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{{Short description|British Army officer}} | {{Short description|British Army officer, politician and colonial administrator}} | ||
{{Use British English|date=June 2011}} | {{Use British English|date=June 2011}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| honorific-prefix=[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[The Right Honourable]] | | honorific-prefix= [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[The Right Honourable]] | ||
| name = The Viscount Combermere | | name = The Viscount Combermere | ||
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCH|KSI|PC}} | | honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCH|KSI|PC}} | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
| successor = John Brathwaite Skeete (acting) | | successor = John Brathwaite Skeete (acting) | ||
| nickname = | | nickname = | ||
| allegiance ={{ | | allegiance ={{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} <br /> {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} | ||
| branch = | | branch =[[British Army]] | ||
| serviceyears =1790–1830 | | serviceyears =1790–1830 | ||
| rank =[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] | | rank =[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] | ||
| unit = | | unit = | ||
| commands =[[22nd Dragoons|25th Light Dragoons]]<br />[[16th The Queen's Lancers|16th Light Dragoons]]<br />[[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland]]<br />[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] | | commands =[[22nd Dragoons|25th Light Dragoons]]<br />[[16th The Queen's Lancers|16th Light Dragoons]]<br />[[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland]]<br />[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] | ||
| battles =[[French Revolutionary Wars]]<br />[[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]<br />[[Peninsular War]] | | battles =[[French Revolutionary Wars]]<br />[[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]<br/>[[Irish rebellion of 1803]]<br />[[Peninsular War]] | ||
| awards =[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br />[[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order]]<br />[[Order of the Star of India|Knight Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] | | awards =[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br />[[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order]]<br />[[Order of the Star of India|Knight Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] | ||
| relations = | | relations = | ||
| laterwork = | | laterwork = | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCH|KSI|PC}} (14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865) | |||
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|GCH|KSI|PC}} (14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865) was a [[British Army]] officer, politician and colonial administrator who served as the [[governor of Barbados]] from 1817 to 1820. As a junior officer, he took part in the [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders campaign]], the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] and in the [[Irish rebellion of 1803]]. Cotton commanded a cavalry brigade in [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]]'s Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the [[Peninsular War]]. He went on to be [[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland]] and then [[Commander-in-Chief, India]]. In the latter role he [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|stormed Bharatpur]]—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable. | |||
==Career== | ==Career== | ||
[[File:The Lord Combermere, Audlem - geograph.org.uk - 4189874.jpg|thumb|right|The Lord Combermere pub in [[Audlem, Cheshire]]]] | |||
===1790–1805=== | ===1790–1805=== | ||
Cotton was born at [[Lleweni Hall]] in | Cotton was born at [[Lleweni Hall]], [[Denbighshire]] in [[Wales]],{{sfn|Shand|1902|page=394}} the second surviving son of [[Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton, 5th Baronet]] and Frances Cotton (née Stapleton). When he was eight, Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in [[Audlem]] some {{convert|8|mi}} from the family's estate at [[Combermere Abbey]], where he was tutored by the headmaster, the Reverend William Salmon, who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates.{{sfn|Stapleton Cotton|Stapleton Cotton|Knollys|1866|page=25}} A quick, lively boy, he was known by his family as 'Young Rapid,' and was continually in scrapes.{{sfn|Chichester|1887|pages=316–319}} After three years in Audlem, he continued his education at [[Westminster School]] where he joined the fourth form under Dr. Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers [[John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford|Jack Byng]], [[Robert Wilson (British Army officer, born 1777)|Robert Wilson]] and the poet [[Robert Southey]].{{sfn|Stapleton Cotton|Stapleton Cotton|Knollys|1866|page=25}} He was then sent to Norwood House, a private military academy in [[Bayswater]], which was run by a Shropshire militiaman, Major Reynolds, an acquaintance of his father's. On 26{{nbsp}}February 1790, Cotton's father obtained for him a [[second lieutenant|second-lieutenancy]], [[Purchase of commissions in the British Army|without purchase]], in the [[Royal Welch Fusiliers|23rd Regiment of Foot]] or Royal Welch Fusiliers, which he joined in Dublin in 1791.