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| {{Short description|Eastern culture}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Culture of Asia]] |
| {{other uses}}
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| {{multiple image
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| | image1 = Konfuzius-1770.jpg
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| | caption1 = [[Confucius]]'s teachings and philosophy has influenced many Eastern cultures, known as [[Confucianism]].
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| | image2 = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg
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| | caption2 = [[Gautama Buddha]], the founder of [[Buddhism]]. Born in modern-day [[Nepal]], his teachings are venerated by numerous religions and communities in countries within East, Southeast and South Asia.
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| | image3 = Garuda by Hyougushi in Delhi.jpg
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| | caption3 = The [[Garuda]], a [[Hindu god|Hindu demigod]] and divine creature mentioned in the [[Hindu mythology|Hindu]], [[Buddhist mythology|Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] faiths. It is a part of the state insignia of [[India]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Thailand]]. The [[Indonesia]]n official coat of arms is centered on the Garuda, and as the symbol of [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Mongolia]].
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| }}
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| '''Eastern culture''', also known as '''Eastern civilization''' and historically as '''Oriental culture''', is an umbrella term for various [[cultural heritage]]s of [[social norms]], [[ethical value]]s, traditional customs, [[belief systems]], [[political system]]s, [[Cultural artifact|artifacts]] and [[technology|technologies]] of the [[Eastern world]].
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| While there is no singular and catch-all "Eastern culture", there are subgroups within it, such as countries within East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, as well as [[syncretism]] within these regions. These include the spread of [[Eastern religions]] such as [[Buddhism]] or [[Hinduism]], the usage of [[Chinese characters]] or [[Brahmic scripts]], language families, the fusion of cuisines, and traditions, among others.
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| | | {{R to related topic}} |
| == Terminology ==
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| {{further|Eastern world|Orient}} | |
| {{multiple image | |
| | image1 = Eastern World.svg
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| | caption1 = An image of the "Eastern world" defined as the "[[Far East]]", consisting of three overlapping cultural blocks: [[East Asia]] (Green), [[Southeast Asia]] (Blue), and [[South Asia]] (Orange)
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| | image2 = Three Easts.svg
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| | caption2 = A map highlighting the three "easts" as defined by [[Near East]]/[[Middle East]] ([[West Asia]] excluding the [[Caucasus]], with countries in "[[Greater Middle East]]" sometimes included) and [[Far East]] ([[East Asia|East]], [[North Asia|North]] and [[Southeast Asia]], with [[South Asia]] sometimes also included).
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| | image3 = Buddhist Expansion.svg
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| | caption3 = Buddhist expansion in Asia: [[Mahayana Buddhism]] [[Chinese Buddhism#History|first entered]] the [[Chinese Empire]] ([[Han dynasty#Religion, cosmology, and metaphysics|Han dynasty]]) through [[Silk Road]] during the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan Era]]. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".
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| }} | | }} |
| The East, as a [[Geographic coordinate system|geographical area]], is unclear and undefined. More often, the ideology of a state's inhabitants is what will be used to categorize it as an Eastern society. There is some disagreement about what nations should or should not be included in the category and at what times. Many parts of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]] are considered to be distinct from [[Western world|the West]] and therefore labelled as eastern by most scholars. The Byzantine Empire was primarily influenced by Eastern practices due to its proximity and cultural similarity to [[Iran]] and [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], thus lacking features seen as "[[Western culture|Western]]". Both Eastern and Western European authors have often perceived Byzantium as a body of religious, political, and philosophical ideas contrary to those of the West.
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| It is difficult to determine which individuals fit into which category, and the East–West contrast is sometimes criticized as [[relativism|relativistic]] and arbitrary.<ref>Yin Cheong Cheng, ''New Paradigm for Re-engineering Education''. p. 369</ref><ref>[[Ainslie Thomas Embree]], [[Carol Gluck]], ''Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching''. p. xvi</ref><ref>Kwang-Sae Lee, ''East and West: Fusion of Horizons''{{page needed|date=February 2015}}</ref> Globalism has spread Western ideas so widely that almost all modern cultures are, to some extent, influenced by aspects of Eastern culture. [[Stereotype|Stereotypical]] views of "the East" have been labeled [[Orientalism]], paralleling [[Occidentalism]]—the term for the 19th-century stereotyped views of "the West".
