Ayub Khan (general): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969}}
#REDIRECT [[Ayub Khan]]
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]]
| name                = Ayub Khan
| native_name        = {{Nobold|{{Lang|ur|{{nq|ایوب خان}}}}}}
| native_name_lang    =
| honorific_suffix    =  {{small|[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|HPk]], [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|NPk]], [[Hilal-e-Jurat|HJ]], [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]]}}
| image              = Muhammed Ayub Khan.JPG
| alt                =
| caption            = Khan in 1961
| order              = 2nd [[President of Pakistan]]
| office              =
| term_start          = 27 October 1958
| term_end            = 25 March 1969
| president          =
| primeminister      =
| deputy              =
| lieutenant          =
| succeeding          = <!--For President-elect or equivalent-->
| parliamentarygroup  =
| constituency        =
| majority            =
| predecessor        = [[Iskander Mirza]]
| successor          = [[Yahya Khan]]
| prior_term          = <!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
| order2              = 4th [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defense]]
| office2            = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| term_start2        = 28 October 1958
| term_end2          = 21 October 1966
| president2          = <!--Can be repeated up to 17 times by changing the number-->
| primeminister2      = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| deputy2            = [[Pakistan Secretary of Defence|Federal Secretary Defence]]<br />{{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1={{plain list|Muhammad Khurshid {{small|(1958-59)}}<br />S. Fida Hussain {{small|(1959-61)}}<br />Nazir Ahmed {{small|(1961-65)}}
}}
}}
| lieutenant2        = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| succeeding2        = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| predecessor2        = [[Muhammad Ayub Khuhro|Ayub Khuhro]]
| successor2          = [[Vice-Admiral|V-Adm.]] [[Afzal Rahman Khan]]
| parliamentarygroup2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| constituency2      = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| majority2          = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| prior_term2        = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| term_start3        = 24 October 1954
| term_end3          = 11 August 1955
| primeminister3      = [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]
| deputy3            = [[Akhter Husain]]<br />{{small|([[Pakistan Secretary of Defence|Defence Secretary]])}}
| predecessor3        = Mohammad Ali Bogra
| successor3          = [[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali|Mohammad Ali]]
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order4              = [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of Interior]]
| office4            = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| term_start4        = 23 March 1965
| term_end4          = 17 August 1965
| deputy4            = [[Interior Secretary of Pakistan|Interior Secretary]]
| predecessor4        = [[Khan Habibullah Khan|K. H. Khan]]
| successor4          = [[Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan|Ali Akbar Khan]]
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order5              = 3rd [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]
| office5            = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| term_start5        = 23 January 1951<ref name=Ankit/>
| term_end5          = 26 October 1958
| deputy5            = [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]]<br />{{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1={{plain list|{{small|[[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]]}} Yusuf Khan {{small|(1951-53)}}<br />{{small|Maj-Gen.}} [[Mian Hayaud Din|M. H. Din]] {{small|(1953-55)}}<br />{{small|Maj-Gen.}} [[Sher Ali Khan Pataudi|Sher Khan]] {{small|(1955-57)}}<br />{{small|Maj-Gen.}} [[Yahya Khan]] {{small|(1957-58)}}
}}
}}
| predecessor5        = Gen. [[Douglas Gracey]]
| successor5          = Gen. [[Musa Khan]]
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order6              = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]<br /><small>[[Chief Martial Law Administrator]]</small>
| office6            = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| term_start6        = 7 October 1958
| term_end6          = 26 October 1958
| president6          = [[Iskander Mirza]]
| predecessor6        = [[Feroz Khan Noon]]
| successor6          = [[Nurul Amin]] (1971)
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| pronunciation      =
| birth_name          = Muhammad Ayub Khan
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1907|5|14|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Rehana]], [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1974|4|19|1907|5|14|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_cause        = Heart attack
| resting_place      = [[Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Rehana]], [[Haripur District|Haripur]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship        = {{Flag|British India|name=British Indian}} (1907-1947)<br />{{Flag|Pakistan|name=Pakistani}} (1947-1974)
| nationality        =
| party              = [[Convention Muslim League]] (before 1974)
| otherparty          = [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (1962)
| height              = <!-- "X cm", "X m"  or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
| spouse              =
| partner            = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
| relations          =
| children            = 2, including [[Gohar Ayub Khan]]
| parents            = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters -->
| mother              = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| father              = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->
| relatives          =
| residence          =
| education          =
| alma_mater          =
| occupation          =
| profession          =
| known_for          =
| salary              =
| net_worth          = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| cabinet            = [[Ministry of Talents]]
| committees          =
| portfolio          =
| awards              = {{small|[[File:Order of Pakistan.png|25px]] [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|Nishan-i-Pakistan]]}}<br />{{small|[[File:Yellow Crescent, Symbol of Islam.png|15px]] [[Hilal-i-Pakistan]]}}<br />{{small|[[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|25px]] [[Order of the Crown of the Realm|Order of the Crown]]}}GCMG
| signature          =
| signature_alt      =
| website            = <!--Military service-->
| nickname            =
| allegiance          =
| branch              = {{army|British India}}<br />{{small|(1928-47)}}<br />{{army|Pakistan}}<br />{{small|(1947–58)}}
| serviceyears        = 1928–58{{efn|Ayub retired from active service in 1958, however he made himself field marshal in 1959 and the newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' published news on 27 October 1959 about this, the news was as follow: Military Ruler Gets Himself Elevated
<blockquote>
Dawn October 27, 1959 (News Report)


President Ayub made Field Marshal
{{Redirect category shell|
 
{{R from other disambiguation}}
General Mohammad Ayub Khan was conferred the rank of Field Marshal by the presidential cabinet. The communique said that the conferment of this rank will serve to demonstrate to the world in a humble way the high esteem in which he is held by his people and how grateful the nation is to its saviour. The rank of Field Marshal is the highest rank of armies built on the patron of the British Army. The press communique added that by a peaceful revolution last year the President had not only defended the territorial integrity of Pakistan but had also saved the very existence of the nation.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1355171#tab-1|title=Gen. Ayub becomes President|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=6 September 2017|access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
{{R from move}}
</blockquote>}}
| rank                = [[File:OF-10 Pakistan Army.svg|25px]] [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]]{{efn|Ayub never had an active regular military appointment of the rank of field marshal, his last military appointment was the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army in the rank of full general.}}
| unit                = [[File:Badge of 15th Punjab Regiment 1922-47.jpg|23px]] [[15th Punjab Regiment]]
| commands            = [[Adjutant general|Adjutant-General]], [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]]<br />[[General Officer Commanding|GOC]], [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|14th Infantry Division]], [[Dacca]]
| battles            = [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|War in Waziristan (1936–39)]]<br />[[World War II]]
* [[Burma Campaign]]
| mawards            = [[File:Hilal-Jurat Ribbon.gif|20px]] [[Hilal-e-Jurat]]
| footnotes          =
}}
}}
[[Field Marshal]] '''Muhammad Ayub Khan'''  ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد ایوب خان}}}}; 14 May 1907&nbsp;– 19 April 1974), was the second [[president of Pakistan]]. He was an army general who seized the presidency from [[Iskander Mirza]] in [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|a coup]] in 1958, the first successful coup d'état in the country. Popular demonstrations and labour strikes supported by the [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan|protests in East Pakistan]] ultimately led to his [[forced resignation]] in 1969.
Trained at the British [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]], Ayub Khan fought in [[World War II]] as a [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] in the [[British Indian Army]] before [[Pakistani citizenship|deciding to transfer]] to the [[Pakistan Army]] in the aftermath of the [[Partition of India|partition]] of [[British India|India]] in 1947. His assignments included command of the 14th Division in [[East Bengal|East-Bengal]]. He was elevated to become the first native [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] in 1951 by Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], succeeding [[Douglas Gracey|General Douglas Gracey]].<ref name="countrystudies">{{cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm|title= Ayub Khan in US Country Studies |publisher=US State Department|access-date=16 November 2011}}, Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref> From 1953 to 1958, he served in the [[Ministry of Talents|civilian government]] as [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence]] and [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Home Minister]] and supported President Iskander Mirza's decision to impose martial law against Prime Minister [[Feroze Khan administration|Feroze Khan's administration]] in 1958.<ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II">{{cite web|title=Ouster of President Iskander Mirza|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A117|publisher=Story of Pakistan, part-II}}, Retrieved 27 August 2015</ref> Two weeks later, he took over the presidency from Mirza after the meltdown of [[Civil military relations|civil-military relations]] between the military and the civilian president.<ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II"/><ref name="Story of Pakistan, Part-1">{{cite web|title=Field Marshal Ayub Khan Becomes President [1962–1969]|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A067|publisher=Story of Pakistan, Part-1}}, Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pkpolitics.com/2011/05/25/kal-tak-25-may-2011/ |title=Kal Tak – 25 May 2011 &#124; Pakistan Politics |publisher=Pkpolitics.com |access-date=9 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509011515/http://pkpolitics.com/2011/05/25/kal-tak-25-may-2011/ |archive-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
Upon taking power, he appointed General [[Musa Khan]] as Commander-in-Chief in 1958. the policy inclination towards the [[CENTO|alliance]] with the United States was pursued that saw the allowance of American access to [[List of Pakistan Air Force Bases|facilities]] inside Pakistan, most notably the [[Peshawar Air Station|airbase]] outside of [[Peshawar]], from which [[U-2 incident|spy missions]] over the [[Soviet Union]] were launched.<ref>"Story of Pakistan, Part-1"/, Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref> [[China–Pakistan relations|Relations with neighboring China]] were strengthened but deteriorated with [[Pakistan-Soviet Union relations|Soviet Union]] in 1962, and with [[India]] in 1965. However, when the Soviet Union facilitated the meetings between [[India and Pakistan|Pakistan and India]] that led to the [[Tashkent Declaration]] in 1966, relations among the three nations improved. At the home front, the [[Privatisation in Pakistan|policy of privatisation]] and [[Industry of Pakistan|industrialization]] was introduced that made the [[Economy of Pakistan|country's economy]] Asia's fastest-growing economy. His tenure was distinguished by the completion of [[List of power stations in Pakistan|hydroelectric stations]], [[List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan|dams and reservoirs]], by prioritizing the [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|space program]] and by reducing the [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear deterrent]].