{{sfn|Stapleton Cotton|Stapleton Cotton|Knollys|1866|page=30}}<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6428|title=Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6428 |access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> He was promoted to [[lieutenant]] in the [[77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot|77th Regiment of Foot]] on 9 April 1791<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13297|page=213|date=5 April 1791}}</ref> and, having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13347|page=542|date=27 September 1791}}</ref> he was promoted to [[captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in the [[Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards)|6th Dragoon Guards]] on 28 February 1793.<ref name=heath94>Heathcote, p. 94</ref> He served with his regiment at the [[Siege of Dunkirk (1793)|Siege of Dunkirk]] in August 1793 and at the [[Battle of Beaumont (1794)|Battle of Beaumont]] in April 1794 under the [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|Duke of York]] during the [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders Campaign]].<ref name=heath95>Heathcote, p. 95</ref> He became a [[Major (rank)|major]] in the [[59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot|59th Regiment of Foot]] on 28 April 1794 and commanding officer of the [[22nd Dragoons|25th Light Dragoons]] (subsequently 22nd) with the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]] on 27 September 1794.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13707|page=973|date=23 September 1794}}</ref> | ||
In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to [[India]]. En route he took part in operations in [[Cape Colony]] (July to August 1796), and on arrival was present at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Seringapatam]] in May 1799 during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]],<ref name=heath95/> where he first met [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Colonel Arthur Wellesley]], later the Duke of Wellington.<ref>{{cite book|first=A.J.|last=Smithers|title=Honorable Conquests: An account of the enduring work of the Royal Engineers throughout the Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPHNAwAAQBAJ|year=1998|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-1532-2|page=45}}</ref> He became commanding officer of the [[16th The Queen's Lancers|16th Light Dragoons]], then based in [[Brighton]], on 18 February 1800.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15231|page=153|date=15 February 1800}}</ref> Promoted to [[colonel]] on 1 January 1800,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15218|page=1|date=31 December 1799}}</ref> he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took part in the suppression of [[Robert Emmet]]'s insurrection in 1803.<ref name=heath95/> Promoted to [[major general (United Kingdom)|major-general]] on 2 November 1805,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15856|page=1341|date=29 October 1805}}</ref> he was given command of a cavalry brigade at [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]].<ref name=heath95/> | In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to [[India]]. En route he took part in operations in [[Cape Colony]] (July to August 1796), and on arrival was present at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Seringapatam]] in May 1799 during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]],<ref name=heath95/> where he first met [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Colonel Arthur Wellesley]], later the Duke of Wellington.<ref>{{cite book|first=A.J.|last=Smithers|title=Honorable Conquests: An account of the enduring work of the Royal Engineers throughout the Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPHNAwAAQBAJ|year=1998|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-1532-2|page=45}}</ref> He became commanding officer of the [[16th The Queen's Lancers|16th Light Dragoons]], then based in [[Brighton]], on 18 February 1800.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15231|page=153|date=15 February 1800}}</ref> Promoted to [[colonel]] on 1 January 1800,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15218|page=1|date=31 December 1799}}</ref> he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took part in the suppression of [[Robert Emmet]]'s insurrection in 1803.<ref name=heath95/> Promoted to [[major general (United Kingdom)|major-general]] on 2 November 1805,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15856|page=1341|date=29 October 1805}}</ref> he was given command of a cavalry brigade at [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]].<ref name=heath95/> | ||
