayaditya I]] (1138 - 1175)
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| # [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] (1175 - 1212)
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| ==Monuments==
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| A number of ancient monuments in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolhapur]] district pay tribute to this dynasty's prowess:
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| * The [[Walkeshwar Temple]] and the [[Banganga Tank]] were built during the reign of Chittaraja, a king of this dynasty.<ref>[http://www.gsbkonkani.net/TEMPLES/BANGANGA%20SHRI%20WALKESHWAR.htm Banganga, Walkeshwar history]</ref>
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| * The [[Shiv Mandir, Ambarnath]], also near Mumbai, was also built by Chittaraja in 1030
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| * [[Kopineshwar Mandir, Thane|Kopineshwar Mandir]], a Shiva temple in [[Thane]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thanecity.gov.in/marathi/page.php?id=4 | title=प्राचीन श्रीस्थानक ते आधुनिक ठाणे शहर |language=mr | publisher=[[Thane Municipal Corporation]] | access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>
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| * [[Parshwanath]] [[Jain]] temple of Kolhapur Shilahars at Ibrahimpur and Bhogoli in [[Chandgad]] taluka.
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| * [[Parshwanath]] [[Jain]] temple of Kolhapur Shilahars at Ainapur in [[Gadhinglaj]] taluka.
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| * [[Parshwanath]] [[Jain]] temple of Kolhapur Shilahars at Baamni and Sangaon in [[Kagal]] taluka.
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| * Idol of [[Parshwanath]] [[Jain]] tirthankar found in excavation of [[Hupari]] in [[Hatkanangale]] taluka has kannada inscriptions of Kolhapur Shilahars.
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| * 11th century A.D. 1st tirthankar [[Rishabhnath]] [[Jain]] temple at Pattankodoli in [[Hatkanangale]] taluka of Kolhapur Shilahars has Kannada inscription stating king Gandaraditya.
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| * [[Chandraprabhu]] 8th [[Jain]] tirthankar temple at [[Herle, Maharashtra|Herle]] near Kolhapur with Kannada inscriptions of Shilahars.
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| * 22nd [[Jain]] tirthnakar [[Neminath]] temple at [[Khidrapur]] of king Gandaraditya era of Kolhapur shilahars.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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|
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| === Bibliography ===
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| * {{cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=R.G. |year=1957 |title=Early History of Deccan |publisher=Sushil Gupta (I) Pvt Ltd |location=Calcutta}}
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| * {{cite book |last=Fleet |first=J.F. |year=1896 |title=The Dynasties of the Kanarese District of The Bombay Presidency}}. Written for ''The Bombay Gazetteer''.
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| * {{wikicite|reference=
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| Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (2002): Itihaas : Prachin Kal, Khand -1 (Marathi)
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| |ref={{sfnref|Dept. Gazetteer|2002}}}}
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| * {{wikicite|reference=
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| Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1960): Kolhapur District Gazetteer
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| |ref={{sfnref|Dept. Gazetteer|1960}}}}
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| * {{wikicite|reference=
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| Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1964): Kolaba District Gazetteer
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| |ref={{sfnref|Dept. Gazetteer|1964}}}}
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| * {{wikicite|reference=
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| Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1982): Thane District Gazetteer
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| |ref={{sfnref|Dept. Gazetteer|1982}}}}
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| * {{cite book |last=Altekar |first=A.S. |year=1936 |title=The Śilāhāras of Western India}}
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| * {{cite book |editor-last=Mirashi |editor-first=V. V. |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum |volume=VI: Inscriptions of the Śilāhāras |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1977 |oclc=5240794 |url=https://archive.org/stream/corpusinscriptio014678mbp#page/n3/mode/2up }}
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| ==External links==
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| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026231253/http://geocities.com/ancientcoinsofindia/shilacoinex.html Silver Coin of Shilaharas of Southern Maharashtra (Coinex 2006 - Souvenir)]
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| {{Mumbai topics}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Shilhara}}
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| [[Category:History of Mumbai]]
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| [[Category:Dynasties of India]]
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| [[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
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| [[Category:Shilahara dynasty]]
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