|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{short description|Community of Canadians of Indian descent or with Indian citizenship}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Indian Canadians]] |
| {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
| |
| {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}
| |
| {{Infobox ethnic group
| |
| | group = Indian Canadians<br/><sub>''{{lang|fr|Canadiens d'origine indienne}}'' ([[Canadian French|French]])</sub>
| |
| | native_name = {{small|
| |
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਇੰਡੋ ਕੈਨੇਡੀਅੰਜ਼ [[Hindi]]: भारतीय कनाडाई [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கனேடிய இந்தியர்கள்}}
| |
| | image = [[File:Indian ancestry in Canada.png|350px]]
| |
| | caption = Indian ancestry in Canada (2016)
| |
| | flag =
| |
| | population = '''1,374,710'''<ref name="statcan2016"/><br>'''4.0%''' of the Canadian population (2016)<ref name="statcan2016">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2018/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables|publisher=statcan.gc.ca|date=2016-06-10|access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref>
| |
| | popplace = <!-- List in population order and only add city/metro areas with at least 20,000 Indians. --> [[Greater Toronto Area|Toronto]] • [[Greater Vancouver|Vancouver]] • [[Calgary metropolitan region|Calgary]] • [[Edmonton metropolitan region|Edmonton]] • [[Montreal metropolitan area|Montreal]] • [[Abbotsford-Mission|Abbotsford]] • [[Winnipeg Metro Region|Winnipeg]] • [[Ottawa metropolitan area|Ottawa]] • [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
| |
| | langs = {{hlist|'''[[Canadian English]]''' • '''[[Canadian French]]'''<br/><!-- Only list top five spoken Indian languages per latest census data -->{{smaller|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Hindi]] • [[Urdu]] • [[Tamil language|Tamil]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] <br/> Other [[Languages of India]]}}}}
| |
| | rels = '''Predominantly''':<br/>[[Sikhism]] • [[Hinduism]]<br/>'''Minorities''':<br/>{{smaller| [[Islam]] • [[Christianity]] • [[Buddhism]] • [[Zoroastrianism]] • [[Jainism]] • [[Judaism]] • [[Irreligion]]}}
| |
| | related = {{hlist|[[Asian Canadians]] • [[South Asian Canadians]] • [[Indian Americans]] • [[British Indians]] • [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Overseas Indians]]}}
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| '''Indian Canadians''' are [[Canadians]] with ancestry from [[India]]. The term '''Indo-Canadian''' or '''East Indian''', is sometimes used to avoid confusion with the [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous Peoples of Canada]]. Categorically, Indian Canadians comprise a subgroup of [[South Asian Canadians]] which is a further subgroup of [[Asian Canadians]]. According to [[Statistics Canada]], Indian Canadians are one of the fastest growing communities in Canada, making up the second largest non-European group after [[Chinese Canadians]].<ref name="East Indians in Canada">{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm|author=Statistics Canada|title=The East Indian Community in Canada|access-date=21 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TL17vvRj?url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm|archive-date=October 15, 2014 |author-link=Statistics Canada}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Canada contains the world's [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|eighth largest Indian diaspora]]. The highest concentrations of Indian Canadians are found in the provinces of [[Ontario]] and [[British Columbia]], followed by growing communities in [[Alberta]] and [[Quebec]] as well, with the majority of them being foreign-born.<ref name="East Indians in Canada"/>
| |
| | |
| ==History==
| |
| {{Canadian citizenship}}
| |
| The Indian Canadian community began to form around the late 19th century, pioneered by men, the great majority of whom were [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]]s—primarily from farming backgrounds—with some [[Punjabi Hindus]] and [[Punjabi Muslims]], and many of whom were [[veteran]]s of the [[British Army]].<ref name=":0">Buchignani, Norman. [2010 May 12] 2020 February 10. "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians South Asian Canadians]." ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Ottawa: Historica Canada.</ref> Canada was part of the [[British Empire]], and since India was just as well under [[British Raj|British Crown rule]], Indians were also [[British subject]]s. In 1858, [[Queen Victoria]] had proclaimed that, throughout the Empire, the people of India would enjoy "equal privileges with white people without discrimination of colour, creed or race."<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=Feb 26 – Mar 12, 1961|title=The Ghadr Rebellion|url=http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html|url-status=dead|journal=Illustrated Weekly of India|pages=Feb 26 – Mar 12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324035007/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html|archive-date=March 24, 2014|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| In 1897, a contingent of Sikh soldiers participated in the parade to celebrate the [[Queen Victoria#Diamond Jubilee|Queen's Diamond Jubilee]] in [[London]], England. On their subsequent journey home, they visited the [[West Coast of Canada|western coast of Canada]], primarily [[British Columbia]], which—because of its very sparse population at the time—the Canadian government wanted to settle in order to prevent a takeover of the territory by the [[United States]].[[File:Streetcars passing at the 400 Block of Granville Street, Vancouver, in 1908.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Punjabi Sikhs in Vancouver, 1908|left]]