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Cotton was elected [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Newark (UK Parliament constituency)|Newark]] in 1806.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16029|page=657|date=16 May 1807}}</ref> He was deployed to [[Portugal]] in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]]'s Army.<ref name=heath95/> Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the [[Peninsular War]] and was nicknamed the "Lion d' Or" ("Lion of Gold").<ref name=odnb/> He took part in the [[Second Battle of Porto]] in May 1809 and the [[Battle of Talavera]] in July 1809 and, having succeeded to his father's baronetcy in August 1809, returned home to view his estate.<ref name=heath95/> He returned to Portugal in May 1810 and, having been promoted to the local rank of [[lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-general]] and given overall command of the cavalry, fought at the [[Battle of Bussaco]] in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the [[Lines of Torres Vedras]] later that year.<ref name=heath95/> | Cotton was elected [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Newark (UK Parliament constituency)|Newark]] in 1806.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16029|page=657|date=16 May 1807}}</ref> He was deployed to [[Portugal]] in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]]'s Army.<ref name=heath95/> Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the [[Peninsular War]] and was nicknamed the "Lion d' Or" ("Lion of Gold").<ref name=odnb/> He took part in the [[Second Battle of Porto]] in May 1809 and the [[Battle of Talavera]] in July 1809 and, having succeeded to his father's baronetcy in August 1809, returned home to view his estate.<ref name=heath95/> He returned to Portugal in May 1810 and, having been promoted to the local rank of [[lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-general]] and given overall command of the cavalry, fought at the [[Battle of Bussaco]] in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the [[Lines of Torres Vedras]] later that year.<ref name=heath95/> | ||
After fighting at the [[Battle of Sabugal]] in April 1811 and the [[Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro]] in May 1811, Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 1 January 1812.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16556|page=2498|date=28 December 1811}}</ref> He took part in the [[Battle of Salamanca]] in July 1812, where he was second-in command of the Army. During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against [[Antoine Louis Popon de Maucune|Maucune]]'s division, leading Wellington to exclaim, "By God, Cotton, I never saw anything so beautiful in my life; the day is ''yours''."{{sfn|Barthorp|1990|page=14}} According to Wellington's subsequent despatch, "Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemy's infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces."<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16633|page=1633|date=16 August 1812}}</ref> At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry.<ref name=heath95/> In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a [[Order of the Bath|Knight of the Order of the Bath]] on 21 August 1812<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16636|page=1677|date=18 August 1812}}</ref> and an honorary [[Order of the Tower and Sword|Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword]] on 11 March 1813.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16711|page=531|date=13 March 1813}}</ref> | After fighting at the [[Battle of Sabugal]] in April 1811 and the [[Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro]] in May 1811, Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 1 January 1812.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16556|page=2498|date=28 December 1811}}</ref> He took part in the [[Battle of Salamanca]] in July 1812, where he was second-in-command of the Army. During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against [[Antoine Louis Popon de Maucune|Maucune]]'s division, leading Wellington to exclaim, "By God, Cotton, I never saw anything so beautiful in my life; the day is ''yours''."{{sfn|Barthorp|1990|page=14}} According to Wellington's subsequent despatch, "Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemy's infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces."<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16633|page=1633|date=16 August 1812}}</ref> At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry.<ref name=heath95/> In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a [[Order of the Bath|Knight of the Order of the Bath]] on 21 August 1812<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16636|page=1677|date=18 August 1812}}</ref> and an honorary [[Order of the Tower and Sword|Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword]] on 11 March 1813.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16711|page=531|date=13 March 1813}}</ref> | ||
Cotton went on to fight at the [[Battle of the Pyrenees]] in July 1813, the [[Battle of Orthez]] in February 1814 and the [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]] in April 1814.<ref name=heath95/> For these services he was raised to the [[peerage]] as '''Baron Combermere''' in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16894|page=936|date=3 May 1814}}</ref> and advanced to [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 4 January 1815.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16972|date=4 January 1815|page=18}}</ref> | Cotton went on to fight at the [[Battle of the Pyrenees]] in July 1813, the [[Battle of Orthez]] in February 1814 and the [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]] in April 1814.<ref name=heath95/> For these services he was raised to the [[peerage]] as '''Baron Combermere''' in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16894|page=936|date=3 May 1814}}</ref> and advanced to [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 4 January 1815.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16972|date=4 January 1815|page=18}}</ref> | ||
===1815–1822=== | ===1815–1822=== | ||
