Malwa Subah: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Subdivision of the Mughal Empire between 1568–1737}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
{{Infobox former country
|native_name            = {{nastaliq|مالوا}}
| native_name            = Malwa Subah
|conventional_long_name = Malwa Subah
| conventional_long_name = Malwa Province
|common_name            = Malwa
| common_name            = Malwa
|subdivision            = Subah
| area_label            = 1601
|nation                = Mughal Empire
| area_sq_mi            = 114940<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |url= |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |language=en|chapter=Table I: Area and ''ʽJama'' of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601|author-link=Irfan Habib|pp=xii–xiii}}</ref>
|status_text            = Subah of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| title_leader          = Subahdar
<!-- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies -->
| leader1                = [[Adham Khan|Adham Khan Koka]] (first)
|title_leader          = Subahdar
| year_leader1          = 1561
|leader1                = [[Adham Khan|Adham Khan Koka]]
| capital                = [[Ujjain]]
|year_leader1          = 1561
| coordinates            = {{coord|23.177|75.786|display=title,inline}}
<!-- General information -->
| today                  = [[India]]
|capital                = [[Ujjain]]
| year_start            = 1568
|coordinates            = {{coord|23.177|75.786|display=title,inline}}
| year_end              = 1737
|national_motto        = <!-- Accepts wikilinks -->
| event_start            =  
|national_anthem        = <!-- Accepts wikilinks -->
| date_start            =  
|political_subdiv      = <!-- Accepts wikilinks -->
| event_end              = [[Battle of Bhopal]]
|today                  = [[India]]
| date_end              = 24 December
<!-- Rise and fall, events, years and dates -->
| event1                =  
<!-- Only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration". -->
| date_event1            =  
|year_start            = 1568
| life_span              = 1568–1737
|year_end              = 1736
| era                    =  
|event_start            =  
| event_pre              = First conquered from [[Baz Bahadur]]
|date_start            = <!-- Optional: Date of establishment-->
| date_pre              = 29 March 1561
|event_end              = Conquered by [[Maratha Empire]]
| event_post            =  
|date_end              = <!-- Optional: Date of disestablishment -->
| date_post              =  
|event1                =  
| flag_border            = no
|date_event1           =
| flag_type              =  
|event2                =
| image_map              = Malwa Subah.png
|date_event2            =
| image_map_caption      = Malwa Subah depicted in map of Mughal Empire by Robert Wilkinson (1805)
|event3                =
| p1                    = Malwa Sultanate
|date_event3            =
| s1                    = Maratha Confederacy
|event4                =
| footnotes             =  
|date_event4            =
| leader2                = [[Jai Singh II]] (last)
|event5                =
| year_leader2          = 1732&ndash;1737
|date_event5           =  
|life_span              =  
|era                    = <!-- Use: "Napoleonic Wars", "Cold War", etc. -->
|event_pre              = First conquered from [[Baz Bahadur]]
|date_pre              = 1561
|event_post            = <!-- Optional: A crucial event that took place before after "event_end" -->
|date_post              =  
<!-- Images -->
|image_flag            = <!-- Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}}.svg -->
|image_border          = <!-- Default: "border"; for non-rectangular flag, type "no" -->
|flag_type              = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" -->
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|image_coat            = <!-- Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}}.svg -->
|symbol_type            = <!-- Displayed text for link under symbol. Default "Coat of arms" -->
|symbol                = <!-- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}} -->
|image_map              =  
|image_map_caption      =  
<!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities "p1" to "p5" and "s1" to "s8" -->
|p1                    = Malwa Sultanate
|flag_p1                = <!-- Default: "Flag of {{{p1}}}.svg" (size 30) -->
|border_p1              = <!-- Default: "border"; for non-rectangular flag, type "no" -->
|image_p1              = <!-- Use: [[Image:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] -->
|s1                    = Maratha Empire
|flag_s1                = Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg
|border_s1             = <!-- Default: "border"; for non-rectangular flag, type "no" -->
|image_s1              = <!-- Use: [[Image:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] -->
<!-- Area and population of a given year (up to 5) -->
|stat_year1            = <!-- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both, numbered 1–5 -->
|stat_area1            = <!-- area in square kilometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated -->
|stat_pop1              = <!-- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given -->
|footnotes              = <!-- Accepts wikilinks -->
}}
}}
The '''Malwa Subah''' was one of the original twelve [[Subah (province)|Subah]]s (imperial provinces) of the [[Mughal Empire]], including [[Gondwana_(India)|Gondwana]], from 1568-1743. Its seat was [[Ujjain]]. It bordered Berar, Kandesh, Ahmadnagar (Deccan), Gujarat, Ajmer, Agra and Allahabad subahs as well as the independent and tributary chiefdoms in the east.
The '''Malwa Subah''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|صوبه ملوا}}}}) was one of the original twelve [[Subah (province)|Subah]]s (provinces) of the [[Mughal Empire]], including [[Gondwana_(India)|Gondwana]], from 1568&ndash;1743. Its seat was [[Ujjain]] in the [[Malwa]] region. It shared borders with the autonomous and tributary chiefdoms in the east, as well as [[Berar Subah|Berar]], [[Khandesh#Mughal rule|Khandesh]], [[Ahmadnagar Subah|Ahmadnagar]], [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]], [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]], [[Agra Subah|Agra]], and [[Illahabad Subah|Illahabad]] subahs.