| |
| Upon retiring from the army, some soldiers found their pensions to be inadequate, and some also found their land and estates back in India were being utilized by money lenders. Deciding to try their fortunes in the countries they had visited, these men joined an [[Indian diaspora]], which included people from [[Burma]] through [[Malaysia]], the [[East Indies]], the Philippines, and [[China]]. The vanguard was able to find work within the police force and some were employed as [[Night watchman (law enforcement)|night-watchmen]] by British firms. Others started small businesses of their own. Such work would provide wages that were very high by Indian standards.<ref name=":2" />
| |
| | |
| They were guaranteed jobs by agents of large Canadian companies such as the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] and the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. Having seen Canada for themselves, Punjabis sent home letters to their fellow countrymen, recommending them to come to the '[[New World]]'.<ref name=":2" /> Though initially reluctant to go to these countries due to the treatment of Asians by the white population, many young men chose to go upon the assurance that they would not meet the same fate.<ref name="Singh" />
| |
| | |
| Government quotas were also established to cap the number of Indians allowed to immigrate to Canada in the early 20th century. This was part of a policy adopted by Canada to ensure that the country retained its primarily European demographic, and was similar to [[United States|American]] and [[Australian]] immigration policies at the time. These quotas only allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when it was marginally increased (to 300 people a year). In comparison to the quotas established for Indians, Christians from Europe immigrated freely without quotas in large numbers during that time to Canada, numbering in the tens of thousands yearly.<ref name="multiple">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060702205329/http://www.explorasian.org/history_sikhcdn.html SOME SIGNIFICANT MOMENTS IN SIKH-CANADIAN HISTORY]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6TydbzK6t?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060702205329/http://www.explorasian.org/history_sikhcdn.html Archive]). ExplorAsian. Retrieved on November 10, 2014.</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Initial settlement ===
| |
| [[File:Sikh men on rail platform next to Canadian Pacific rail car, probably in British Columbia, circa 1905-1914 (AL+CA 6612).jpg|thumb|250px|Indians at CPR station in Vancouver, {{Circa|1914}}|left]]
| |
| Throughout history up to the present day, the majority of [[South Asian Canadians]] have been of Indian origin. Canada's first South Asian immigrants—all men [[South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver|arrived in Vancouver]] in 1903.<ref name=":0" /> These migrants had heard of Canada from [[British Indian Army|British-Indian troops]] in Hong Kong, who had travelled through Canada the year prior on their way to celebrate the [[Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra|coronation of Edward VII]].<ref name=":0" />
| |
| | |
| Upon arrival to BC, the immigrants faced widespread racism by the local [[white Canadians]], most of whom feared that migrant workers would work for less pay and that an influx of immigrants would threaten their jobs. (The same threat was perceived for the [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]] and [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] immigrants before them.) As a result, a series of [[race riots]] targeted the [[Anti-Indian sentiment|Indian immigrants]]—as well as [[Asian Canadians|other Asian groups]], such as the [[History of Chinese in Canada|Chinese railroad workers]], and [[Black Canadians]]—who were beaten up by mobs of angry white Canadians, though often met with retaliation.<ref name="multiple" />
| |
| | |