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| As Europeans discovered the wider world, old concepts adapted. The area that had formerly been considered the [[Orient]] ("the East") became the [[Near East]] as the interests of the European powers interfered with [[Meiji Period|Meiji Japan]] and [[Qing China]] for the first time in the 19th century.<ref name="davison">{{Cite journal |author=Davidson, Roderic H. |title=Where is the Middle East? |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=665–75 |year=1960 |doi=10.2307/20029452 |jstor=20029452 |s2cid=157454140 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b0f99025d232494803f84f1a4578d7a11dcf1be2 }}</ref> Thus, the [[First Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894–1895 occurred in the Far East while the troubles surrounding the [[decline of the Ottoman Empire]] simultaneously occurred in the Near East.{{efn|British archaeologist [[David George Hogarth|D.G. Hogarth]] published ''The Nearer East'' in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including [[Albania]], [[Montenegro]], southern [[Serbia]] and [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], [[Egypt]], all [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] lands, the entire [[Arabian Peninsula]], and Western parts of [[Iran]].}} The term Middle East in the mid-19th century included the territory east of the [[Ottoman Empire]], but West of China—[[Greater Persia]] and [[Greater India]]—is now used synonymously with "Near East" in most languages.
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| == Traditions ==
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| [[File:Syriac Christianity.svg|thumb|The spread of Syriac Christianity to [[East Asia]].]]
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| [[File:Abraham Dharma.png|thumb|Distribution of [[Eastern religions]] (yellow), as opposed to [[Abrahamic religions]] (violet).]]
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| [[File:East Asian Cultural Sphere.svg|thumb|[[East Asian cultural sphere|East Asia cultural region]]]]
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| [[File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg|thumb|Map of the [[Middle East]]]]
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| [[File:WGSRPD Indian Subcontinent.png|thumb|Indian cultural sphere]]
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| While there is no singular Eastern culture of the Eastern world, there are subgroups within it, such as countries within East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, as well as [[syncretism]] within these regions. These include the spread of [[Eastern religions]] such as [[Buddhism]] or [[Hinduism]], the usage of [[Chinese characters]] or [[Brahmic scripts]], language families, the fusion of cuisines, and traditions, among others. Eastern culture has developed many themes and traditions. Some important ones are listed below:
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| === Religion ===
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| * [[Abrahamic religions]] (see also [[religion in the Middle East]])
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| ** [[Christianity]] – the majority of the modern world adheres to this faith, although it is no longer widely practiced in its native continent of Asia. Since the faith spread to Europe in [[classical antiquity |antiquity]], the notion of "Europe" and the "Western world" has been intimately connected with the concept of "[[Christendom|Christianity and the Christian world]]". Many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|title=Crisis in Western Education|year=1961|isbn=9780813216836|edition=reprint|author2=Glenn Olsen|page=108}}</ref> In Asia, Cyprus, Georgia, Armenia, Russia, the Philippines and East Timor are the only Christian-majority countries,<ref name="Pews Research Christian"/> though there are also minority Christian populations in the [[Levant]], [[Anatolia]], [[Fars (territory)|Fars]], and [[Kerala]] that have preserved their ancient beliefs, adhering to [[Syriac Christianity]] (i.e. [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] and [[Maronite people]]), an [[Eastern Christian]] sect.<ref name="HindsonMitchell2013">{{cite book|last1=Hindson|first1=Edward E.|last2=Mitchell|first2=Daniel R.|title=The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History|date=1 August 2013|publisher=Harvest House Publishers|language=en|isbn=9780736948074|page=225}}</ref> Significant Christian communities are also found in [[Central Asia]], [[Christianity in China|China]], [[Christianity in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Christianity in India|India]], [[Christianity in Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Christianity in Japan|Japan]], [[Christianity in Macau|Macau]], [[Christianity in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Christianity in South Korea|South Korea]], [[Christianity in Singapore|Singapore]], [[Christianity in Taiwan|Taiwan]] and [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam]].<ref name="Pews Research Christian">{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>
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| ** [[Islam]] – the majority of the world's [[Muslim]] population has always lived in Asia, due to Islam spreading and becoming the dominant religion of [[West Asia]], [[Central Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]].
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| ** [[Judaism]] – the ancient religion of the [[Israelites]] or [[Hebrews]] of the [[Fertile Crescent]],<ref name="JEjudaism">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author=[[Kaufmann Kohler|Kohler, Kaufmann]] |title=Judaism|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9028-judaism}}</ref> who lived in what is now [[Israel]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], and [[Lebanon]]. They eventually evolved into the [[Ashkenazi]], [[Sephardic]], and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] [[Jews]] and [[Samaritans]] of today.