== History ==
== History ==
Malwa was earlier an independent sultanate. Its last ruler [[Baz Bahadur]] was defeated and its capital [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] was conquered in 1562 by the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]’s army led by Abdullah Khan, the Uzbeg.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.113</ref> He  was appointed its first governor. In 1564 he was replaced by Qara Bahadur Khan. In 1568 it became a subah of Mughal empire.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} One of its last governors was [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Sawai Jai Singh]], who was the governor of the Subah for three times, from 1714-17, from 1729-30 and from 28 September 1732 to 4 August 1737.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi:Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, pp.163-86</ref> The Mughal hold on Malwa ended in 1743, when [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] obtained the formal grant of ''Naib-subahdari'' (deputy governorship) of Malwa.
Before becoming part of the Mughal Empire, the [[Malwa region]] was [[Malwa Sultanate|an independent sultanate]]. Its last ruler, [[Baz Bahadur]], was defeated and its capital, [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], was conquered in 1562 by the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]’s army led by Abdullah Khan, the Uzbeg.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.113</ref> He  was appointed its first governor. In 1564 he was replaced by Qara Bahadur Khan. In 1568 it became a subah of Mughal empire.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} One of its last governors was [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Sawai Jai Singh]], who was the governor of the Subah for three times, from 1714-17, from 1729-30 and from 28 September 1732 to 4 August 1737.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi:Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, pp.163-86</ref> The Mughal hold on Malwa ended in 1743, when [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] obtained the formal grant of ''Naib-subahdari'' (deputy governorship) of Malwa.


==Administrative divisions==
==Administrative divisions==
Malwa Subah comprised 12 ''[[Sarkar (country subdivision)|sarkar]]s'' (districts): Ujjain, Chanderi, Raisen, Garha Mandla, Sarangpur, Bijagarh, Mandu, Handia, Nandurbar, Mandsaur, Gagron and Kotri-Parava. These ''sarkar''s are further divided into 301 ''[[pargana]]s''. The city of Ujjain was the capital of the subah.<ref>Abul Fazl-i-Allami (1949, reprint 1993). ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Vol.II (English tr. by H.S. Jarrett, rev. by J.N. Sarkar), Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, pp.206-31</ref>  
Malwa Subah comprised 12 ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]s'' (districts): Ujjain, Chanderi, Raisen, Garha Mandla, Sarangpur, Bijagarh, Mandu, Handia, Nandurbar, Mandsaur, Gagron and Kotri-Parava. These ''sarkar''s are further divided into 301 ''[[pargana]]s''. The city of Ujjain was the capital of the subah.<ref>Abul Fazl-i-Allami (1949, reprint 1993). ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Vol.II (English tr. by H.S. Jarrett, rev. by J.N. Sarkar), Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, pp.206-31</ref>  