In 1965, Ayub Khan entered the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|presidential race]] as the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML) candidate to counter the popular and famed [[Nonpartisan|non-partisan]] [[Fatima Jinnah]] and was controversially reelected for a second term. He was faced with allegations of widespread intentional [[vote rigging]]s, authorized political murders in [[Karachi]], and the politics over the unpopular peace treaty with India which closed the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] and which many Pakistanis considered an embarrassing compromise. In 1967, wide disapproval of [[Price/wage spiral|price hikes]] of food prompted demonstrations across the country led by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. Ayub Khan dramatically fell from power in 1969 amid the popular uprising in East Pakistan led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujibur Rahman]]. It forced to resign to avoid further protests while inviting army chief [[Yahya Khan]] to impose martial law for the second time, he fought a brief [[Paralysis|illness]] and died in 1974.
His legacy remains mixed; he is credited with an ostensible [[Economic boom|economic prosperity]] and what [[PML(Q)|supporters]] dub the "decade of development", but is criticized for beginning the first of the [[Pakistani Intelligence Community|intelligence agencies' incursions]] into the [[Politics in Pakistan|national politics]], for concentrating wealth in a corrupt [[Oligarchy|few hands]], and [[Geographical segregation|segregated policies]] that later led to the [[Breakup of East and West Pakistan|breaking-up of nation's unity]] that resulted in the creation of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan, Part-3">{{cite web|title=Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan [1958–62]|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A065|publisher=Story of Pakistan, Part-3}}, Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.dawn.com/news/1293604/what-they-never-tell-us-about-ayub-khans-regime Dawn daily, Aug 2015 article and review]</ref>
== Early life ==
Ayub Khan was born on 14 May 1907 in Rehana, a village in then [[North-West Frontier Province]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Gauhar |first=Altaf |author-link=Altaf Gauhar |year=1993 |title=Ayub Khan: [[Pakistan]]'s First Military Ruler |location=Lahore |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |page=35 |isbn=978-969-35-0295-4}}</ref> (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]. His family hailed from the [[Tareen]]<ref name="Hussain">{{Cite book|title=Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan|last1=Hussain|first1=Rizwan|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|isbn=978-0-7546-4434-7|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRW_M_xybyYC&pg=PA74|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Amir|first=Intikhab|date=2013-04-23|title=Where pragmatism holds sway|url=https://www.dawn.com/2013/04/23/where-pragmatism-holds-sway/|work=Dawn|language=en|access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref><ref>Sir Olaf Caroe, "The Pathans 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957". Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-19-577221-0}}. Page 453.</ref> tribe of [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A history of Pakistan and its origins|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe |year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-149-2|page=69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA69 |access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> Batazai sub tribe of tareen. Basically, Tareen was migrated from district Pishin, Balochistan to Haripur district Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa.
He was the first child of the second wife of [[Mir Dad Khan|Mir Dad]], a [[Risaldar-Major]] (a regimental [[junior commissioned officer|JCO]] which was then known as [[viceroy's commissioned officer|VCO]]) in the [[9th Hodson's Horse]] which was a cavalry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-04|title=Forming the govt : PML-N seeks Haripur tehsil triumph through bloodlines|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/897889/forming-the-govt-pml-n-seeks-haripur-tehsil-triumph-through-bloodlines|work=The Express Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village. He used to go to school on a [[mule]]'s back and was shifted to a school in Haripur, where he started living with his grandmother.<ref name=":0" />
He went on to study at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) and {{Sfn|Malik|2008|p=147}} while pursuing his college education, he was accepted into the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College at Sandhurst]] by the recommendation of General [[Andrew Skeen]]; he did not complete his degree at AMU and departed for Great Britain.<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group, Malik">{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Iftikhar Haider|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6NfsuDACQwC&q=ayub+khan+aligarh&pg=PA146|title=The History of Pakistan|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=9780313341373|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref>Karl J. Newman: Pakistan under Ayub Khan, Bhutto und Zia-ul-Haq. S. 31, {{ISBN|3-8039-0327-0}}.</ref> Ayub Khan was fluent in Urdu, English and his regional [[Northern Hindko|Northern Hindko dialect]].<ref>''The Political Dilemmas of Military Regimes'' (1985), by Christopher S. Clapham, George D. E. Philip, p. 203.</ref>
== Military career ==
[[File:Ayub khan wih quaid.PNG|thumb|upright|left|[[Brigadier|Brig.]] Ayub Khan meeting with [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]], {{circa}} 1947.]]
Ayub Khan joined the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, as a trainee in July 1926.{{Sfn|Leonard|2005|p=124-125}} He was [[Commission (document)|commissioned]] as a [[Second Lieutenant|2nd Lt.]] on 2 February 1928 in the 1/14th Punjab Regiment ([[19th Punjabis|1st Battalion]] of the [[14th Punjab Regiment]]) of the British Indian Army – before this he was attached to the [[Royal Fusiliers]].{{Sfn|Leonard|2005|p=125}}<ref>Indian Army List, 1928 Dec</ref>  Amongst those who passed out with him was the future [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|chief of army staff]] of the [[Indian Army]], General [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]], who served as the army chief from 1962 to 1966 while Ayub was the president of Pakistan.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33353|page=766|date=3 February 1928}}</ref> After the standard probationary period of service in the [[British Army]], he was appointed to the British Indian Army on 10 April 1929, joining the 1/14th Punjab Regiment ''Sherdils'', now known as the 5th Punjab Regiment.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33510|page=4274|date=28 June 1929}}</ref>
He was promoted to lieutenant on 2 May 1930 and to [[Captain (army)|captain]] on 2 February 1937.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette|issue=33613|page=3572|date=6 June 1930}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{London Gazette|issue=34381|page=1827|date=19 March 1937}}</ref> During [[World War II]], he was promoted to the temporary rank of [[lieutenant-colonel]] in 1942 and was posted in Burma to participate in the [[Burma Campaign 1942–1943|first phase]] of the [[Burma Campaign]] in 1942–43.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} He was promoted to the permanent rank of major on 2 February 1945.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37085|page=2577|date=18 May 1945}}</ref> Later that year, he was promoted to temporary [[colonel]] and assumed the command of his own regiment in which he was commissioned to direct operations in the [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|second phase]] of the Burma Campaign; however, he was soon temporarily [[Leave of absence|suspended without pay]] from that command for visible cowardice under fire.<ref>See accounts of Sardar [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]] ''The Nation that Lost its Soul: Memoirs'', Lahore: Jang Publications, 1992, p 187; and Lt Col (r) HE Empson 'Hard Times- The Burmese Campaign 1942–1945' Aldershot: Gale and Polden, 1952</ref>
In 1946, he was posted back to [[British Raj|British India]] and was stationed in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]]. In 1947, he was promoted to [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier]] and commanded a [[brigade]] in mountainous [[South Waziristan]].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+world+war+II&pg=PA87|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=19 March 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, Burki|isbn=9781442241480|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> When the United Kingdom [[Indian Independence Act 1947|announced]] the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], he was one of the most senior serving officers in the British Indian Army who [[Pakistani citizenship|opted]] for Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="Psychology Press, Leonard">{{cite book|last1=Leonard|first1=Thomas M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&q=ayub+khan+commander&pg=PA125|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|date=27 October 2005|publisher=Psychology Press, Leonard|isbn=9781579583880|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/> At the time of his joining, he was the 10th ranking officer in terms of seniority with [[service number]] PA-010.{{Sfn|Nawaz|2008|p=33}}
In the early part of 1948, he was given the command of the 14th Infantry Division{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} in the rank of acting major-general stationed in [[Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]].{{Sfn|Nawaz|2008|p=79}} In 1949, he was decorated with the [[Hilal-i-Jurat]] (HJ) by Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] for non-combatant service and called back to [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]] as the [[Adjutant General]] of the army on November of same year.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
=== Commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army ===
[[File:17 January 1951 - Ayub Khan assumes charge as CinC of the Pakistan Army.jpg|thumb|17 January 1951 - General Ayub Khan assumes charge as C-in-C of the Pakistan Army]]
{{further|Commander-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)}}
General [[Douglas Gracey|Sir Douglas Gracey]] relinquished the command of the Pakistan Army on 23 January 1951, under pressure of calls for "nationalisation" of the army.<ref name=Ankit>{{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=The Defiant Douglas |newspaper=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=1 |pages=46–47 |date=January 2010 |url=https://issuu.com/epilogue/docs/january_10}}</ref> The [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan government]] already called for appointing native commanders-in-chief of army, [[Pakistan Air Force|air force]], [[Pakistan Navy|navy]] and dismissed deputation appointments from the [[British military]].<ref name="Springer, Reimer">{{cite book|last1=Cheema|first1=Pervaiz I.|last2=Riemer|first2=Manuel|title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58|publisher=Springer, Reimer|isbn=9781349209422|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA82 |page=82 |access-date=3 November 2016|language=en|date=22 August 1990}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Press, Tudor">{{cite book|last1=Tudor|first1=Maya|title=The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107032965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2-9ahosP94C&q=commander+in+chief+pakistan+ayub+1953&pg=PA30 |page=30 |access-date=3 November 2016|language=en|date=14 March 2013}}</ref> The [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]] sent the nomination papers to [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]] for the appointment of [[commander-in-chief]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} There were four-senior officers in the race: [[Major General|Major-General]] [[Muhammed Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]], Major-General [[Iftikhar Khan]], Major-General [[Ishfakul Majid]], and Major-General N.A.M. Raza, among these officers Akbar was the senior-most as he was commissioned in 1920.<ref>{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=A. R. |date=25 April 2004 |title=Army's top slot: the seniority factor |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1065891 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref>
Initially, Gen. Iftikhar Khan (commissioned in 1929) was selected for appointment as the first native commander-in-chief of the army, but he died in an airplane crash en route to take command after finishing the senior [[staff officer|staff officers']] course in the United Kingdom. All three remaining generals were bypassed including the recommended senior-most Major-General Akbar Khan and Major-General Ishfakul Majid (commissioned in 1924).{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
Defence Secretary [[Iskandar Mirza]], at that time, played a crucial role in lobbying for the army post selection as presenting with convincing arguments to Prime Minister Ali Khan to promote the junior-most Major-General Ayub Khan (commissioned in 1928) to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Ayub's papers of promotion were approved and he was appointed the first native commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Nawaz">{{cite book |last1=Nawaz |first1=Shuja |year=2008|title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-19-547660-6}}</ref>