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| ** [[Druze]] faith – an [[esoteric]] [[ethnoreligious group]] that resides primarily in [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]] and [[Jordan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 9780429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, the Druze number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent of them living in Syria, 35 to 40 percent living in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent living in Israel. Recently, there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref>
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| * [[Zoroastrianism]] – the ancient [[monotheistic]] [[state religion]] of [[Sassanid Persia|Sassanid Iran]].
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| * [[Eastern religions]] (see also [[Eastern philosophy]])
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| ** [[Indian religions]]
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| *** [[Hinduism]] – an ancient faith that evolved from the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] of [[North India]].
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| *** [[Buddhism]] – an ancient religion and philosophical tradition based on a series of original teachings attributed to [[Gautama Buddha]].
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| *** [[Jainism]] – an ancient religion that traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four [[Tirthankara]]s (supreme preachers of ''[[Dharma]]''), the last of whom was [[Mahāvīra]].
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| *** [[Sikhism]] – a relatively new religion that developed in the warring plains of [[Punjab region|15th-century Punjab]] in an atmosphere of ideological war between [[Islam]] and Hinduism. Its followers retain spiritual as well as martial qualities.
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| ** [[East Asian religions|Taoic religions]] (a.k.a. [[East Asian religions]])
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| *** [[Chinese folk religion]] – a general term covering a range of traditional religious practices of [[Han Chinese]], including the [[Chinese diaspora]].
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| *** [[Confucianism]] – a system of thought and behavior originating in [[ancient China]] that developed from what was later called the [[Hundred Schools of Thought]] from the teachings of the [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese philosopher]] [[Confucius]].
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| *** [[Taoism]] – an ancient Chinese school of [[Philosophy|philosophical thought]] and [[religion]] that emphasizes living in harmony with the ''[[Tao]].'' The ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'', a book containing teachings attributed to [[Laozi]], together with the later [[Zhuangzi (book)|writings of Zhuangzi]], are both widely considered the keystone works of Taoism.
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| *** [[Shinto]] – an ancient [[religion]] that originated in [[Japan]]. Its practitioners often regard it as Japan's [[indigenous religion]] and as a [[nature religion]].
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| *** [[Korean shamanism]] – an animistic ethnic religion of Korea dating back to prehistory and consists of the worship of gods and ancestors as well as nature spirits.
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| *** [[Manchu shamanism]] – an animistic and polytheistic religion practiced by most of the Manchu people, believing in several gods and spirits, led by a universal sky god who is the source of all life and creation.
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| *** [[Tengrism]] – an ancient ethnic and state Turko-Mongolic religion originating in the Eurasian steppes, based on folk shamanism, animism and generally centered around the titular sky god [[Tengri]].
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| *** [[Mongolian shamanism]] – the animistic and shamanic ethnic religion that has been practiced in Mongolia and its surrounding areas (including Buryatia and Inner Mongolia) at least since the age of recorded history.
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| ** [[Shamanism in Siberia]] – religio-cultural practices of shamanism followed by a large minority of people in Siberia, and regarded by some researchers as the heartland of shamanism.