The ''sarkar''s (districts) and the ''pargana''s (tehsils) of Malwa Subah were:
The ''sarkar''s (districts) and the ''pargana''s (tehsils) of Malwa Subah were:
Line 92: Line 62:
| [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]]||24 parganas
| [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]]||24 parganas
|-
|-
| [[Bijagarh]]||29 parganas
| [[Bhagwanpura, Madhya Pradesh|Bijagarh]]||29 parganas
|-
|-
| [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]||16 parganas
| [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]||16 parganas
Line 102: Line 72:
| [[Mandsaur]]||17 parganas
| [[Mandsaur]]||17 parganas
|-
|-
| [[Gagron]]||12 parganas
| [[Gagron Fort|Gagron]]||12 parganas
|-
|-
| [[Kotri Parava]]||10 parganas
| [[Pirawa|Kotri-Pirawa]]||10 parganas
|}
|}


== Mughal Subahdars (Governors) of Malwa (1561 - 1736) ==
== Mughal Subahdars (Governors) of Malwa (1561–1737) ==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  


! Personal Name<ref name=eaton2>{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-20507-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/325 325–6]}}</ref>
! Personal Name<ref name=eaton2>{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-20507-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/325 325–6]}}</ref>
! Reign  
! Reign  
|-
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| Conquest of [[Malwa]] from [[Baz Bahadur]] by the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]]   
| colspan="4" align="center" | Conquest of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] from [[Baz Bahadur]] by the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]]   
|-
|-
| [[Adham Khan|Adham Khan Koka]]
| [[Adham Khan|Adham Khan Koka]]
|1561 C.E.
|1561
|-
|-
| [[Pir Muhammad Khan]]
| [[Pir Muhammad Khan]]
|1561
|1561
|-
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| [[Malwa]] retaken by [[Baz Bahadur]]  
| colspan="4" align="center" | [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] retaken by [[Baz Bahadur]]  
|-
|-
| [[Abdullah Khan Uzbek]]
| Abdullah Khan Uzbek
|1562 - 1564
|1562 – 1564
|-
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| [[Abdullah Khan Uzbek]] revolts; [[Malwa]] retaken by Emperor [[Akbar]]  
| colspan="4" align="center" | Abdullah Khan Uzbek revolts; [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] retaken by Emperor [[Akbar]]  
|-
|-
| [[Muhammad Quli Khan Barlas]]
| Muhammad Quli Khan Barlas
|1564 - 1566
|1564 – 1566
|-
|-
| [[Shihab-ud-din Ahmed Khan]]
| Shihab-ud-din Ahmed Khan
| 1566 - 1568
| 1566 – 1568
|-
|-
| [[Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan]]
| Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan
| 1568 - ?
| 1568 – ?
|-
|-
| [[Muzaffar Khan Turbati]]
| Muzaffar Khan Turbati
|1573? - ?
|1573? – ?
|-
|-
| [[Shihab-ud-din Ahmed Khan]]
| Shihab-ud-din Ahmed Khan
| 1574? - 1577?
| 1574? – 1577?
|-
|-
| [[Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan]]
| Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan
| 1577? - ?
| 1577? – ?
|-
|-
| [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] ''Khan-e-Azam''
| [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] ''Khan-e-Azam''
|1578? - 1590
|1578? – 1590
|-
|-
|[[Ahmed]]?
|[[Ahmed]]
| 1590
| 1590
|-
|-
|[[Sultan Murad Mirza]]
|[[Sultan Murad Mirza]]
| 1590 - 1594
| 1590 – 1594
|-
|-
| [[Mirza Shahrukh]]
| Mirza Shahrukh
|1594 - 1600
|1594 – 1600
|-
|-
|[[Sultan Daniyal Mirza]]
|[[Sultan Daniyal Mirza]]
| 1600 - 1604
| 1600 – 1604
|-
|-
|[[Pir Khan Lodhi]] ''Khan Jahan II''
|[[Khan Jahan Lodi|Pir Khan Lodhi ''Khan Jahan II'']]
| 1627 - ?
| 1627 – ?
|-
|-
|[[Abdullah Khan Firoz Jang]]
|Abdullah Khan Firoz Jang
| 1657 - ?
| 1657 – ?
|-
|-
| [[Mukhtiyar Khan]]
| Mukhtiyar Khan
|1697 - 1701  
|1697 – 1701  
|-
|-
| [[Abu Nasr Khan]] ''Shaista Khan II''
| Abu Nasr Khan ''Shaista Khan II''
|1701 - 1704  
|1701 – 1704  
|-
|-
| ''Sultan'' [[Bidar Bakht]]
| ''Sultan'' [[Bidar Bakht]]
|1704 - 1706  
|1704 – 1706  
|-
|-
| [[Ikhlas Khan]] ''Khan-e-Aalam''
| Ikhlas Khan ''Khan-e-Aalam''
|1706 - 1707
|1706 – 1707
|-
|-
| [[Nijabat Khan]]
| [[Nijabat Khan]]
|1707
|1707
|-
|-
| [[Abdullah Khan Firoz Jung|Abdullah Khan]]
| Abdullah Khan
|1707
|1707
|-
|-
| ''Sawai Mirza'' [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Raja Jai Singh II]]
| ''Sawai Mirza'' [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Raja Jai Singh II]]
|1714 - 1717
|1714 – 1717
|-
|-
| [[Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan]], ''Nizam-ul-Mulk''
| [[Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan]], ''Nizam-ul-Mulk''
|1719 - 1722
|1719 – 1722
|-
|-
| [[Girdhar Bahadur]]
| [[Girdhar Bahadur]]
|1722 - 1723
|1722 – 1723
|-
|-
| [[Azim-ullah Khan]]
| Azim-ullah Khan
|1723 - 1725
|1723 – 1725
|-
|-
| [[Girdhar Bahadur]]
| [[Girdhar Bahadur]]
|1725 - 1728
|1725 – 1728
|-
|-
| ''Sawai Mirza'' [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Raja Jai Singh II]]
| ''Sawai Mirza'' [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Raja Jai Singh II]]
|1729 - 1730
|1729 – 1730
|-
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]] ''Ghazanfar Jang''
| [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]] ''Ghazanfar Jang''
|1730 - 1732
|1730 – 1732
|-
|-
| ''Sawai Mirza'' [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Raja Jai Singh II]]
| ''Sawai Mirza'' [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Raja Jai Singh II]]
|1732 - 1736
|1732 – 1737
|-
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"|  Conquered by [[Marathas]] under [[Baji Rao I]] in 1736 C.E.
| colspan="4" align="center" |  Conquered by [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under [[Baji Rao I]] in 1737
|}
|}