| Attracted by high Canadian wages, these migrants temporarily left their families in search of employment in Canada. In 1906 and 1907, a spike in migration from the Indian sub-continent took place in British Columbia, where an estimated 4,700 arrived, at around the same time as a rise in Chinese and Japanese immigration.<ref name="multiple" /> This rapid increase in immigration totalled 5,209 by the end of 1908.<ref name=":0" /> With the federal government curtailing the migration, fewer than 125 South Asians were permitted to land in BC over the next several years. Those who had arrived were often single men and many returned to South Asia. Others sought opportunities south of the border in the United States.<ref name=":1">Pg. 79. White Canada Forever. By W. Peter Ward. 2002. McGill, Quebec, Canada. {{ISBN|978-07735-2322-7}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| In support of the vast white population who did not want Indians to immigrate to Canada, the BC government quickly limited the rights and privileges of South Asians.<ref name=":0" /> In 1907, provincial [[Disfranchisement|disenfranchisement]] hit the South Asians, who were thus denied the federal vote and access to political office, jury duty, professions, public-service jobs, and labour on [[public works]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="multiple" /> The next year, the federal government put into force an [[Canadian immigration and refugee law|immigration regulation]] that specified that migrants must travel to Canada through [[Continuous journey regulation|continuous journey]] from their country of origin. As there were no such system between India and Canada—which the Canadian government knew—the continuous-journey provision therefore prevented the endurance of South Asian immigration. Separating Indian men from their families, this ban would further stifle the growth of the Indo-Canadian community.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="multiple" /><ref name=":2">Johnston, Hugh. [2006 February 7] 2016 May 19. "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/komagata-maru Komagata Maru]." ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Ottawa: Historica Canada. </ref> Another federal law required new Indian immigrants to carry $200 in cash upon arrival in Canada, whereas European immigrants required only $25 (this fee did not apply to Chinese and Japanese, who were kept out by other measures).<ref name=":2" /><ref>"[https://www.cicnews.com/2014/04/story-indian-immigration-canada-043365.html#gs.oaeh7e The Story of Indian Immigration to Canada]." ''CIC News''. 2014 April 16.</ref>
| |
| | |
| In November 1913, a Canadian judge overruled an immigration department order for the deportation of 38 Punjabis, who had come to Canada via Japan on a regularly scheduled Japanese passenger liner, the ''Panama Maru''. They were ordered deported because they had not come by continuous journey from India nor did they carry the requisite amount of money. The judge found fault with the two regulations, ruling both of their wording to be inconsistent with that of the ''[[Immigration Act, 1869|Immigration Act]]'' and therefore invalid.<ref name=":2" />[[File:Komagata Maru incident VPL 127 (11326123445).jpg|thumb|250px|[[Komagata Maru incident|Komagata Maru Incident]], 1914]]
| |
| [[File:GurdwaraSukhSagar1931.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Queensborough, New Westminster]] Sikh temple, 1931.]]With the victory of the ''Panama Maru'', whose passengers were allowed to land, the sailing of the ''[[SS Komagata Maru]]''—a freighter carrying 376 South-Asian passengers (all [[British subject|British subjects]])—took place the following year in April.<ref name=":2" /> On 23 May 1914, upon the eve of the [[World War I|First World War]], the [[Komagata Maru incident|''Komagata Maru'' candidly challenged]] the 'continues journey' regulation when it arrived in [[Vancouver]] from [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> However, although invalidated for a couple months, the 'continuous journey' and $200 requirement provisions returned to force by January 1914, after the Canadian government quickly rewrote its regulations to meet the objections it encountered in court.<ref name=":2" /> The ship had not sailed directly from India; rather, it came to Canada via [[Hong Kong]], where it had picked up passengers of Indian descent from [[Mojiang Hani Autonomous County|Moji]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Yokohama]]. As expected, most of the passengers were not allowed to enter Canada. Immigration officials consequently isolated the ship in [[Vancouver harbour]] for 2 months and was forced to return to Asia.<ref name=":0" /> Viewing this as evidence that Indians were not treated as equals under the [[British Empire]], they staged a peaceful protest upon returning to India in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]). British forces saw this as a threat to their authority, and opened fire on the protestors, killing many.<ref name=":2" /> These events would give further evidence to South Asians of their second-class status within the Empire.<ref name=":2" /> By 1914, it is estimated that the number of South Asians in British Columbia fell to less than 2,000.<ref name=":1" />
| |
| | |
| Canada would eventually allow the wives and dependent children of South-Asian Canadian residents to immigrate in 1919. Though a small flow of wives and children would be established by the mid-1920s, this did not offset the effect of migration by South-Asian Canadians to India and the US, which saw the reduction of the South Asian population in Canada to about 1,300 by the mid-1920s.<ref name=":0" />
| |
| | |