[[File:Statue of Viscount Combermere on Grosvenor Road - geograph.org.uk - 526864.jpg|thumb|left | [[File:Statue of Viscount Combermere on Grosvenor Road - geograph.org.uk - 526864.jpg|thumb|left|[[Equestrian Statue of Viscount Combermere|Statue of Lord Combermere]] outside [[Chester Castle]], Cheshire]] | ||
Cotton was not present at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] as the command of the cavalry had been given, at the insistence of the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]], to [[Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey|Lord Uxbridge]], a more senior general.<ref name=heath96>Heathcote, p. 96</ref> When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities.<ref name=heath96/> | Cotton was not present at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] as the command of the cavalry had been given, at the insistence of the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]], to [[Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey|Lord Uxbridge]], a more senior general.<ref name=heath96>Heathcote, p. 96</ref> When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities.<ref name=heath96/> | ||
Cotton became [[List of | Cotton became [[List of governors of Barbados|Governor of Barbados]] and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17235|page=786|date=29 March 1817}}</ref> In the West Indies, Cotton's [[aide-de-camp]] was [[Thomas Moody (1779–1849)|Thomas Moody, Kt.]].<ref name="Royal Military Calendar">{{cite book | title = The Royal Military Calendar or Army Service and Commission Book, Third Edition, Vol. V, 1820 | page=333}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title =Slave Trade. Three Volumes. (Vol.2.) Papers Relating to Slaves in the Colonies; Slaves Manumitted; Slaves Imported, Exported; Manumissions, Marriages; Slave Trade at the Mauritius; Apprenticed Africans; Captured negroes at Tortola, St. Christopher's, and Demerara; etc. Session: 21 November 1826 – 2 July 1827: Vol XXII|page = Slave Trade: Papers Relating To, p. 54 | publisher=House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, 1826–1827}}</ref><ref name="Rupprecht">{{cite journal|last1=Rupprecht|first1=Anita|date=September 2012|title='When he gets among his countrymen, they tell him that he is free': Slave Trade Abolition, Indentured Africans and a Royal Commission|journal=Slavery & Abolition|volume=33 |issue=3 |pages= 435–455|doi=10.1080/0144039X.2012.668300|s2cid=144301729}}</ref> | ||
Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the [[Chase Vault]] as being a witness to its allegedly "moving coffins" while serving as Governor of Barbados.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.combermereabbey.co.uk/the-abbey/ghosts-and-paranormal|title=Lord Combermere's Ghost|publisher=Combermere Abbey|access-date=8 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142619/http://www.combermereabbey.co.uk/the-abbey/ghosts-and-paranormal|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> Between 1814 and 1820, Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home, [[Combermere Abbey]], including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbot's House and the construction of Wellington's Wing (now demolished) to mark Wellington's visit to the house in 1820.<ref>Callander Beckett S (2004) 'A Brief History of Combermere Abbey' (pamphlet)</ref> He was appointed the last [[Governor of Sheerness]] in January 1821<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17676|page=289|date=3 February 1821}}</ref> and became [[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland]] in 1822.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18130|page=700|date=23 April 1825}}</ref> | Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the [[Chase Vault]] as being a witness to its allegedly "moving coffins" while serving as Governor of Barbados.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.combermereabbey.co.uk/the-abbey/ghosts-and-paranormal|title=Lord Combermere's Ghost|publisher=Combermere Abbey|access-date=8 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142619/http://www.combermereabbey.co.uk/the-abbey/ghosts-and-paranormal|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> Between 1814 and 1820, Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home, [[Combermere Abbey]], including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbot's House and the construction of Wellington's Wing (now demolished) to mark Wellington's visit to the house in 1820.<ref>Callander Beckett S (2004) 'A Brief History of Combermere Abbey' (pamphlet)</ref> He was appointed the last [[Governor of Sheerness]] in January 1821<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17676|page=289|date=3 February 1821}}</ref> and became [[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland]] in 1822.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18130|page=700|date=23 April 1825}}</ref> | ||
===1825–30=== | ===1825–30=== | ||
{{see also|Siege of Bharatpur}} | {{see also|Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)}} | ||