Ayub's becoming the commander in chief of the Pakistan Army marked a change in the military tradition to one of preferring native Pakistanis; it ended the transitional role of [[British Armed Forces|British military]] officers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Haqqani|first=Hussain|title=Pakistan Between Mosque and Military|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=liaquat+ali+khan+and+Ayub+Khan&pg=PA33|isbn=9780870032851|date=10 March 2010}}</ref> Although the [[Pakistani government]] announced the appointment of the navy's native [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)#History|commander in chief]] in 1951, it was Ayub Khan who helped Vice-Admiral [[Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri|M.S. Choudhri]] to be appointed as the first native navy commander in chief, also in 1953.<ref name="Springer, Reimer"/><ref name="NYU Press, Cheema">{{cite book|last1=Cheema|first1=Pervaiz Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=Vice+Admiral+choudri+1953&pg=PA93|title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan|publisher=NYU Press, Cheema|year=2002|isbn=9780814716335|pages=93–94|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> The events surrounding Ayub's appointment set the precedent for a native general being promoted out of turn, ostensibly because he was the least ambitious of the generals in the line of promotion and the most loyal to civil government at that time.<ref>The rule of seniority by Kamal Zafar Sunday 5 March 2006 [http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/mar-2006/5/columns5.php The Nation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040129/http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/mar-2006/5/columns5.php |date=11 March 2007 }}</ref> Ayub, alongside [[HMS Choudri|Admiral Choudhri]], cancelled and disbanded the [[United Kingdom Armed Forces|British military]] tradition in the navy and the army when the U.S. military's [[Military Assistance Advisory Group|advisers]] were dispatched to the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] in 1955–57. British military traditions were only kept in the air force due to a [[Arthur McDonald|British commander]] and major staff consisting of [[Royal Air Force]] officers.<ref name="Hamid Hussain, Defence Journal of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Hamid Hussain|title=Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304115412/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|archive-date=4 March 2012|access-date=12 February 2012|website=Hamid Hussain, Defence Journal of Pakistan|publisher=Hamid Hussain, Defence Journal of Pakistan}}</ref>
In 1953, Ayub visited [[Turkey]], his first foreign visit as an army commander in chief, and was said to have been impressed with [[Turkish Armed Forces|Turkish military]] tradition; he met only with the [[List of Ministers of National Defence of Turkey|Turkish Defence minister]] during his visit. Thereafter, he went to the United States and visited the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] and [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] to lobby for forging [[Pakistan-United States military relations|military relations]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yesilbursa|first=Behcet Kemal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZKRAgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+medical+visit&pg=PA26|title=The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950-59|date=2005-07-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76686-3|pages=26|language=en}}</ref> He termed this visit as a "medical visit" but made a strong plea for military aid which was not considered due to India's opposition.<ref name="Routledge, Yesilbursa">{{cite book|last1=Yesilbursa|first1=Behcet Kemal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZKRAgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+medical+visit&pg=PA26|title=The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950–59|date=8 July 2005|publisher=Routledge, Yesilbursa|isbn=978-1135766863|pages=27|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>
=== Cabinet and Defence Minister ===
{{further|Ministry of Talents|One Unit|Interservice rivalry}}
On 24 February 1954, Ayub signed the [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) pact for Pakistan and his role in national politics, along with that of Defense Minister Mirza, began to grow<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bahadur|first=Kalim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191|title=Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts|date=1998|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0083-7|pages=192–193|language=en}}</ref>
In 1954, Prime Minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]'s relations with the military and Governor-General [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] deteriorated on issues of the economy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bahadur|first=Kalim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191|title=Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts|date=1998|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0083-7|pages=191|language=en}}</ref> Pressure built up to reconstruct the [[Cabinet of Pakistan|cabinet]] which eventually witnessed with General Ayub Khan becoming the [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|defence minister]] and [[Iskander Mirza]] as [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|home minister]] in October 1954.<ref name="Har-Anand Publications, Bahadur">{{cite book|last1=Bahadur|first1=Kalim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&pg=PA191|title=Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=1998|isbn=978-81-241-0083-7|pages=191–192}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Dixit">{{cite book|last1=Dixit|first1=J. N.|year=2003|title=India-Pakistan in War and Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|publisher=Routledge|page=124|isbn=978-1-134-40758-3}}</ref> Ayub Khan disdained civilian politicians, whose factional infighting had for years prevented adoption of a constitution. He wrote that he reluctantly joined the cabinet as defence minister with "two clear objectives: to save the armed forces from the interference of the politicians, and to unify the provinces of West Pakistan into one unit."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG302 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=302–303 |isbn=978-0-19023-518-5}}</ref>
The controversial [[One Unit|One Unit Scheme]] integrated the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four western provinces]] into one political entity, [[West Pakistan]], as a counterbalance against the numerically superior population of East Bengal, which was renamed [[East Pakistan]]. The province of Punjab supported the project, but all the other provinces protested against it and its centralisation of power. Opposition was particularly strong in East Bengal, where it was seen as an attack on the democratic principle of [[political egalitarianism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG124 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=124, 211 |isbn=978-0-19023-518-5}}</ref>
In 1955, Prime Minister Bogra was dismissed by Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad and he was succeeded by the new Prime Minister [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]] as the Defence Minister.{{Sfn|Shah|2014|p=167}}
After the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1954 provincial elections in East Pakistan]], the [[Awami League#Founding and early Pakistan era (1949–66)|Awami League]] formed the government there while [[West Pakistan]] was governed by the PML, but the PML government collapsed in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan Askari|last2=Shah|first2=Aqil|last3=Paul|first3=T.V.|last4=Fair|first4=C. Christine|date=2015|title=The Military and Pakistan's Political and Security Disposition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24905306|journal=Asia Policy|issue=19|pages=147–151|jstor=24905306|issn=1559-0968}}</ref> He was called on to join the Cabinet as Defence Minister by Prime Minister [[H. S. Suhrawardy|H.S. Suhrawardy]] and maintained closer relations with Iskander Mirza who now had become the [[List of Presidents of Pakistan|first]] [[President of Pakistan|President]] of the country after the successful promulgation of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution]] in 1956.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In 1957, President Mirza promoted him from acting full general to the substantive rank of full general.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sridharan|first1=E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128|title=International Relations Theory and South Asia (OIP): Volume I: Security, Political Economy, Domestic Politics, Identities, and Images|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-908939-0|pages=232}}</ref><ref name="Royal Book Company, Ahmad, 2004">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Syed Sami |year=2004 |title=History of Pakistan and Role of the Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvBtAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Royal Book Company |location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan |isbn=978-969-407-306-4}}</ref>
Around this time, the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|MoD]] led by General Ayub Khan began to see the serious [[interservice rivalry]] between the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]] staff and the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Naval Headquarters]] staff.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|date=2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4|pages=381–382|language=en}}</ref> [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Navy)|Commander in Chief]] of Navy Vice-Admiral [[Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri|M. S. Choudri]] and his NHQ staff had been fighting with the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] and the [[Ministry of Defense (Pakistan)|MoD]] over the issues of rearmament and contingency plans.<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Singh">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|publisher=Lancer Publishers, Singh|year=2008|isbn=9780981537894|pages=383|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> Meanwhile, he continued to serve with Prime Minister [[I. I. Chundrigar|Chundrigar]] and [[Feroz Khan Noon|Feroz Noon]]'s government as Defence Minister.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Hasan-Askari |year=2000 |title=Military, State, and Society in Pakistan |publisher=Macmillan Press |page= |isbn=0-333-79388-9}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2021}}
In 1958, he chaired the joint military meeting where he became involved in a heated discussion with Admiral M. S. Choudri.<ref name="defencejournal.com">{{cite web|last1=Hussain|first1=Hamid|title=National Security Decision Making Process|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/march/process.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=defencejournal.com|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> He reportedly complained against Admiral Choudri to President Mirza and criticized Admiral Choudri for "neither having the brain, imagination or depth of thought to understand such (defence) problems nor the vision or the ability to make any contribution".<ref name="Dawn newspapers, Ghani">{{cite news|last1=Ghani|first1=Nadia|title=NON-FICTION: The narcissist|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/826646|access-date=3 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn newspapers|publisher=Dawn newspapers, Ghani|date=11 July 2010}}</ref> The impasse was broken with Admiral Choudhri resigning from the navy in protest as result of having differences with the navy's plans of expansion and modernization.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cheema|first=Pervaiz Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=Vice+Admiral+choudri+1953&pg=PA93|title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan|date=2002|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-1633-5|pages=381|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=Admiral+Choudhri&pg=PA382|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|date=2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4|pages=94|language=en}}</ref> In 1958, Vice-Admiral [[Afzal Rahman Khan]], who was known to be a confidant of General Ayub Khan, was appointed as [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] by President Mirza.<ref name="Rizvi 104">{{Cite book|last=Rizvi|first=H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&q=Afzal+Rahman+Khan+admiral&pg=PA104|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|date=2000-05-15|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-59904-8|pages=104|language=en}}</ref>
== President of Pakistan (1958–1969) ==
{{Infobox officeholder
| name            = Muhammad Ayub Khan
| order            = [[President of Pakistan|The President of Pakistan]]
| native_name      = محمد ایوب خان
| native_name_lang = [[Urdu]]
| image            =
| caption          =
| country          = Pakistan
| deputy          = {{ubl|Muhammad Khurshid (1958-59)|S. Fida Hussain (1959-61)|Nazir Ahmed (1961-65)}}
| opponent        = [[Fatima Jinnah]]
| minister        = [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Defence Minister of Pakistan]]
| succeeded        = [[Yahya Khan]]
| preceded        = [[Iskander Mirza]]
| termstart        = 27 October 1958
| termend          = 25 March 1969
| party            = [[Pakistan Muslim League]]
}}
[[File:Mr. and Mrs. S.N. Bakar with General Ayub Khan and Mr. H.S. Suhrawardy (1958)..jpg|thumb|Ayub Khan in 1958 with [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|H. S. Suhrawardy]] and Mr. and Mrs. [[Shaikh Nazrul Bakar|S. N. Bakar]].]]