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| === Cinema ===
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| {{Main|Cinema of Asia}}
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| * [[Cinema of Central Asia|Central Asian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Kazakhstan|Kazakh cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Tajikistan|Tajik cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Turkmenistan|Turkmen cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Uzbekistan|Uzbek cinema]]
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| * [[East Asian cinema]]
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| ** [[Chinese Cinema|Chinese cinema]]
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| ** [[Hong Kong Cinema|Hong Kong cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Japan|Japanese cinema]]
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| ** [[Korean cinema]]
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| *** [[Cinema of North Korea|North Korean cinema]]
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| *** [[Cinema of South Korea|South Korean cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Mongolia|Mongolian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Taiwan|Taiwanese cinema]]
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| * North Asian cinema
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| ** [[Cinema of Russia|Russian cinema]]
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| * [[South Asian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Afghanistan|Afghan cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Bhutan|Bhutanese cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]
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| *** [[Assamese cinema]]
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| *** [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]
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| *** [[Bhojpuri cinema]]
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| *** [[Chhattisgarhi cinema]]
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| *** [[Deccani film industry|Deccani cinema]]
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| *** [[Dogri cinema]]
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| *** [[Gujarati cinema]]
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| *** [[Haryanvi cinema]]
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| *** [[Hindi cinema]]
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| *** [[Kannada cinema]]
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| *** [[Kashmiri cinema]]
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| *** [[Konkani cinema]]
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| *** [[Malayalam cinema]]
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| *** [[Cinema of Manipur|Meitei cinema]]
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| *** [[Marathi cinema]]
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| *** [[Cinema of Odisha|Oriya cinema]]
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| *** [[Punjabi cinema]]
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| *** [[Cinema of Rajasthan|Rajasthani cinema]]
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| *** [[Sanskrit cinema]]
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| *** [[Tamil cinema]]
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| *** [[Telugu cinema]]
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| *** [[Tulu cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani cinema]]
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| *** [[Lollywood]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Nepal|Nepali cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan cinema]]
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| * [[Southeast Asian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Cambodia|Cambodian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Myanmar|Burmese cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of the Philippines|Filipino cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Indonesia|Indonesian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Laos|Laotian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Malaysia|Malaysian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Singapore|Singaporean cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Thailand|Thai cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Vietnam|Vietnamese cinema]]
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| * [[Cinema of the Middle East|West Asian cinema]]
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| ** [[Arab cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Armenia|Armenian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Bahrain|Bahraini cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Cyprus|Cypriot cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Egypt|Egyptian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of the United Arab Emirates|Emirati cinema]] (UAE)
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| ** [[Cinema of Georgia|Georgian cinema]]
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| ** [[Iranian Cinema|Iranian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Iraq|Iraqi cinema]]
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| ** [[Israeli Cinema|Israeli cinema]]
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| *** [[Jewish Cinema|Jewish cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Jordan|Jordanian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Kuwait|Kuwaiti cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Lebanon|Lebanese cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Oman|Omani cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Palestine|Palestinian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Qatar|Qatari cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Syria|Syrian cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Turkey|Turkish cinema]]
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| ** [[Cinema of Yemen|Yemeni cinema]]
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| === Cuisine ===
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| * [[Middle Eastern cuisine|West Asian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Arab cuisine]]
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| ** [[Armenian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Assyrian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Azerbaijani cuisine]]
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| ** [[Bahraini cuisine]]
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| ** [[Cypriot cuisine]]
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| ** [[Eastern Arabian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Egyptian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Emirati cuisine]]
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| ** [[Georgian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Iranian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Caspian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Iraqi cuisine]]
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| ** [[Israeli cuisine]]
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| ** [[Jordanian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Kurdish cuisine]]
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| ** [[Kuwaiti cuisine]]
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| ** [[Lebanese cuisine]]
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| ** [[Levantine cuisine]]
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| ** [[Mizrahi Jewish cuisine]]
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| ** [[Omani cuisine]]
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| ** [[Ossetian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Palestinian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Qatari cuisine]]
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| ** [[Saudi Arabian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Syrian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Syrian Jewish cuisine]]
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| ** [[Turkish cuisine]]
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| ** [[Yemeni cuisine]]
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| * [[South Asian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Afghan cuisine]]
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| ** [[Balochi cuisine]]
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| ** [[Bangladeshi cuisine]]
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| ** [[Bengali cuisine]]
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| ** [[Bhutanese cuisine]]
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| ** [[Cuisine of the Indian subcontinent]]
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| ** [[Hazara cuisine]]