Having been promoted to full [[general]] on 27 May 1825 Cotton became [[Commander-in-Chief, India]].<ref name=heath96/> In that role on 18{{nbsp}}January 1826, after a [[Siege of Bharatpur|three-week siege]], he stormed the capital of the [[Princely state]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] (also known as Bhurtpore) with its fort, which had previously been deemed impregnable, and restored the rightful ''[[raja]]'' to the throne.<ref name=DT>{{Cite news|title=Viscount Combermere|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1374349/Viscount-Combermere.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=16 November 2000|access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as '''Viscount Combermere''' on 8{{nbsp}}February 1827.{{sfn|Burke|1869|page=254}} On his return to England, he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun,<ref name=DT /> which for many years stood outside the [[Royal Artillery Barracks]] at Woolwich.{{sfn|Murray|1878|page=486}} He retired from active service in 1830.<ref name=heath96/> | Having been promoted to full [[general]] on 27 May 1825 Cotton became [[Commander-in-Chief, India]].<ref name=heath96/> In that role on 18{{nbsp}}January 1826, after a [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|three-week siege]], he stormed the capital of the [[Princely state]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] (also known as Bhurtpore) with its fort, which had previously been deemed impregnable, and restored the rightful ''[[raja]]'' to the throne.<ref name=DT>{{Cite news|title=Viscount Combermere|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1374349/Viscount-Combermere.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=16 November 2000|access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as '''Viscount Combermere''' on 8{{nbsp}}February 1827.{{sfn|Burke|1869|page=254}} On his return to England, he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun,<ref name=DT /> which for many years stood outside the [[Royal Artillery Barracks]] at Woolwich.{{sfn|Murray|1878|page=486}} He retired from active service in 1830.<ref name=heath96/> | ||
===Post 1850=== | ===Post 1850=== | ||
| Line 69: | Line 70: | ||
==Slave ownership== | ==Slave ownership== | ||
According to the | According to the [[Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery]], Combermere was paid compensation as a slave owner by the British government in the aftermath of the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]]. Combermere was associated with two claims in 1835 and 1836, which together were awarded £7,195 in payment (worth £{{format price|{{inflation|UK|7,195|1833}}}} in {{Inflation/year|UK}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} for a total of 420 enslaved people on his estates on [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/25180|publisher=[[University College London]]}} Retrieved on 20 March 2019.</ref><ref name="st-kitts">{{cite web |title=Details of Claim {{!}} St Kitts 329 (Stapletons) |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/claim/view/25500 |website=www.ucl.ac.uk |publisher=Legacies of British Slavery |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="nevis">{{cite web |title=Details of Claim {{!}} Nevis 102 (Stapleton's Estates of Maddens/Russels Rest) |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/claim/view/25097 |website=www.ucl.ac.uk |publisher=Legacies of British Slavery |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> | ||
==Family== | ==Family== | ||
[[File:Combermere.jpg|right|thumb | [[File:Combermere.jpg|right|thumb|A memorial obelisk in [[Combermere Abbey|Combermere Park]], near [[Whitchurch, Shropshire]].]] | ||
Combermere was married three times: | Combermere was married three times: | ||
*On 1 January 1801, Lady Anna Maria Clinton (d. 31 May 1807), daughter of [[Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle]]. | *On 1 January 1801, Lady Anna Maria Clinton (d. 31 May 1807), daughter of [[Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle]]. They had three children:<ref name=gene/> | ||
:* Robert Henry Stapleton Cotton (18 January 1802 – 1821) | :* Robert Henry Stapleton Cotton (18 January 1802 – 1821) | ||
:* a son who died young | :* a son who died young | ||
| Line 153: | Line 154: | ||
[[Category:1773 births]] | [[Category:1773 births]] | ||
[[Category:1865 deaths]] | [[Category:1865 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:1st Regiment of Life Guards officers]] | |||
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] | [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] | ||
[[Category:Knights Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] | [[Category:Knights Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] | ||
[[Category:Lord- | [[Category:Lord-lieutenants of the Tower Hamlets]] | ||
[[Category:Constables of the Tower of London]] | [[Category:Constables of the Tower of London]] | ||
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland]] | [[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland]] | ||
| Line 162: | Line 164: | ||
[[Category:British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]] | [[Category:British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]] | ||
[[Category:British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]] | [[Category:British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]] | ||
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Peninsular War]] | |||
[[Category:British military personnel of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] | [[Category:British military personnel of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] | ||
[[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]] | [[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]] | ||
| Line 167: | Line 170: | ||