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and the Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth Nations, at Windsor Castle (1960 Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference).jpg|thumb|alt=A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven prime ministers in evening dress or national costume.|Ayub Khan (back row, second from the right) with [[Elizabeth II]], former [[Queen of Pakistan]] at the 1960 [[Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference]], [[Windsor Castle]]]]
Under threat of being dismissed, Prime Minister [[H. S. Suhrawardy|H.S. Suhrawardy]] resigned and Prime Minister [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar|I.I. Chundiragar]] took over the post but in a mere two months he too tendered his resignation after losing a [[Motion of no confidence|vote of no confidence]] in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]. The [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|Constituent Assembly]] then elected [[Feroz Khan Noon|Sir Feroz Noon]] for the post of the prime minister; Noon had much wider support from the western [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]], the eastern Awami League, and the [[Krishak Sramik Janata League|Krishak Sramik]].<ref name="Author House, Din">{{cite book|last1=Din|first1=Waheed Ud|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JlCSH3Qnw0C&q=I+I+Chundrigar+Ayub&pg=PA49|title=The Marching Bells: A Journey of a Life Time|date=16 May 2011|publisher=Author House, Din|isbn=9781456744144|page=49|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>
This new alliance threatened President [[Iskander Mirza]] because [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]] and Feroz began campaigning to become prime minister and president in the upcoming [[Elections in Pakistan|general elections]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Din|first=Waheed Ud|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JlCSH3Qnw0C&q=I+I+Chundrigar+Ayub&pg=PA49|title=The Marching Bells: A Journey of a Life Time|date=2011-05-16|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4567-4414-4|pages=50–51|language=en}}</ref> The conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League]], led by its President [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|A.Q. Khan]], was also gaining momentum in [[West Pakistan]] and threatened for the ''[[Dharna]]'' movement.<ref name="Rizvi 83">{{Cite book|last=Rizvi|first=H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&q=Afzal+Rahman+Khan+admiral&pg=PA104|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|date=2000-05-15|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-59904-8|pages=83|language=en}}</ref> These events were against President Mirza hence he was willing to dissolve even Pakistan's [[One Unit]] for his advantage.<ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II" />
At midnight on 7 October 1958, President Mirza ordered a mass mobilization of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] and abrogated the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution]] after sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroz and the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|Constituent Assembly]] about the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]].<ref name="Rizvi 83"/>  Most of the country's politicians only became aware of the coup the next morning; only [[United States Ambassador to Pakistan|U.S. Ambassador]] [[James M. Langley|James Langley]] and the British High Commissioner were kept fully informed of political developments in the country.<ref name="Springer, Rizvi">{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&q=Afzal+Rahman+Khan+admiral&pg=PA104|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|date=15 May 2000|publisher=Springer, Rizvi|isbn=9780230599048|pages=84|language=en|access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> President Mirza appointed General Ayub [[chief martial law administrator]] (CMLA), who then declared martial law.<ref name="Simon and Schuster, Oborne">{{cite book|last1=Oborne|first1=Peter| author-link =Peter Oborne|title=Wounded Tiger: A History of Cricket in Pakistan|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781849832489|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXXGBwAAQBAJ&q=iskander+mirza+martial+law&pg=PA157 |pages=157–158 |access-date=3 November 2016|language=en|date=9 April 2015}}</ref>
Ayub justified his part by declaring that: "History would never have forgiven us if the present chaotic conditions were allowed to go on any further," and his goal was to restore a democracy that the "people can understand and work", not indefinitely rule.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics|publisher=Belknap Press|year=September 16, 2014|isbn=978-0674052895|pages=98-100}}</ref> When the public ''was'' informed, public reactions were mixed. The immediate crackdown on smuggling, corruption, and trafficiking won Ayub plenty of support from the commoners. The middle-class and the upper-middle class were more apprehensive.
President Mirza himself was apprehensive, though for a different reason. He had been contemplating replacing Ayub Khan, and it seems that Ayub knew. Immediately after the Supreme Court's Chief [[Justice Munir]] justified the coup under the [[doctrine of necessity]], he sent the military into the presidential palace and exiled him to England. This was largely done with the support of: [[Afzal Rahman Khan|Admiral A. R. Khan]], General [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]], Nawab of Kalabagh [[Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan|Amir Khan]], General [[Wajid Ali Khan Burki|Dr. Wajid Khan]], and Air Marshal [[Asghar Khan]].
The regime came to power with the intent of instituting widespread reform. An attribute he shared with Mirza, Ayub advocated for greater centralization of power, and his ruling style was more American than British. He "vowed to give people access to speedier justice, curb the crippling birth rate, and take appropriate steps, including land reforms and technological innovation, to develop agriculture so that the country could feed itself".<ref name=":2" />
Ayub finally 'restored civil administration', though he maintain Presidency and relied on an intricate web of spy agencies to maintain supremacy over the bureacracy, including calling upon civilian intelligence agencies.
In 1960, a [[Elections in Pakistan|referendum]], that functioned as [[Electoral College of Pakistan|Electoral College]], was held that asked the [[Pakistani society|general public:]]''"Do you have confidence in Muhammad Ayub Khan?".'' The [[voter turnout]] was recorded at 95.6% and such confirmation was used as impetus to formalise the new system – a [[presidential system]].<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Martial law">{{cite web|date=1 June 2003|title=Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan Provincial Assemblies were dissolved and all political activities were banned|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/martial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan|access-date=3 November 2016|website=Story Of Pakistan, Martial law}}</ref> Ayub Khan was elected president for the next five years and decided to pay his first [[State visits to the United States|state visit to United States]] with his wife and also daughter Begum Naseem Aurangzeb in July 1961.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Martial law" /> Highlights of his visit included a state dinner at [[Mount Vernon]], a visit to the [[Islamic Center of Washington]], and a ticker tape parade in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|title=America Welcomes President Ayub|url=http://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=America_Welcomes_President_Ayub&gsearch=ayub|website=Gordon Wilkison Collection|publisher=Texas Archive of the Moving Image|access-date=28 July 2011|date=July 1961|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120163452/http://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=America_Welcomes_President_Ayub&gsearch=ayub|archive-date=20 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Constitutional and legal reforms===
{{further|Constitution of Pakistan of 1962}}
[[File:Muhammed Ayub Khan and Alexei Kosygin.jpg|thumb|left|260px|President Ayub Khan meeting Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] in 1960s.]]
A Constitutional Commission was set-up under the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] to implement the work on the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|Constitution]] that was led by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] and [[List of Justices of Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court justices]]. The commission reported in 1961 with its recommendations but President Ayub remained unsatisfied; he eventually altered the constitution so that it was entirely different from the one recommended by the [[Muhammad Shahabuddin|Shahabuddin Commission]]. The Constitution reflected his personal views of politicians and the restriction of using religions in politics. His presidency restored the [[writ]] of government through the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|promulgated constitution]] and restored political freedom by lifting the martial law enforced since 1958.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, The Constitution of 1962">{{cite web|last1=Story Of Pakistan, The Constitution of 1962|date=1 June 2003|title=The Constitution of 1962 {{!}} Provided for a unicameral legislature|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1962|access-date=3 November 2016|website=Story Of Pakistan, The Constitution of 1962|publisher=Story Of Pakistan, The Constitution of 1962}}</ref>
The new Constitution respected [[Islam]] but did not declare Islam as [[state religion]] and was viewed as a liberal constitution.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, The Constitution of 1962"/> It also provided for election of the president by 80,000 (later raised to 120,000) Basic Democrats who could theoretically make their own choice but who were essentially under his control. He justified this as analogous to the [[Electoral College (United States)|American Electoral College]] and cited [[Thomas Jefferson]] as his inspiration.<ref name="Routledge, Jackson">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Roy|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|date=4 October 2010|publisher=Routledge, Jackson|isbn=9781136950360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMotCgAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan+thomas+jefferson&pg=PA75 |page=75 |access-date=3 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> The Ayub administration "guided" the [[Newspapers in Pakistan|print newspapers]] though his takeover of key opposition papers and, while Ayub Khan permitted a [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], it had only limited powers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Islamic Pakistan|url=http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_4.htm|access-date=2020-10-05|website=ghazali.net}}</ref>
On 2 March 1961, he passed and signed the "Muslim Family Laws" bill through the [[wikt:ordinance|ordinance]] under which unmitigated [[polygamy]] was abolished, consent of the current wife was made mandatory for a second marriage, brakes were also placed on the practice of instant divorce where men could divorce women by saying:"I divorce you" three times under Islamic tradition.<ref name="Taylor & Francis, Moghissi">{{cite book|last1=Moghissi|first1=Haideh|title=Women and Islam: Women's movements in Muslim societies|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Moghissi|isbn=9780415324212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ln19FcDV7wC&q=Muslim+family+law+ayub&pg=PA204 |pages=203–204;205 |access-date=3 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>