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Malwa Sultanate]]
* [[Malwa Sultanate]]
* [[Malwa]]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Malwa Subah| ]]
[[Category:Mughal subahs]]
[[Category:Mughal subahs]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:History of Ujjain]]
[[Category:History of Ujjain]]
[[Category:1568 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1568 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1730s]]

Latest revision as of 18:28, 27 October 2025


Malwa Province
Malwa Subah
1568–1737
Malwa Subah depicted in map of Mughal Empire by Robert Wilkinson (1805)
Malwa Subah depicted in map of Mughal Empire by Robert Wilkinson (1805)
CapitalUjjain
23°10′37″N 75°47′10″E / 23.177°N 75.786°E / 23.177; 75.786
Subahdar 
• 1561
Adham Khan Koka (first)
• 1732–1737
Jai Singh II (last)
History 
• First conquered from Baz Bahadur
29 March 1561
• Established
1568
24 December 1737
Area
• 1601
114,940[1] sq mi (297,700 km2)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Malwa Sultanate
Maratha Confederacy
Today part ofIndia

The Malwa Subah (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) was one of the original twelve Subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire, including Gondwana, from 1568–1743. Its seat was Ujjain in the Malwa region. It shared borders with the autonomous and tributary chiefdoms in the east, as well as Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Gujarat, Ajmer, Agra, and Illahabad subahs.