| With the [[independence of India]] being an emanant concern, the federal continuous-journey regulation was removed in 1947.<ref name=":0" /> Most of British Columbia's anti-South Asian legislation would also be withdrawn in 1947, and the Indian Canadian community would be returned the right to vote.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="multiple" /> At that time, thousands of people were moved across the nascent borders of the newly-established India and Pakistan. Research in Canada suggests that many of the early [[Goans]] to emigrate to Canada were those who were born and lived in [[Karachi]], [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay), and [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta). Another group of people that arrived in Canada during this period were the [[Anglo-Indians]], people of mixed European and Indian ancestry.<ref name="multiple" />
| |
| | |
| In 1951, in place of the continuous-journey provision, the Canadian government would enact an annual [[immigration quota]] for India (150 per year), Pakistan (100), and Ceylon (50).<ref name=":0" /> At that time, there were only 2,148 South Asians in Canada. Moderate expansion of immigration increased the Canadian total to 6,774 by 1961, then grew it to 67,925 by 1971. By 2011 the South Asian population in Canada was 1,567,400.<ref name=":0" />
| |
| | |
| ===Recent settlement===
| |
| Policies changed rapidly during the second half of the 20th century. Until the late 1950s, essentially all South Asians lived in British Columbia. However, when professional immigrants came to Canada in larger numbers, they began to settle across the country. South Asian politics until 1965 were primarily concerned with changing immigration laws, including the elimination of the legal restrictions enacted by the BC Legislature.<ref name=":0" />
| |
| | |
| In 1967, all immigration quotas in Canada based on specific ethnic groups were scrapped.<ref name="multiple" /> The social view in Canada towards people of other ethnic backgrounds was more open, and Canada was facing declining immigration from European countries, since these European countries had booming postwar economies, and thus more people decided to remain in their home countries.
| |
| | |
| In 1972, all South Asians were [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled from Uganda]],<ref name=":0" /><ref>Patel, Hasu H. 1972. "General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda." ''[[Issue: A Journal of Opinion]]'' 2(4):12–22, doi:, {{Doi|10.2307/1166488}}. {{Jstor|1166488}}</ref> including 80,000 individuals of Indian (mostly [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]) descent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Srinivas|first=K|date=February 28, 2014|title=Hopes soar among Ugandan Asians as Idi Amin's dictatorial regime falls|publisher=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19790515-hopes-soar-among-ugandan-asians-as-idi-amin-dictatorial-regime-falls-822011-2014-02-28}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite news|last1=Vashi|first1=Ashish|last2=Jain|first2=Ankur|date=October 22, 2008|title=Gujaratis survived Idi Amin, fuelled East Africa's economy|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujaratis-survived-Idi-Amin-fuelled-East-Africas-economy/articleshow/3625352.cms}}</ref> Canada accepted 7,000 of them (many of whom were [[Isma'ilism|Ismailis]]) as [[political refugees]].<ref name=":0" /> From 1977–85, a weaker Canadian economy significantly reduced South-Asian immigration to about 15,000 a year.<ref name=":0" /> In 1978, Canada introduced the ''[[Immigration Act, 1976]]'', which included a [[Points-based immigration system|point-based system]], whereby each applicant would be assessed on their trade skills and the need for these skills in Canada.<ref>Wood, John R. 1978. "East Indians and Canada's New Immigration Policy." ''[[Canadian Public Policy]]'' 4(4):547-67. {{Doi|10.2307/3549977}}. Retrieved 2020 December 16.</ref> This allowed many more Indians to immigrate in large numbers and a trickle of [[Goans]] (who were English-speaking and Catholic) began to arrive after the [[African Great Lakes]] countries imposed [[Africanization]] policies.<ref>Pg. 107. The Americanization of Goans. By Ladis DaSilva. 1976. Toronto. Ontario. Canada.</ref>
| |
| | |
| The 1970s also saw the beginning of the migration from Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mauritius.<ref name=":0" /> During this decade, thousands of immigrants came yearly and mainly settled in Vancouver and Toronto. Significant urbanization of the Indian Canadian community began during the 1980s and early 1990s, when tens of thousands of immigrants moved from India into Canada each year. Forming nearly 20% of the population, [[Fort St. James]] had the highest proportion of Indo-Canadians of any municipality in Canada during the 1990s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=File Not Found}}</ref> Prior to the large urban concentrations that exist in the present day, statistically significant populations existed across rural British Columbia; a legacy of previous waves of immigration earlier in the 20th century.<ref name=":3" /> In 1994, approximately 80% of South-Asian Canadians were immigrants.<ref name=":0" /> The settlement pattern in the most recent two decades is still mainly focused around Vancouver and Toronto, but other cities such as Calgary, Edmonton, and Montreal have also become desirable due to growing economic prospects in these cities.