The Arbitration Councils were set up under the law in the urban and rural areas to deal with cases of: (a) grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the subsistence of a marriage; (b) reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife; (c) grant of a maintenance allowance to the wife and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_4.htm |title=ISLAMIC PAKISTAN: ILLUSIONS & REALITY by Abdul Sattar Ghazali |publisher=Ghazali.net |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref>
===Economy and infrastructure===
[[File:Kaptai dam in East Pakistan being visited by Ayub Khan.jpg|thumb|left|Kaptai dam in East Pakistan being visited by Ayub Khan]]
Industrialization and rural development through constructing modern [[National Highways of Pakistan|national freeways]] are considered his greatest achievements and his era is remembered for successful industrialization in the impoverished country. Strong emphasis on capitalism and [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in the industry is often regarded as "Great Decade" in the history of the country (both [[Economic history of Pakistan|economical]] and [[Political history of Pakistan|political history]]).<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)">{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan/3 |title=Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III) |publisher=Story of Pakistan |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> The "Great Decade" was celebrated, which highlighted the development plans executed during the years of Ayub's rule, the private consortium companies, industries and credited with creating an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)"/> This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-04|title=Democratising Pakistan?|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/97215/democratising-pakistan-ii/|work=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref> He oversaw the development and completion of mega projects such as [[List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan|hydroelectric dams]], [[List of power stations in Pakistan|power stations]], and [[List of barrages and headworks in Pakistan|barrages]] in all over the country.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mason|first=Colin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUYdBQAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan++hydroelectric+dams&pg=PA181|title=A Short History of Asia|date=2014-06-24|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-34061-0|pages=81|language=en}}</ref> During 1960–66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at 6.8%.<ref name="SAGE, Kukreja">{{cite book|last1=Kukreja|first1=Veena|title=Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9780761996835|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdVNL2_DUtYC&q=Ayub+Khan+economy&pg=PA304 |page=304 |access-date=3 November 2016|language=en|date=24 February 2003}}</ref>
Several hydroelectric projects were completed, including the [[Mangla Dam]] (one of the world's largest dams), several small dams and water reservoirs in West Pakistan, and one dam in East Pakistan, the [[Kaptai Dam]].<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan, Mason">{{cite book|last1=Mason|first1=Colin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUYdBQAAQBAJ&q=Ayub+Khan++hydroelectric+dams&pg=PA181|title=A Short History of Asia|date=24 June 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137340610|pages=85|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> President Ayub authorized planning of [[nuclear power plant]]s, overriding the concerns of his own finance minister, [[Muhammad Shoaib (politician)|Muhammad Shoaib]], about their [[Economics of nuclear power plants|cost]].<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=7 November 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804784801|pages=54|language=en|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Initially, two nuclear power plants were to be established in the country: one in [[Karachi Nuclear Power Plant|Karachi]] and the other in [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Feroz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=2012-11-07|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=54|language=en}}</ref> Dr. [[Abdus Salam]]. supported by the President, personally approved the project in Karachi while the project in East Pakistan never materialized.<ref name="Shahid-ur-Rehman p. 21">Shahid-ur-Rehman, "Z.A. Bhutto, A Man in Hurry for the Bomb," Long Road To Chagai, p. 21.</ref>
Extensive education reforms were supposedly carried out and 'scientific development efforts' also supposedly made during his years. These policies could not be sustained after 1965, when the economy collapsed and led to economic declines which he was unable to control.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part IV)">{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ayub-khan/4 |title=Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part IV) |publisher=Story of Pakistan |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dawn.com/news/1293604/what-they-never-tell-us-about-ayub-khans-regime Dawn review Aug 2015]</ref>
Ayub introduced new curricula and textbooks for universities and schools. Many public-sector universities and schools were built during his era.<ref name="Taylor & Francis, Lall">{{cite book |last1=Lall |first1=Marie |last2=Vickers |first2=Edward |date=2010 |title=Education as a Political Tool in Asia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAI-G2EuBr0C&pg=PA183 |page=183 |isbn=9780415595360 |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>  He also introduced [[Agriculture in Pakistan|agricultural reforms]] preventing anyone from occupying more than 500 acres of irrigated and 1000 acres of unirrigated land. An [[Pakistan Refinery|oil refinery]] was established in Karachi. These reforms led to 15% [[Gross national product|GNP growth]] of the country that was three times greater than that of India. Despite the increase in the [[GNP]] growth, the profit and revenue was gained by the famous 22 families of the time that controlled 66% of the [[Industry of Pakistan|industries]] and [[Agriculture in Pakistan|land]] of the country and 80% of the [[Banking in Pakistan|banking]] and [[Insurance in Pakistan|insurance]] companies of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CONSTITUTION (THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1974|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/3amendment.html|access-date=2020-10-05|website=www.pakistani.org}}</ref>
===Defence spending===
During the Ayub era, the navy was able to introduce submarines and slowly modified itself by acquiring warships.<ref name="Springer, Reimer" /> However, Ayub drastically reduced funding of the military in the 1950s and de-prioritized [[nuclear weapon]]s in the 1960s.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Zafar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW8KBAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+nuclear&pg=PA22|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence|date=2014-07-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-67601-0|pages=55|language=en}}</ref> The military relied on donations from the United States for major weapons procurements.<ref name="Routledge, Zafar Khan">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Zafar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW8KBAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+nuclear&pg=PA22|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence|date=17 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317676010|page=22|language=en|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Major funding was made available for military acquisitions and procurement towards [[conventional weapon]]ry for [[Conventional warfare|conventional defence]]. In the 1960s, the Pakistani military acquired American{{nbh}}produced conventional weapons such as [[Jeep CJ]]s, [[M48 Patton]] and [[M24 Chaffee]] tanks, [[M16 rifle]]s, [[F-86]] fighter airplanes, and the submarine [[PNS Ghazi]]; all through the US [[Foreign Military Sales]] program.<ref name="Routledge, Zafar Khan"/> In 1961, President Ayub started the nation's full{{nbh}}fledged space program in cooperation with the air force, and created the [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Suparco]] civilian space agency that launched [[Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests|sounding rockets]] throughout the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Feroz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=2012-11-07|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=235–236|language=en}}</ref>
Ayub directed Pakistan's [[nuclear technology]] efforts towards [[nuclear power|electrical power generation]], disregarding recommendations to use it for military purposes. He reportedly spent [[Pakistani rupee|₨.]] 721 million on civilian nuclear power plants and related education of engineers and scientists.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Feroz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=2012-11-07|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=53|language=en}}</ref>
Ayub Khan filled more and more civil administrative positions with army officers, increasing the military's influence over the bureaucracy. He expanded the size of the army by more than half from the early 1960s to 1969, and maintained a high level of military spending as a percentage of GDP during that period, peaking in the immediate aftermath of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG309 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=309–310 |isbn=978-0-19023-518-5}}</ref>
===Foreign policy===
====U.S. alliance and 1960 U-2 incident====
[[File:Motorcade in Arrival Ceremonies for Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan use.jpg|thumb|right|225px|President Ayub with [[President Kennedy]] in Washington D.C., c. 1961.]]
The main feature of Ayub Khan's foreign policy was prioritized relations with the [[Pakistan–United States relations|United States]] and Europe.  Foreign relations with the [[Pakistan–Soviet Union relations|Soviet Union]] were downplayed. He enjoyed support from President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] in the 1950s and, working with Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Ali Khan]], forged a [[Pakistan–United States military relations|military alliance]] with the United States against regional communism. His obsession towards modernization of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|armed forces]] in shortest time possible saw the relations with United States as the only way to achieve his organization and personal objectives as he argued against [[Civilian control of the military|civilian supremacy]] that would affect the American interests in the region as a result of an election.<ref name="Military Consortium of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Hussain|first=Hamid|title=Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304115412/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|archive-date=4 March 2012|access-date=11 February 2012|website=Military Consortium of Pakistan|publisher=Military Consortium of Pakistan}}</ref>
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with President Ayub Khan.jpg|thumb|left|250px|President Ayub receiving President [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] in [[Karachi]], c. 1967.]]