[[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]] | [[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]] | ||
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies|Cotton, Stapleton]] | [[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies|Cotton, Stapleton]] | ||
[[Category:Viscounts | [[Category:Viscounts Combermere|1]] | ||
[[Category:Governors of Barbados]] | [[Category:Governors of Barbados]] | ||
[[Category:UK MPs 1806–1807|Cotton, Stapleton]] | [[Category:UK MPs 1806–1807|Cotton, Stapleton]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:06, 11 December 2025
The Viscount Combermere | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Governor of Barbados | |
| In office 1817–1820 | |
| Monarch | George III |
| Preceded by | John Foster Alleyne (acting) |
| Succeeded by | John Brathwaite Skeete (acting) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 14 November 1773 Lleweni Hall, Denbighshire |
| Died | 21 February 1865 (aged 91) Clifton, Bristol, Bristol |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Westminster School |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order Knight Companion of the Order of the Star of India |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | File:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg Great Britain File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom |
| Branch/service | British Army |
| Years of service | 1790–1830 |
| Rank | Field Marshal |
| Commands | 25th Light Dragoons 16th Light Dragoons Commander-in-Chief, Ireland Commander-in-Chief, India |
| Battles/wars | French Revolutionary Wars Fourth Anglo-Mysore War Irish rebellion of 1803 Peninsular War |
Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere, GCB, GCH, KSI, PC (14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865) was a British Army officer, politician and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Barbados from 1817 to 1820. As a junior officer, he took part in the Flanders campaign, the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the Irish rebellion of 1803. Cotton commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief, India. In the latter role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable.
Career[edit | edit source]
1790–1805[edit | edit source]
Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall, Denbighshire in Wales,[1] the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton, 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton (née Stapleton). When he was eight, Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some 8 miles (13 km) from the family's estate at Combermere Abbey, where he was tutored by the headmaster, the Reverend William Salmon, who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates.[2] A quick, lively boy, he was known by his family as 'Young Rapid,' and was continually in scrapes.[3] After three years in Audlem, he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr. Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng, Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey.[2] He was then sent to Norwood House, a private military academy in Bayswater, which was run by a Shropshire militiaman, Major Reynolds, an acquaintance of his father's. On 26 February 1790, Cotton's father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy, without purchase, in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers, which he joined in Dublin in 1791.[4][5] He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791[6] and, having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791,[7] he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793.[8] He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign.[9] He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794 and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons (subsequently 22nd) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794.[10]
In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India. En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony (July to August 1796), and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War,[9] where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley, later the Duke of Wellington.[11] He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons, then based in Brighton, on 18 February 1800.[12] Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800,[13] he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took part in the suppression of Robert Emmet's insurrection in 1803.[9] Promoted to major-general on 2 November 1805,[14] he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth.[9]
Peninsular War[edit | edit source]
Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806.[15] He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army.[9] Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the "Lion d' Or" ("Lion of Gold").[5] He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and, having succeeded to his father's baronetcy in August 1809, returned home to view his estate.[9] He returned to Portugal in May 1810 and, having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant-general and given overall command of the cavalry, fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year.[9]