History[edit | edit source]

Before becoming part of the Mughal Empire, the Malwa region was an independent sultanate. Its last ruler, Baz Bahadur, was defeated and its capital, Mandu, was conquered in 1562 by the Mughal Emperor Akbar’s army led by Abdullah Khan, the Uzbeg.[2] He was appointed its first governor. In 1564 he was replaced by Qara Bahadur Khan. In 1568 it became a subah of Mughal empire.[citation needed] One of its last governors was Sawai Jai Singh, who was the governor of the Subah for three times, from 1714-17, from 1729-30 and from 28 September 1732 to 4 August 1737.[3] The Mughal hold on Malwa ended in 1743, when Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao obtained the formal grant of Naib-subahdari (deputy governorship) of Malwa.

Administrative divisions[edit | edit source]

Malwa Subah comprised 12 sarkars (districts): Ujjain, Chanderi, Raisen, Garha Mandla, Sarangpur, Bijagarh, Mandu, Handia, Nandurbar, Mandsaur, Gagron and Kotri-Parava. These sarkars are further divided into 301 parganas. The city of Ujjain was the capital of the subah.[4]

The sarkars (districts) and the parganas (tehsils) of Malwa Subah were:

Sarkar Pargana
Ujjain 10 parganas, Ujjain was the capital
Raisen 32 parganas
Garha Mandla 57 parganas
Chanderi 61 parganas
Sarangpur 24 parganas
Bijagarh 29 parganas
Mandu 16 parganas
Handia 23 parganas
Nandurbar 7 parganas
Mandsaur 17 parganas
Gagron 12 parganas
Kotri-Pirawa 10 parganas

Mughal Subahdars (Governors) of Malwa (1561–1737)[edit | edit source]

Personal Name[5] Reign
Conquest of Malwa from Baz Bahadur by the Mughal Emperor Akbar
Adham Khan Koka 1561
Pir Muhammad Khan 1561
Malwa retaken by Baz Bahadur
Abdullah Khan Uzbek 1562 – 1564
Abdullah Khan Uzbek revolts; Malwa retaken by Emperor Akbar
Muhammad Quli Khan Barlas 1564 – 1566
Shihab-ud-din Ahmed Khan 1566 – 1568
Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan 1568 – ?
Muzaffar Khan Turbati 1573? – ?
Shihab-ud-din Ahmed Khan 1574? – 1577?
Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan 1577? – ?
Mirza Aziz Koka Khan-e-Azam 1578? – 1590
Ahmed 1590
Sultan Murad Mirza 1590 – 1594
Mirza Shahrukh 1594 – 1600
Sultan Daniyal Mirza 1600 – 1604
Pir Khan Lodhi Khan Jahan II 1627 – ?
Abdullah Khan Firoz Jang 1657 – ?
Mukhtiyar Khan 1697 – 1701
Abu Nasr Khan Shaista Khan II 1701 – 1704
Sultan Bidar Bakht 1704 – 1706
Ikhlas Khan Khan-e-Aalam 1706 – 1707
Nijabat Khan 1707
Abdullah Khan 1707
Sawai Mirza Raja Jai Singh II 1714 – 1717
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk 1719 – 1722
Girdhar Bahadur 1722 – 1723
Azim-ullah Khan 1723 – 1725
Girdhar Bahadur 1725 – 1728
Sawai Mirza Raja Jai Singh II 1729 – 1730
Muhammad Khan Bangash Ghazanfar Jang 1730 – 1732
Sawai Mirza Raja Jai Singh II 1732 – 1737
Conquered by Marathas under Baji Rao I in 1737

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Habib, Irfan (1986). "Table I: Area and ʽJama of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601". An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index. Oxford University Press. pp. xii–xiii. ISBN 978-0-19-560379-8.
  2. ↑ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p.113
  3. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). A History of Jaipur, New Delhi:Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-0333-9, pp.163-86
  4. ↑ Abul Fazl-i-Allami (1949, reprint 1993). Ain-i-Akbari, Vol.II (English tr. by H.S. Jarrett, rev. by J.N. Sarkar), Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, pp.206-31
  5. ↑ Eaton, Richard M. (1993). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 325–6. ISBN 0-520-20507-3.
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