| |
| | |
| During the late 20th and into the early 21st century, India was the third highest source country of immigration to Canada, with roughly 25,000–30,000 Indians immigrating to Canada each year according to [[Statistics Canada]] data. India became the highest source country of immigration to Canada by 2017, with yearly [[Permanent residency in Canada|permanent residents]] increasing from 30,915 in 2012 to 85,585 in 2019, representing 25% of total immigration to Canada. Additionally, India also became the top source country for international students in Canada, rising from 48,765 in 2015 to 219,855 in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cicnews.com/2020/02/642000-international-students-canada-now-ranks-3rd-globally-in-foreign-student-attraction-0213763.html#gs.5ft5fi|title=642,000 international students: Canada now ranks 3rd globally in foreign student attraction|date=February 20, 2020}}</ref> Mirroring historical Indo-Canadian migration patterns, the majority of new immigrants from India continue to hail from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/punjabis-contributed-to-60-migration-to-canada-44325|title='Punjabis contributed to 60% migration to Canada'}}</ref> with an increasing proportion also hailing from [[Delhi]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Southern India]].
| |
| | |
| ==Indians from other countries==
| |
| In addition to tracing their origin directly to the [[Indian subcontinent]], many Indian Canadians who arrive in Canada come from other parts of the world, as part of the global [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]].
| |
| | |
| {|class="infobox bordered" style="width: 250px; font-size: 95%; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" cellspacing="0"|<center><big>'''Number of Indians immigrating from different regions of the world'''</big><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090309194615/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=68635&GID=517770&METH=1&APATH=3&PTYPE=55496&THEME=44&AID=0&FREE=0&FOCUS=0&VID=0&GC=0&GK=0&SC=1&SR=1&RL=0&CPP=99&RPP=9999&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0&d1=12&d2=0&d3=0 source]</ref></center>
| |
| |- style="text-align:center; background:#d9e9e9;"
| |
| || '''Region'''
| |
| || '''Total Responses'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Immigrant population'''
| |
| | '''474,530'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[United States]]
| |
| | 2,410
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]
| |
| | 40,475
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Caribbean]] and [[Bermuda]]
| |
| | 24,295
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Europe]]
| |
| | 12,390
| |
| |-
| |
| | **[[United Kingdom]]
| |
| | 11,200
| |
| |-
| |
| | **Other European
| |
| | 1,190
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Africa]]
| |
| | 45,530
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Asia]]
| |
| | 332,150
| |
| |-
| |
| | **West [[Central Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]
| |
| | 6,965
| |
| |-
| |
| | **[[Eastern Asia]]
| |
| | 720
| |
| |-
| |
| | **[[Southeast Asia]]
| |
| | 4,260
| |
| |-
| |
| | **[[South Asia]]
| |
| | 320,200
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Oceania]] and other
| |
| | 17,280
| |
| |-
| |
| | Non-permanent residents
| |
| | 9,950
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Indians from Africa===
| |
| {{See also|Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|Expulsion of Asians from Uganda}}
| |
| Due to political turmoil and prejudice, many Indians residing in the African Great Lakes nations, such as [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Angola]] left the region for Canada and other Western countries. A majority of Indo-Canadians from Southeast Africa are [[Ismailis|Ismaili Muslims]] or [[Hindus|Gujarati Hindus]], with significant numbers from [[South Africa]] as well.