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| ** [[Indian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Arunachalese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Assamese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Bihari cuisine]]
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| *** [[Bhojpuri cuisine]]
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| *** [[Buddhist cuisine]]
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| *** [[Goan cuisine]]
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| **** [[Goan Catholic cuisine]]
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| *** [[Gujarati cuisine]]
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| *** [[Indian Chinese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Indian fast food]]
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| *** [[Jharkhandi cuisine]]
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| *** [[Maharashtrian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Malvani cuisine]]
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| *** [[Manipuri cuisine]]
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| *** [[Meghalayan cuisine]]
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| *** [[Mizo cuisine]]
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| *** [[Naga cuisine]]
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| *** [[North Indian cuisine]]
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| **** [[Kashmiri cuisine]]
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| **** [[Rajasthani cuisine]]
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| **** [[Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh]]
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| ***** [[Awadhi cuisine]]
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| **** [[Cuisine of Uttarakhand]]
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| ***** [[Kumaoni cuisine]]
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| *** [[Cuisine of Odisha]]
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| *** [[Sikkimese cuisine]]
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| *** [[South Indian cuisine]]
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| **** [[Chettinad cuisine]]
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| **** [[Karnataka cuisine]]
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| ***** [[Mangalorean cuisine]]
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| ****** [[Mangalorean Catholic cuisine]]
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| **** [[Kerala cuisine]]
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| **** [[Saraswat cuisine]]
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| **** [[Telangana cuisine]]
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| ***** [[Hyderabadi cuisine]]
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| **** [[Telugu cuisine]]
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| **** [[Udupi cuisine]]
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| *** [[Tripuri cuisine]]
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| ** [[Maithil cuisine]]
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| ** [[Maldivian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Mughlai cuisine]]
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| ** [[Nepalese cuisine]]
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| ** [[Pakistani cuisine]]
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| *** [[Lahori cuisine]]
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| *** [[Pakistani Chinese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Saraiki cuisine]]
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| *** [[Sindhi cuisine]]
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| **** [[Cuisine of Karachi]]
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| ** [[Parsi cuisine]]
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| ** [[Pashtun cuisine]]
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| ** [[Punjabi cuisine]]
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| ** [[Sri Lankan cuisine]]
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| ** [[Tamil cuisine]]
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| * [[Central Asian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Bukharan Jewish cuisine]]
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| ** [[Kazakh cuisine]]
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| ** [[Kyrgyz cuisine]]
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| ** [[Tajik cuisine]]
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| ** [[Turkmen cuisine]]
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| ** [[Uzbek cuisine]]
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| * [[East Asia|East Asian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Chinese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Anhui cuisine]]
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| *** [[Beijing cuisine]]
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| *** [[Cantonese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Chinese aristocrat cuisine]]
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| *** [[Chinese imperial cuisine]]
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| *** [[Chinese Islamic cuisine]]
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| *** [[Hakka cuisine]]
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| *** [[Henan cuisine]]
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| *** [[Hubei cuisine]]
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| *** [[Hunan cuisine]]
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| *** [[Guizhou cuisine]]
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| *** [[Jiangsu cuisine]]
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| **** [[Huaiyang cuisine]]
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| *** [[Jiangxi cuisine]]
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| *** [[Northeastern Chinese cuisine]]
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| **** [[Manchu cuisine]]
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| **** [[Jilin cuisine]]
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| **** [[Liaoning cuisine]]
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| *** [[Shaanxi cuisine]]
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| *** [[Shandong cuisine]]
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| *** [[Shanghai cuisine]]
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| *** [[Shanxi cuisine]]
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| *** [[Sichuan cuisine]]
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| *** [[Teochew cuisine]]
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| *** [[Tianjin cuisine]]
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| *** [[Tibetan cuisine]]
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| *** [[Uyghur cuisine]]
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| *** [[Yunnan cuisine]]
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| *** [[Zhejiang cuisine]]
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| ** [[Hong Kong cuisine]]
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| ** [[Japanese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Ainu cuisine]]
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| *** [[Japanese regional cuisine]]
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| **** [[Okinawan cuisine]]
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| **** [[Nagoya cuisine]]
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| ** [[Korean cuisine]]
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| *** [[Korean temple cuisine]]
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| *** [[North Korean cuisine]]
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| *** [[South Korean cuisine]]
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| ** [[Macanese cuisine]]
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| ** [[Mongolian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Taiwanese cuisine]]
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| * [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Bruneian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Burmese cuisine]]
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| ** [[Cambodian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Christmas Island cuisine]]
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| ** [[Cuisine of East Timor]]
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| ** [[Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia]]
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| ** [[Filipino cuisine]]
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| ** [[Indonesian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Acehnese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Arab Indonesian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Balinese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Banjar cuisine]]
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| *** [[Batak cuisine]]