The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] leased [[Peshawar Air Station]] in the 1950s and spying into the Soviet Union from the air station grew immensely, with Ayub's full knowledge, during his presidency.  When these activities were exposed in 1960 after a U-2 flying out of the air station was [[1960 U-2 incident|shot down and its pilot captured]] by the USSR,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawn.com|date=2012-07-04|title=Timeline: History of US-Pakistan relations|url=https://www.dawn.com/2012/07/04/timeline-history-of-us-pakistan-relations/|work=Dawn|language=en|access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref> President Ayub was in the United Kingdom on a state visit. When the local CIA station chief briefed President Ayub on the incident, Ayub shrugged his shoulders and said that he had expected this would happen at some point.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-04|title=Tale of a love affair that never was|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|access-date=2020-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304115412/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref>
The resulting Soviet ire severely compromised the national security of Pakistan. Ayub Khan had to publicly offer his apologies to the Soviet Union after USSR Secretary General Nikita Khrushchev made a threat to bomb Peshawar.<ref name="Khan 43">{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Feroz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=ayub+khan+nuclear+grass&pg=PA33|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=2012-11-07|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=43|language=en}}</ref> President Ayub directed his [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union by facilitating state visits by Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin|Kosygin]] and Soviet Foreign Minister [[Andrei Gromyko|Gromyko]] and agreeing to downplay relations with the United States.<ref name="Khan 43"/>
In 1963, Ayub signed the historic [[Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement]] with [[People's Republic of China|China]] despite US opposition. This alliance of a non-communist country with a communist one was a significant event in the [[Cold War (1953–62)|history]] of the [[Cold War]].<ref>Mitra, Subrata Kumar; Mike Enskat; Clemens Spiess (2004). Political parties in South Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 157. {{ISBN|0-275-96832-4}}.</ref>
During 1961–65, Ayub lost much of his support from President [[John F. Kennedy|John Kennedy]] and President [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]] as they sought [[Indo-U.S. relations|closer relations]] with India.  President Johnson placed an embargo on [[India and Pakistan|both nations]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war]] in 1965.<ref name="Carnegie Endowment, Haqqani">{{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Husain|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|isbn=9780870032851|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=ayub+khan+foreign+policy&pg=PA44 |pages=44–45 |access-date=6 November 2016|language=en|date=10 March 2010}}</ref> Relations with the Soviet Union were eventually normalized when the Soviets facilitated a [[Tashkent Agreement|peace treaty]] between Pakistan and India in 1965, and reached a trade treaty with Pakistan the following year.<ref name="Springer, Malik">{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Hafeez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oliwCwAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+Soviet+union&pg=PA171|title=Domestic Determinants of Soviet Foreign Policy towards South Asia and the Middle East|date=18 June 1990|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349113187|pages=171–175|language=en|access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref> In 1966–67, Ayub wrestled with the United States's attempt to dictate Pakistan's foreign policy, while he strengthened relations with the Soviet Union and China.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, McGarr">{{cite book|last1=McGarr|first1=Paul M.|title=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107292260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYkYAAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+china&pg=RA1-PT286|access-date=6 November 2016|language=en|date=1 August 2013}}</ref> Despite initiatives to normalize relations with the Soviet Union, Ayub Khan remained inclined towards the United States and the [[Pro-western|western world]], receiving President Johnson in Karachi in 1967.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Malik|first=Hafeez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oliwCwAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+Soviet+union&pg=PA171|title=Domestic Determinants of Soviet Foreign Policy towards South Asia and the Middle East|date=1990-06-18|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-11318-7|pages=174|language=en}}</ref>
In 1961–62, Ayub paid a state visit to the United Kingdom.  He attracted much attention from the [[British society|British public]] when his involvement in the [[Christine Keeler]] affair was revealed.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jul/11/scandal-keeler-profumo The Guardian 11 July 2012] Retrieved December 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n01/tariq-ali/the-general-in-his-labyrinth Tariq Ali on Ayub Khan 4 January 2007] Retrieved December 2015</ref>
====India: 1959 joint defence and 1965 war====
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
{{see also|Operation Gibraltar}}
In 1959, Ayub Khan's interest in building defence forces had already diminished when he made an offer of joint defense with India during the [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indo clashes]] in October 1959 in Ladakh, in a move seen as a result of American pressure and a lack of understanding of foreign affairs<ref name="Dawn News Papers, 5 April 2009">{{cite news|last=Iqbal Ahmad Khan|title=Bhutto's foreign policy legacy|url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/31374|access-date=11 February 2012|newspaper=Dawn News Papers, 5 April 2009|date=5 April 2009}}</ref> Upon hearing this proposal, India's Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] reportedly countered, "Defence Minister Ayub: Joint Defence on what?"<ref name="Cambridge University Press, McGarr" />{{Rp|84–86}} India remained uninterested in such proposals and Prime Minister Nehru decided to [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement|push his country's role]] in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=McGarr|first=Paul M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYkYAAAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+china&pg=RA1-PT286|title=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965|date=2013-08-01|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-29226-0|pages=85|language=en}}</ref> In 1960, President Ayub, together with Prime Minister Nehru, signed the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] brokered by the [[World Bank]].<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/03/kashmir.india1 War over water] The Guardian, Monday 3 June 2002 01.06 BST</ref> In 1962, after India was defeated by China, Ayub Khan disguised a few thousand soldiers as guerillas and sent them to Indian Kashmir to incite the people to rebel.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Ahmed |title=Pakistan in the Brink |date=2012 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=9781846145858 |page=47}}</ref> In 1964, the Pakistan Army engaged with [[Indian Army]] in several [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|skirmishes]], and clandestine operations began.
The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|war]] with India in 1965 was a turning point in his presidency, and it ended in a settlement reached by Ayub Khan at Tashkent, called the [[Tashkent Declaration]], which was facilitated by the Soviet Union. The settlement was perceived negatively by many Pakistanis and led [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|Foreign Minister]] Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to resign his post and take up opposition to Ayub Khan.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part IV)"/> According to Morrice James, "For them (Pakistanis) Ayub had betrayed the nation and had inexcusably lost face before the Indians."<ref name="Victoria">''Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War'' by Victoria Schofield Published 2003, by I.B.Tauris {{ISBN|1-86064-898-3}} p. 112.</ref>
According to [[Sartaj Aziz]], deputy chairman of the [[Planning Commission (Pakistan)|Planning Commission]], it was Foreign Minister Bhutto who had inadvertently set Pakistan on the road to war with India. During a cabinet meeting, Bhutto had gone on a populist [[Indophobia in Pakistan|anti-Indian]] and [[Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan|anti-American]] binge and succeeded in spellbinding President Ayub into thinking he was becoming a world statesman fawned upon by the enemies of the United States. When Ayub authorized [[Operation Gibraltar]], the fomenting of an  Kashmiri insurgency against India, Aziz famously told the President: "Sir, I hope you realize that our foreign policy and our economic requirements are not fully consistent, in fact they are rapidly falling out of line". Aziz opposed Operation Gibraltar, fearing the economical turmoil that would jolt the country's economy, but was in turn opposed by his own senior bureaucrats. In that meeting, Foreign Minister Bhutto convinced the president and the finance minister [[Muhammad Shoaib (politician)|Muhammad Shoaib]] that India would not attack Pakistan due to [[Kashmir]] being a [[Kashmir dispute|disputed territory]], and per Bhutto's remarks: "Pakistan's incursion into [[Indian-occupied Kashmir]], at [A]khnoor, would not provide [India] with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary because Kashmir was a disputed territory". This theory proved wrong when India launched a full-scale war against [[West Pakistan]] in 1965.<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Khaled|date=9 August 2009|title=Book Review: Sartaj Aziz on 'excessive' leaders|newspaper=Pakistan Times|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/09-Aug-2009/book-review-sartaj-aziz-on-excessive-leaders-by-khaled-ahmed|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063953/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/09-Aug-2009/book-review-sartaj-aziz-on-excessive-leaders-by-khaled-ahmed|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
His [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|army C-in-C]] General [[Musa Khan]] did not order the Pakistan Army without the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister Bhutto's urging <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=Mirza++Ayub+Khan%E2%80%99s+rivals&pg=PA149|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|date=2015-02-24|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-56858-503-1|pages=182–183|language=en}}</ref> However, after the [[Indian Army]] advanced towards the [[Rann of Kutch]], General Musa Khan ordered the army to respond against the opposing force.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=Mirza++Ayub+Khan%E2%80%99s+rivals&pg=PA149|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|date=2015-02-24|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-56858-503-1|pages=183|language=en}}</ref> He faced serious altercations and public criticism with [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Air Force)|air chief]] [[Air Marshal|AM]] [[Asghar Khan]] for hiding the details of the war. The [[AHQ (Pakistan Air Force)|Air AHQ]] began fighting the president over the contingency plans, and this inter-services rivalry ended with Asghar Khan's resignation.<ref name="Dawn newspapers, Editorial">{{cite news|last1=Editorial publication|date=6 September 2005|title=Nur Khan reminisces '65 war|work=DAWN.COM|publisher=Dawn newspapers, Editorial|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/155474/nur-khan-reminisces|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> To reduce interservices tensions and criticism, [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|navy commander]] Admiral [[Afzal Rahman Khan|A. R. Khan]] authorised the shelling of coastal [[Indian Navy]] posts at [[Operation Dwarka|Dwarka]], India.<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig">{{cite book|last1=Baig|first1=Muhammad Anwar; Ebad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_A5-RABah4C&q=iskander+mirza+martial+law&pg=PA22|title=Pakistan: Time for Change|date=20 December 2012|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477250310|pages=25|language=en|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>
About the 1965 war's contingency plans, AM [[Nur Khan]] briefly wrote that "Rumours about an impending operation were rife but the army had not shared the plans with other forces."<ref name="Dawn newspapers, Editorial"/>
Ayub Khan's main sponsor, the United States, did not welcome the move and the [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson administration]] placed an economic embargo that caused Pakistan to lose [[United States dollar|$]]500 million in [[Foreign aid to Pakistan|aid and grants]] that had been received through consortium.<ref name="Oxford University Press"/> Ayub Khan could not politically survive in the aftermath of 1965 war with India and fell from the presidency after surrendering the presidential power to [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|Army Commander]] General [[Yahya Khan|Yahya]] in 1969.