After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811, Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 1 January 1812.[16] He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812, where he was second-in-command of the Army. During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucune's division, leading Wellington to exclaim, "By God, Cotton, I never saw anything so beautiful in my life; the day is yours."[17] According to Wellington's subsequent despatch, "Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemy's infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces."[18] At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry.[9] In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812[19] and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813.[20]
Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813, the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814.[9] For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814[21] and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815.[22]
1815–1822[edit | edit source]
Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given, at the insistence of the Prince Regent, to Lord Uxbridge, a more senior general.[23] When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities.[23]
Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817.[24] In the West Indies, Cotton's aide-de-camp was Thomas Moody, Kt..[25][26][27]
Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly "moving coffins" while serving as Governor of Barbados.[28] Between 1814 and 1820, Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home, Combermere Abbey, including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbot's House and the construction of Wellington's Wing (now demolished) to mark Wellington's visit to the house in 1820.[29] He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821[30] and became Commander-in-Chief, Ireland in 1822.[31]
1825–30[edit | edit source]
Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief, India.[23] In that role on 18 January 1826, after a three-week siege, he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur (also known as Bhurtpore) with its fort, which had previously been deemed impregnable, and restored the rightful raja to the throne.[32] For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8 February 1827.[33] On his return to England, he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun,[32] which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery Barracks at Woolwich.[34] He retired from active service in 1830.[23]
Post 1850[edit | edit source]
He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852[35] and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855.[36] He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861.[37]
Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons, and of the 3rd (The King's Own) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons[38] and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards.[39] He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 aged 91 and was buried at St Margaret's Church, Wrenbury.[5] An equestrian statue in bronze, the work of Carlo, Baron Marochetti, was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865.[40] An obelisk was also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890.[41] Combermere was succeeded by his only son, Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton.[23]
Slave ownership[edit | edit source]
According to the Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery, Combermere was paid compensation as a slave owner by the British government in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Combermere was associated with two claims in 1835 and 1836, which together were awarded £7,195 in payment (worth £Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=UK (parameter 1) not a recognized index." in 2019)Template:Inflation-fn for a total of 420 enslaved people on his estates on Saint Kitts and Nevis.[42][43][44]
Family[edit | edit source]
Combermere was married three times:
- On 1 January 1801, Lady Anna Maria Clinton (d. 31 May 1807), daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle. They had three children:[41]
- Robert Henry Stapleton Cotton (18 January 1802 – 1821)
- a son who died young
- another son who died young.
- On 22 June 1814,[45] Caroline Greville (d. 25 January 1837), daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville. They had three children:[41]
- Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton, 2nd Viscount Combermere (1818–1891)
- Hon. Caroline Stapleton-Cotton (b. 1815), who in 1837 married Arthur Hill, 4th Marquess of Downshire
- Hon. Meliora Emily Anna Maria Cotton, who on 18 June 1853 married John Charles Frederick Hunter
- In 1838, Mary Woolley (née Gibbings), by whom he had no issue.[5]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Shand 1902, p. 394.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Stapleton Cotton, Stapleton Cotton & Knollys 1866, p. 25.
- ↑ Chichester 1887, pp. 316–319.
- ↑ Stapleton Cotton, Stapleton Cotton & Knollys 1866, p. 30.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6428. Retrieved 8 February 2014. Template:ODNBsub
- ↑ "No. 13297". The London Gazette. 5 April 1791. p. 213.
- ↑ "No. 13347". The London Gazette. 27 September 1791. p. 542.
- ↑ Heathcote, p. 94
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Heathcote, p. 95
- ↑ "No. 13707". The London Gazette. 23 September 1794. p. 973.
- ↑ Smithers, A.J. (1998). Honorable Conquests: An account of the enduring work of the Royal Engineers throughout the Empire. Pen and Sword. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4738-1532-2.
- ↑ "No. 15231". The London Gazette. 15 February 1800. p. 153.