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| *** [[Betawi cuisine]]
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| *** [[Chinese Indonesian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Indo cuisine]]
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| *** [[Indonesian Indian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Javanese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Madurese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Makassar cuisine]]
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| *** [[Minahasan cuisine]]
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| *** [[Padang cuisine]]
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| *** [[Palembang cuisine]]
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| *** [[Sundanese cuisine]]
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| ** [[Lao cuisine]]
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| ** [[Malay cuisine]]
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| ** [[Malaysian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Malaysian Chinese cuisine]]
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| *** [[Malaysian Indian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Sabahan cuisine]]
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| *** [[Sarawakian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Peranakan cuisine]]
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| ** [[Singaporean cuisine]]
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| ** [[Thai cuisine]]
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| ** [[Vietnamese cuisine]]
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| * [[North Asian cuisine]]
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| ** [[Russian cuisine]]
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| *** [[Buryat cuisine]]
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| *** [[Chukchi cuisine]]
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| *** [[Cuisine of Commander Islands]]
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| *** [[Sakha cuisine]]
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| *** [[Yamal cuisine]]
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| *** [[Yup'ik cuisine]]
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|
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| === Cultures ===
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| {{Main|Culture of Asia}}
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| *Central Asian culture
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| **[[Culture of Kazakhstan]]
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| **[[Culture of Kyrgyzstan]]
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| **[[Culture of Tajikistan]]
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| **[[Culture of Turkmenistan]]
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| **[[Culture of Uzbekistan]]
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| *[[Culture of East Asia|East Asian culture]]
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| **[[Culture of China]]
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| **[[Culture of Hong Kong]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Macau]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Mongolia]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Japan]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Korea]]
| |
| ***[[Culture of North Korea]]
| |
| ***[[Culture of South Korea]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Taiwan]]
| |
| *North Asian culture
| |
| **[[Culture of Russia]]
| |
| *[[South Asian culture]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Afghanistan]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Bangladesh]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Bhutan]]
| |
| **[[Culture of India]]
| |
| **[[Culture of the Maldives]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Nepal]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Pakistan]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Sri Lanka]]
| |
| *[[Culture of Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian culture]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Brunei]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Cambodia]]
| |
| **[[Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
| |
| **[[Culture of East Timor]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Indonesia]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Malaysia]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Myanmar]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Laos]]
| |
| **[[Culture of the Philippines]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Singapore]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Thailand]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Vietnam]]
| |
| *West Asian culture
| |
| **[[Arab culture]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Abkhazia]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Armenia]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Artsakh]]
| |
| **[[Assyrian culture]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Azerbaijan]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Bahrain]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Eastern Arabia]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Egypt]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Georgia (country)|Culture of Georgia]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Iraq]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Iran]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Israel]]
| |
| ***[[Jewish culture]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Jordan]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Kuwait]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Lebanon]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Northern Cyprus]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Palestine]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Qatar]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Saudi Arabia]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Syria]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Turkey]]
| |
| **[[Culture of the United Arab Emirates]]
| |
| **[[Culture of Yemen]]
| |
|
| |
| === Medicine ===
| |
| * [[Oriental medicine]]
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| ** [[Ayurveda]]
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| ** [[Chinese medicine]]
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| ** [[Kampo]]
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| ** [[Traditional Korean medicine]]
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| ** [[History of medicine in the Philippines#Folk medicine|Traditional Filipino medicine]]
| |
| ** [[Traditional Tibetan medicine]]
| |
| ** [[Traditional Vietnamese medicine]]
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|
| |
| ==Gallery==
| |
| <gallery>
| |
| File:Buuz.jpg|Mongolian [[Buuz]]
| |
| File:Persian cuisine - Kabab Koobideh.jpg|[[Kebabs]] are a popular cuisine among Middle Easterners.
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| File:Round Challah (8290135852).jpg|Round challah, a special bread in [[Jewish cuisine]]
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| File:Various_sushi,_beautiful_October_night_at_midnight.jpg|[[Sushi]] has become prevalent even among westerners.
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| File:Khash.jpg|Armenian [[Khash (dish)|khash]] (or ''pacha''), which is also commonly eaten by Assyrians, Arabs and Kurds.
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| File:Ramoji 14.jpg|[[Ramoji Film City]] located in Hyderabad, holds the [[Guinness World Record]] for the World's largest film studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/03/stories/2005080301301901.htm|title=Ramoji Film City sets record|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208180407/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/03/stories/2005080301301901.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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| File:Qufu Cinema - P1060026.JPG|A movie theater in [[Qufu]], [[Shandong]]
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| File:Temple hindu1.jpg|A [[Hindu]] temple in [[Sri Lanka]].
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| File:Hong Kong Budha.jpg|The [[Tian Tan Buddha]] statue in [[Hong Kong]].
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| File:Kanjirappally Bishop Mar Mathew Arackal at Tomb of Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly.jpg|A [[Syro-Malabar|Syro-Malabar Catholic]] bishop holding the Mar Thoma Christian Cross which symbolizes the heritage and identity of the [[Syrian Malabar Nasrani|Syrian Church]] of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[Christianity in India|India]]
| |
| File:Mor-mattai.png|The [[Mar Mattai Monastery|Monastery of St. Matthew]], located atop Mount Alfaf in northern [[Iraq]], is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence.