== End of presidency ==
=== Presidential election of 1965 ===
{{main|1965 Pakistani presidential election}}
In 1964, President Ayub Khan was confident in his apparent popularity and saw the deep divisions within the political opposition which ultimately led him to announce [[Elections in Pakistan|presidential elections]] in 1965. He earned the nomination of the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML) and was shocked when [[Fatima Jinnah]] was nominated by the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy|Combined Opposition Parties]].<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965">{{cite web|date=25 October 2013|title=Presidential Election {{!}} Elections were held on 2 January 1965|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/presidential-election#prettyPhoto|access-date=4 November 2016|website=Story Of Pakistan|publisher=Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2020}}
Fatima Jinnah had gained a lot of support from Karachi, [[Lahore]], and various parts of West and East Pakistan opposed to President Ayub Khan. Jinnah targeted the [[Indus Waters Treaty]], Pakistan's over-reliance on the United States, and its troubled relations with the Soviet Union. During the elections, President Ayub earned notoriety when his son, [[Gohar Ayub Khan]], was named in the news media for authorizing political murders in Karachi, particularly of Jinnah supporters.<ref name="Taylor & Francis, Goulbourne">{{cite book|last1=Goulbourne|first1=Harry|title=Race and Ethnicity: Solidarities and communities|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=9780415225014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIg_9GI9a8gC&q=Ayub+Khan++karachi+1965+elections&pg=PA232 |page=232 |language=en}}</ref>
Angry protesters demonstrated in the streets of [[Sindh]], chanting slogans against President Ayub.<ref name="Taylor & Francis, Goulbourne"/> Fatima Jinnah won the popular vote in a landslide but Ayub Khan won the election through the [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]] vote.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Riches">{{cite book|last1=Riches|first1=Christopher|last2=Palmowski|first2=Jan|title=A Dictionary of Contemporary World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191060762|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBI1DQAAQBAJ&q=Fatima+Jinnah+1965+elections&pg=PT1194 |page=xxx |access-date=4 November 2016|language=en|date=15 September 2016}}</ref> During this time, Ayub Khan used the [[Pakistani intelligence agencies|Pakistani intelligence community]] for his own advantage. [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]] actively monitored politicians and political gatherings and the [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] taped politicians' telephone conversations.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965"/> This was the first departure of the intelligence community from national defence and security to direct interference with [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]], an interference which continued in succeeding years.<ref name="global security">{{cite web|last1=Pike|first1=John|title=Military Intelligence – Pakistan Intelligence Agencies|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/mi.htm|access-date=5 November 2016|website=www.globalsecurity.org|publisher=global security}}</ref>
It was reported that the elections were widely [[Vote rigging|rigged]] by the state authorities and machinery under the control of Ayub Khan and it is believed that had the elections been held via direct ballot, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats. They were easily manipulated by President Ayub Khan, who won the bitterly-contested elections with 64% of the Electoral College vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830952,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029212804/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830952,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2007 |title=Trouble with Mother |publisher=Time.com |date=25 December 1964 |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref> According to journalists of the time, the election did not conform to international standards; many viewed the election results with great suspicion.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, Elections 1965"/>
=== 1969 nationwide riots and resignation ===
{{Main|Agartala Conspiracy Case}}
{{See also|Six point movement}}
The controversial victory over [[Fatima Jinnah]] in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]] and the outcome of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war]] with India in the same year brought devastating results for Ayub Khan's image and his presidency. Upon returning from [[Tashkent]], Foreign Minister Bhutto went to the [[Media of Pakistan|television media]] and criticized President Ayub for selling the nation's honor and sacrifice, which prompted President Ayub to depose Bhutto.<ref name="M.E. Sharpe, Abbas,">{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbgoBGFSMRQC&q=ayub+khan+1965+war&pg=PA52|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|date=1 September 2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=9780765631718|pages=52–53|language=en|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> In [[Karachi]], public resentment towards Ayub had been rising since the 1965 elections and his policies were widely disapproved.<ref name="Routledge Rath">{{cite book|last1=Rath|first1=Saroj Kumar|title=Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317562511|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh7ICQAAQBAJ&q=ayub+khan+tashkent+agreement&pg=PT51|access-date=4 November 2016|language=en|date=3 June 2015}}</ref>
In 1967, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto formed the socialist [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and embarked on a nationwide tour where he attacked the Ayub administration's economic, religious, and social policies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wynbrandt|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6|pages=196|language=en}}</ref> Detention of Bhutto further inflamed the opposition and demonstrations were sparked all over the country with the East Pakistani Awami League charging the Ayub administration with [[Geographical segregation|segregating policies]] towards the East.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wynbrandt|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6|pages=197|language=en}}</ref> [[List of trade unions in Pakistan|Labour unions]] called for labour strikes against Ayub Khan's labour legislation and dissatisfaction was widespread in the  country's middle class by the end of 1968.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Wynbrandt|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6|pages=198|language=en}}</ref> When Ayub Khan was confronted with the [[Six point movement|Six Point movement]] led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] and with the criticism by Bhutto's PPP, he responded by imprisoning both leaders but that made matters worst for Ayub's administration.<ref name=":1"/> [[Socialism in Pakistan|Left-wing]] parties, allied with the [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservative mass]], began advocating for the [[Islam in Pakistan|Islamic]] [[parliamentary democracy]] system against his presidential rule.<ref name="Dawn, Inpaper magazine"/>
In 1968, he survived an assassination attempt while visiting [[Dacca]] and was visibly shaken afterwards, according to close aides; though this was not reported in the press of the day.<ref name="Hassan Abbas">{{cite book | author=Hassan Abbas | title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror | publisher=M. E. Sharpe | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-7656-1497-1 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass }}, p. 53.</ref>
In 1969, Ayub Khan opened negotiations with the opposition parties in what was termed as a "[[Round table (discussion)|Round Table Conference]]" where he held talks with every opposition party except for the Awami League and the Pakistan Peoples Party.<ref name="Infobase Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Wynbrandt|first1=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816061846|pages=198|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>  However, these discussions yielded no results and strong anti-Ayub demonstrations calling for his resignation were sparked all over the country.<ref name=":1" /> During this time, Ayub Khan survived a near-fatal [[Heart attack|cardiac arrest]] that put him out of the office, and later survived a [[paralysis]] attack that put him in a [[wheelchair]].<ref name="Mittal Publications, Akbar">{{cite book|last1=Akbar|first1=M. K.|title=Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif|date=January 1997|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170996743|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=ayub+khan+1965+war&pg=PA37 |pages=43–47 |access-date=4 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> The [[Police Service of Pakistan|police]] were unable to maintain [[Law and order in Pakistan|law and order]] in the country, especially in East Pakistan where [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan|riots and a serious uprising]] were quelled. At one point, [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Home]] and [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence Minister]] Vice-Admiral Rahman told journalists that the "country was under the Mob rule and that Police were not strong enough to tackle the situation".<ref name="Springer, Siddiqui">{{cite book|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Kalim|title=Conflict, Crisis and War in Pakistan|date=18 June 1972|publisher=Springer, Siddiqui|isbn=9781349013395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f86uCwAAQBAJ&q=AR+Khan+minister+resigned&pg=PA130 |page=130 |access-date=1 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>
The PPP also led very strong protests, street demonstrations, and riots against the Ayub Khan's administration when the prices of food consumer products such as sugar, tea, and wheat, hiked up. Disapproval of Ayub Khan was widely expressed by chanted slogans and insults referring to him.<ref name="Random House Publishing Group">{{cite book|last1=Constable|first1=Pamela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-wU1aVyM9IC&q=ayub+khan+price+hike&pg=PA39|title=Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself|date=19 July 2011|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=9780679603450|pages=39–40|language=en|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> On the streets of major cities of West Pakistan, massive [[Graffiti|wall chalking]]s that employed [[Derogatory term|derogatory]] and [[pejorative]] terms for Ayub    made [[headline]]s in the [[Newspapers in Pakistan|print]] and [[News channels in Pakistan|broadcast]] media.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Constable|first=Pamela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-wU1aVyM9IC&q=ayub+khan+price+hike&pg=PA39|title=Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself|date=2011-07-19|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-679-60345-0|pages=41|language=en}}</ref> Ayub Khan himself was shocked upon hearing that young protesters and college students in [[West Pakistan|West]] had been referring him to as "Dog". According to a [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']] editorial in 2014, it was the first time in the country's history when derogatory language was used against its politicians.<ref name="Dawn, Inpaper magazine">{{cite news|last1=InpaperMagazine|first1=From|title=Exit stage left: the movement against Ayub Khan|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1128832|access-date=8 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn newspapers|publisher=Dawn, Inpaper magazine|date=31 August 2014}}</ref>
Elements in the [[Pakistani military|military]] began supporting the opposition political parties; it was this that finally brought about the demise of Ayub Khan's era.  On 25 March 1969, President Ayub Khan, after consulting Advocate Raja Muhammad Qalib Ali Khan (the last person to meet the president before resignation) resigned from office and invited [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief of the army]] General [[Yahya Khan]] to take over the control of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan - AYUB KHAN|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm|access-date=2020-10-05|website=www.countrystudies.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Akbar|first=M. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=ayub+khan+1965+war&pg=PA37|title=Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif|date=1997-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-674-3|pages=48|language=en}}</ref>
== Death and legacy ==
Ayub Khan did not comment on [[Bangladesh Liberation War|East Pakistan's Secessionist War]] in 1971. He died of a heart attack on 19 April 1974 at his [[villa]] near [[Islamabad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex President of Pakistan Ayub Khan, Dies|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19740419&id=kJxjAAAAIBAJ&pg=4149,2977014|access-date=21 August 2016|work=Lawrence Journal-World|agency=AP|issue=Vol.116 No.95|date=20 April 1974|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|pages=13|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ayub Khan dead at 67|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19740420&id=tmE0AAAAIBAJ&pg=3105,5096342|access-date=21 August 2016|work=Star-News|agency=UPI|issue=28|date=20 April 1974|volume = 44}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Field Marshal Ayub Dead; Ex‐President of Pakistan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/21/archives/field-marshalayub-deadexpresident-of-pakistan-stability-in.html|work=The New York Times|date=21 April 1974|access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
Ayub Khan's presidency allied Pakistan with the American-led [[CENTO|military alliance]] against the Soviet Union which helped Pakistan develop its strong economic background and its long-term political and strategic relations with the United States.<ref name="countrystudies" /> Major [[Foreign direct investment|economic aid and trade]] from the United States and [[European Union|European Communities]] ultimately led Pakistan's industrial sector to develop rapidly but the consequences of [[cartel]]ization included increased [[Income inequality metrics|inequality]] in the [[distribution of wealth]]. After 1965, he became extremely concerned about the arrogance and bossiness of the US over the direction of [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|Pakistan's foreign policy]] when the US publicly criticized Pakistan for building [[Pakistan-China relations|ties with China]] and [[Pakistan-Soviet Union relations|Soviet Union]]; he authored a book over this issue known as ''Friends not Masters''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Mohammad Ayub|title=Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9K6AAAAIAAJ|access-date=5 November 2016|language=en|year=1967}}</ref><ref name="Daily Star, 2011">{{cite news|author=Megasthenes |title=The Field Marshal from Beyond the Grave|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2011/December/revolution.htm|access-date=5 November 2016|work=Daily Star|date=2011}}</ref>
Ayub Khan began his diary in September 1966, and ended his record in October 1972 because of his failing health. The diary covers events such as his resignation from office, assumption of power by Yahya Khan, the separation of East and West Pakistan and the replacement of Yahya by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. After his death in 1972, the diary was not released to the public for thirty years due to opinions which would have been detrimental to the reputation of powerful individuals at the time. Ayub Khan wanted his diary to be edited by [[Altaf Gauhar]] but after Ayub Khan's death the six-year-long diary was entrusted to Oxford University Press (OUP) to edit and publish. At OUP, ''Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966-1972'' was edited and annotated by [[Craig Baxter]].<ref>The power of US in Pakistan</ref>
The federal capital was relocated under the Ayub administration from the port city of Karachi to the new and carefully planned city of Islamabad in the mountains. Facilitated by the [[World Bank]], the Ayub administration became a party to the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] with archrival India to resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the six rivers in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] Doab that flow between the two countries. Khan's administration also built a major network of irrigation canals, high-water dams and thermal and hydroelectric power stations.<ref>Khan, Muhammad Ayub, "Friends Not Masters", Oxford University Press, 1967.</ref>
He subsidized fertilizers and modernized agriculture through irrigation development, spurred industrial growth with liberal tax benefits.<ref name="countrystudies" /> In the decade of his rule, the [[Gross national product|GNP]] rose by 45% and manufactured goods began to overtake such traditional exports as jute and cotton.<ref name="Daily Star, 2011"/> However, the economists in the [[Planning Commission (Pakistan)|Planning Commission]] alleged that his policies were tailored to reward the elite families and major landowners in the country. In 1968, his administration celebrated the so-called "Decade of Development" when the mass protests erupted in all over the country due to an increasingly greater divide between the rich and the poor.<ref name="Daily Star, 2011"/>
===Criticism, personal wealth, and family===
After 1965, the [[Government corruption|corruption in government]], [[nepotism]], and suppression of [[Freedom of speech|free speech]], [[Freedom of thought|thought]], and [[Freedom of press|press]] increased unrest and turmoils in the country against the Ayub administration.<ref name="Muhammad Ayub Khan (Part III)" /> The [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]], where Ayub Khan was opposed by Fatima Jinnah, was allegedly rigged. In 2003, the nephew of the [[Quaid-i-Azam]], Akbar Pirbhai, re-ignited the controversy by suggesting that Fatima Jinnah's death in 1967 was an assassination by the Ayub Khan establishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/fatima-jinnah-1174 |title=Fatima Jinnah &#124; Mother Of Nation (Mader-e Millat) |publisher=Pakistan Herald |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Gohar Ayub Khan became the subject of criticism by many writers when he was accused of leading a victory parade after the 1965 election right into the heartland of opposition territory in Karachi in a blatantly provocative move. The civil administration's failure to stop the rally led to fierce clashes between opposing groups with many locals being killed.<ref>(Mazari 1999).</ref>
Gohar Ayub Khan also faced criticisms during that time on questions of family corruption and cronyism through his business links with his father-in-law, retired Lieutenant General [[Habibullah Khan Khattak]]. One Western commentator in 1969 estimated Gohar Ayub's personal wealth at the time at $4 million, while his family's wealth was put in the range of $10–20 million.<ref>(Pick April 1969).</ref> Public criticism of Gohar's personal wealth and that of the President increased. All these criticisms harmed President Ayub Khan's image.