- ↑ "No. 15218". The London Gazette. 31 December 1799. p. 1.
- ↑ "No. 15856". The London Gazette. 29 October 1805. p. 1341.
- ↑ "No. 16029". The London Gazette. 16 May 1807. p. 657.
- ↑ "No. 16556". The London Gazette. 28 December 1811. p. 2498.
- ↑ Barthorp 1990, p. 14.
- ↑ "No. 16633". The London Gazette. 16 August 1812. p. 1633.
- ↑ "No. 16636". The London Gazette. 18 August 1812. p. 1677.
- ↑ "No. 16711". The London Gazette. 13 March 1813. p. 531.
- ↑ "No. 16894". The London Gazette. 3 May 1814. p. 936.
- ↑ "No. 16972". The London Gazette. 4 January 1815. p. 18.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Heathcote, p. 96
- ↑ "No. 17235". The London Gazette. 29 March 1817. p. 786.
- ↑ The Royal Military Calendar or Army Service and Commission Book, Third Edition, Vol. V, 1820. p. 333.
- ↑ Slave Trade. Three Volumes. (Vol.2.) Papers Relating to Slaves in the Colonies; Slaves Manumitted; Slaves Imported, Exported; Manumissions, Marriages; Slave Trade at the Mauritius; Apprenticed Africans; Captured negroes at Tortola, St. Christopher's, and Demerara; etc. Session: 21 November 1826 – 2 July 1827: Vol XXII. House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, 1826–1827. p. Slave Trade: Papers Relating To, p. 54.
- ↑ Rupprecht, Anita (September 2012). "'When he gets among his countrymen, they tell him that he is free': Slave Trade Abolition, Indentured Africans and a Royal Commission". Slavery & Abolition. 33 (3): 435–455. doi:10.1080/0144039X.2012.668300. S2CID 144301729.
- ↑ "Lord Combermere's Ghost". Combermere Abbey. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ Callander Beckett S (2004) 'A Brief History of Combermere Abbey' (pamphlet)
- ↑ "No. 17676". The London Gazette. 3 February 1821. p. 289.
- ↑ "No. 18130". The London Gazette. 23 April 1825. p. 700.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Viscount Combermere". The Daily Telegraph. 16 November 2000. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ↑ Burke 1869, p. 254.
- ↑ Murray 1878, p. 486.
- ↑ "No. 21366". The London Gazette. 12 October 1852. p. 2663.
- ↑ "No. 21792". The London Gazette. 2 October 1855. p. 3652.
- ↑ "No. 22542". The London Gazette. 27 August 1861. p. 3501.
- ↑ "No. 17676". The London Gazette. 3 February 1821. p. 288.
- ↑ "No. 18614". The London Gazette. 25 September 1829. p. 1765.
- ↑ Template:NHLE
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 "The Cottons of Combermere Abbey". Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ "Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere". University College London. Retrieved on 20 March 2019.
- ↑ "Details of Claim | St Kitts 329 (Stapletons)". www.ucl.ac.uk. Legacies of British Slavery. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ↑ "Details of Claim | Nevis 102 (Stapleton's Estates of Maddens/Russels Rest)". www.ucl.ac.uk. Legacies of British Slavery. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ↑ Marriage Register of St Mary Lambeth.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Barthorp, Michael (1990). Wellington's Generals. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045-299-0.
- Burke, Bernard (1869). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. London: Harrison.
- Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-696-5.
- Murray, John (1878). Handbook for England and Wales: Alphabetically Arranged for the Use of Travellers ... J. Murray.
- Shand, Alexander Innes (1902). Wellington's Lieutenants. Smith, Elder & Company.
- Stapleton Cotton, Mary Woolley; Stapleton Cotton, Stapleton; Knollys, William Wallingford (1866). Memoirs and Correspondence of Field-marshal Viscount Combermere, from his family papers, by Mary Viscountess Combermere and W.W. Knollys.
- Attribution
External links[edit | edit source]
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Combermere
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 751.
- Template:UK National Archives ID
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