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| File:Persiansyriansa.JPG|[[Assyrian Christians]] from [[lake Urmia]] in north eastern Persia in their traditional costumes.
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| File:Eskikale-Mardin Merkez-Mardin, Turkey - panoramio (3).jpg|[[Mor Hananyo Monastery]] is located in the [[Assyrian culture|Syriac cultural]] region known as [[Tur Abdin]] in [[Turkey]].
| |
| File:Views around the Chaldean Catholic town of alQosh during the 2018 festival and parade for Palm Sunday 13.jpg|[[Chaldean Catholic]] from the town of [[Alqosh]], [[Iraq]].
| |
| File:柳州市孔庙 Temple of Confucius in Liuzhou, Guangxi.jpg|[[Temple of Confucius]] in [[Liuzhou]], [[Guangxi]].
| |
| File:DeirAlQamar-Saidet.jpg|[[Maronite Church]] in [[Lebanon]].
| |
| File:PikiWiki Israel 48150 Nabi Shuayb.JPG|The [[Druze]] [[Maqam (shrine)|Maqam]] [[Nabi Shu'ayb]].
| |
| File:The Western Wall and Dome of the rock in the old city of Jerusalem.jpg|The [[Western Wall]] and [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]].
| |
| File:Aerial view of Masada (Israel) 01.jpg|Aerial view of Masada, [[Israel]]
| |
| File:PikiWiki Israel 13350 Great Synagogue in Afula.jpg|Great synagogue in [[Afula]], [[Israel]]
| |
| File:Entrance_Mecca_mosque.JPG|[[Great Mosque of Mecca]] in [[Saudi Arabia]].
| |
| File:Samaj gathering during Lathmar hoil.jpg|Color drenched [[Gopi]]s during the [[Holi]] celebrations in [[Shri Krishna Janmabhoomi|Krishna Temple, Mathura]].
| |
| File:Tari Piring.jpg|[[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] ''[[Tari Lilin]]'' (candle dance)
| |
| File:Haiden of Izumo-taisha-1.JPG|[[Izumo-taisha]] shrine in [[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo]], [[Japan]].
| |
| </gallery>
| |
|
| |
| == Family ==
| |
| Families have a great importance in Eastern cultures. They teach their children about how the family is their protection and the major source of their identity. Parents expect loyalty from their children. Parents define the law and the children are expected to obey them. This is called ''[[filial piety]]'', the respect for one's parents and elders, and it is a concept that originated in China as 孝 (xiao) from [[Confucianism|Confucian]] teachings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2010/10/cultural-values-of-asian-patients-and-families/|title=Cultural Values of Asian Patients and Families – Dimensions of Culture|website=www.dimensionsofculture.com|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121065510/http://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2010/10/cultural-values-of-asian-patients-and-families/|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Children are expected to have self-control, thus making it hard for them to express emotions. They are also expected to show respect through their motions and the way they speak. Children are expected to look after their parents when they grow older.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiasociety.org/education/value-and-meaning-korean-family|title=The Value and Meaning of the Korean Family|website=Asia Society|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Sons are expected to stay home, while daughters eventually leave and live with their husband's family. In Chinese culture, children are occasionally expected to care for their elders (赡养), and in various diaspora communities one may find Chinese children living with their grandparents.
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|
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| == See also ==
| |
| *[[Eastern religions]]
| |
| *[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]
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|
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| == Notes ==
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| {{notelist}}
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|
| |
| == References ==
| |
| {{reflist}}
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|
| |
| == Bibliography ==
| |
| * {{cite book | last = Berger | first = Mark T. | chapter = The triumph of the East? The East-Asian Miracle and post-Cold War capitalism | title = The rise of East Asia: critical visions of the Pacific century | editor1-last = Borer | editor1-first = Douglas A. | publisher = Routledge | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-415-16168-1 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/riseofeastasiacr0000unse/page/260 260–261, 266] | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/riseofeastasiacr0000unse/page/260 }}
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|
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| {{Cultural gens}}
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| {{Culture}}
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| {{Authority control}}
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|
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| [[Category:Eastern culture| ]]
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| [[Category:Cultural anthropology]]
| |
| [[Category:Sociological terminology]]
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