Ayub Khan is criticised for the growth in income inequality; 5 million people fell below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yespakistan.com/economy/growthpoverty.asp |title=Growth, poverty & politics |publisher=Yespakistan.com |date=31 August 2004 |access-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510134350/http://www.yespakistan.com/economy/growthpoverty.asp |archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> He is also blamed for not doing enough to tackle the significant economic disparity between East and West Pakistan whilst he was aware of the acute grievances of East Pakistan he did try to address the situation. However, the Ayub Khan regime was so highly centralized that, in the absence of democratic institutions, densely populated and politicized East Pakistan province continued to feel it was being slighted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/history/pakistan/pakistan-the_ayub_khan_era.html |title=Pakistan-THE AYUB KHAN ERA |publisher=Mongabay.com |access-date=9 December 2012}}</ref>
Sadaf Farooq from the School of Politics and International Relations at the [[University of Reading]] argued that workers' wages fell by 60% in the 1960s and that the policy of promoting the entrepreneur elite and industrial cartels to generate economic growth increased regional and social tensions throughout the nation, as well as the emergence of business and industrial cartels<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=10073&Cat=13 |title=Mirza says PTI's rally an indicator of change |work=The News |date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918183723/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=10073&Cat=13 |archive-date=18 September 2013 |access-date=9 December 2012}}, Zulfiqar Mirza's speech- 4 November 2011, Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref>
After his death, his descendents became active in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] in the 1990s until the present; however, these family members have been controversial. His son Gohar is an active member of the conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] and was the [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|Foreign Minister]] in the [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif ministry]] in the 1990s but was removed due to his controversial and unauthorized statements about India.<ref name="tft-photoarchive"/> His daughter Nasim did not enter politics and married [[Miangul Aurangzeb]], the [[Wali of Swat]].<ref name="tft-photoarchive">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110916&page=30|title=Photo Archive: Ayub Khan visits the US (1961)|publisher=The Friday Times|date=16 September 2011|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
His son Shaukat was a successful businessman and had four children, three sons and one daughter. All three sons went into business and politics, with Akbar, [[Arshad Ayub Khan|Arshad]] and Yousaf Ayub Khan becoming successful members of the provincial and national assemblies.<ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II" />
His grandson, [[Omar Ayub Khan|Omar]], served in the [[Shaukat Aziz|Aziz ministry]] as a [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Finance Minister]] in the 2000s but joined the [[PML-N|PML(N)]] in 2010; he was declared ineligible for the [[2013 Pakistani general election|2013 general election]] after allegations of [[vote rigging]] were proved. In 2018, he joined [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]]. Another grandson, [[Yousuf Ayub Khan|Yousaf]], who is a party worker of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]], was also declared ineligible for submitting fake documents to the Election Commission.
==Honours==
===National honours===
* {{flag|Pakistan}}:
** [[File:Order of Pakistan.png|70px]] Recipient of the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] '''(NPk)'''
** [[File:Hilal-i-Imtiaz Pakistan.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] '''(HPk)'''
** [[File:Hilal-i-Jur'at Pakistan.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Hilal-i-Jur'at]] '''(HJ)'''
* {{flag|British India}}:
** [[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.svg|70px]] Member of the Most Excellent [[Order of the British Empire]] '''(MBE)'''
===Foreign honours===
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}:
** [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|70px]] Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] '''(GCMG)''' (1961)
* {{flag|Malaya}}:
** [[File:MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg|70px]] Honorary Recipient of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] '''(D.M.N.(K))''' (1962)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1962.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1962}}</ref>
==Dates of rank==
Note: The rank insignias were still [[British Army]]'s pip and crown till 1956 when the British [[Dominion of Pakistan]] ended.
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army OF-1a.svg|25px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 2 February 1928
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army OF-1b.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army || 2 May 1930<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33632|page=4946|date=8 August 1930}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army OF-2.svg|25px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army  || 2 February 1937<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-3.svg|25px]] || [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] ||British Indian Army || 1940 (acting)<br />22 September 1941 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45">{{cite book|pages=153|title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945}}</ref><br />8 February 1943 (war-substantive)<ref name="1946_List">January 1946 Half Yearly Army List</ref><br />2 February 1945 (substantive)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37085|supp=|page=2577|date=18 May 1945}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-4.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] || British Indian Army  || 22 September 1941 (acting)<br />8 February 1943 (temporary)<br />21 January 1946 (war-substantive)
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-5.svg|25px]] || [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] || British Indian Army  || 21 January 1946 (acting)
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-3.svg|25px]] || Major || [[Pakistan Army]]  || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group=lower-alpha>Upon independence in 1947, Pakistan became a [[Dominion of Pakistan|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained commander-in-chief of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]. After 23 March 1956, when Pakistan made its constitution, the [[president of Pakistan]] became commander-in-chief, and the crescent star replaced the crown, with a newly modelled "pip".</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army OF-7.svg|25px]] || [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] || Pakistan Army  || January 1948 (acting)
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-6.svg|25px]] || [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] ||Pakistan Army || 21 January 1946 (acting)<br />1 January 1949 (substantive)
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-6.svg|25px]] || Brigadier || Pakistan Army || 23 March 1949<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-05-08|title=Gauhar gives it away this time|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gauhar-gives-it-away-this-time/story-WIooArsIETcbbpyAJ0vYhL.html|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920-1953) OF-7.svg|25px]] || [[Major General]] || Pakistan Army || December 1949 (substantive)<ref name="insignia" group=lower-alpha/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haider|first=Murtaza|title=The full truth of General Ayub Khan's regime in Pakistan|url=http://scroll.in/article/820467/the-full-truth-of-general-ayub-khans-regime-in-pakistan|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|25px]]  || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Pakistan Army || 17 January 1951 (substantive)
|-
|align="center" |[[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|25px]]  || [[General]] || Pakistan Army || 17 January 1951 (acting)<br />8 July 1957 (local)<ref name="countrystudies" /><br />20 July 1957 (substantive)<ref name="Story of Pakistan, part-II" />
|-
|}
== See also ==
* [[Cold War]]
* [[Ayub National Park]]
* [[Ayub Medical College]]
* [[Americanism (ideology)|Americanism]]
* [[Pakistan–United States relations#Cultural influence|American cultural influence in Pakistan]]
==Notes==
'''Footnotes'''
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Ayub|title=Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan|publisher=[[Oxford University]], [[Karachi]]|year=1966|isbn=9780195474428|pages=599}}
* {{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Ayub|title=Friends Not Masters|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1967|isbn=0192111787|location=[[Oxford]], England|pages=290}}
* {{Cite book|last=Cloughly|first=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-57607-712-2|location=[[Oxford]], England|pages=Chapter 2, "Ayub Khan, Adjutant General to President"}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shah|first=Aqil|title=Military and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-134-40758-3}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Muhammed Ayub Khan}}
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P017 Ayub Khan Bio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100824193937/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=145 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=CAF97045354 Video clip of Ayub Khan in Paris]----use QuickTime Player.
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=CAF97045361 Video clip of Ayub Khan with General De Gaulle]
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&id_notice=AFE86000182 Video clip in Rawalpindi]
* {{London Gazette|issue=42035 |date=17 May 1960 |page=3465}} Creation as an [[List of honorary British knights and dames|Honorary Knight Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] on 26 April 1960
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|C-in-C of the Pakistan Army]]|years=1951–1955}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Musa]]}}
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{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]]|years=1954–1955}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Martial Law Administrator]]|years=1958–1969}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Ayub Khuhro]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]]|years=1958–1966}}
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|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Khan Habibullah Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of the Interior]]|years=1965}}
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{{s-end}}
{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ayub}}
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[[Category:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]

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