| |
| | |
| [[Deepak Obhrai]] was the first Indo-African Canadian to become a member of parliament in Canada as well as the first Hindu to be appointed to the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]], he was originally from [[Tanzania]]. He received the Pride of India award from the Indo-American Friends Group of Washington DC and Indo-American Business Chamber in a dinner ceremony held on Capitol Hill for his effort in strengthening ties between Canada and India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voiceonline.com/deepak-obhrai-awarded-pride-of-india-award-for-fostering-indo-canadian-relations/|title=Deepak Obhrai awarded Pride of India Award for fostering Indo-Canadian relations|first=posted by: Rattan|last=Mall|website=Indo-Canadian Voice|date=September 23, 2014}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[M.G. Vassanji]], an award-winning novelist who writes on the plight of Indians in the region, is a [[naturalization|naturalized]] Canadian of Indian descent who migrated from the Great Lakes.
| |
| | |
| The writer Ladis Da Silva (1920–1994) was a Zanzibar-born Canadian of Goan descent who wrote ''The Americanization of Goans''.<ref>The Americanization of Goans. By Ladis Da Silva. 1976. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2014}} He emigrated in 1968 from Kenya and was a prolific writer and social reformer, working with First Nations, Inuit and Senior Citizens in the Greater Toronto Area.<ref>Pp.265-267. Profiles of Eminent Goans: Past and Present. By J. Clement Vaz Ph.D. 1997 New Delhi, India. {{ISBN|81-7022-619-8}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Indians have also moved to Canada from Southern African nations such as [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]] and [[Indian South Africans|South Africa]] for similar reasons. Examples of successful Indo-Canadians from this migratory stream are [[Suhana Meharchand]] and Nirmala Naidoo, television newscasters of Indian descent from South Africa, who currently work for the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC). [[Indira Naidoo-Harris]] is another Canadian broadcaster who is of Indian descent from South Africa.
| |
| | |
| Two of the most high-profile Indo-Africans are CNN's [[Zain Verjee]] and [[Ali Velshi]]. Verjee was educated in Canada while Velshi's father [[Murad Velshi]] who immigrated from South Africa was the first MPP of Indian descent to sit in the Ontario legislature.
| |
| | |
| The most notable story of Indo-African immigration to Canada is set in the 1970s, when in 1972 50,000 [[India]]n [[Ugandan]]s were forced out of [[Uganda]] by the dictator [[Idi Amin]], and were not permitted to return to India by the Indian government. Although on the brink of facing torture and imprisonment on a massive scale, the [[Aga Khan IV]], leader of the [[Nizari Ismaili]] Community, specially negotiated his followers' safe departure from Uganda in exchange for all their belongings. He also negotiated their guaranteed asylum in Canada with Prime Minister and close friend [[Pierre Elliott Trudeau]].
| |
| | |
| A notable descendant of Ugandan Indian settlement in Canada is [[Irshad Manji]], an acclaimed advocate for [[secularism]] and [[reform]] in [[Islam]]. The community of Goans is also mainly from the African Great Lakes.
| |
| | |
| ===Indians from the Caribbean===
| |
| {{See also|Indo-Caribbeans}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
| |
| Indo-Caribbean people or Caribbean Indians are Caribbean people with roots in India.
| |
| | |
| The Indo-Caribbean Canadian community has developed a unique cultural blend of both Indian, Caribbean culture due to a long period of isolation from India, amongst other reasons. Some Indo-Caribbean Canadians associate themselves with the Indo-Canadian community. However, most associate with the [[Indo-Caribbeans|Indo-Caribbean]] community or the Wider Caribbean community or with both. Most mainly live within the [[Greater Toronto Area]] or Southern Ontario.
| |
| | |
| ===Indians from the UK and the US===
| |
| {{See also|British Indians|Indian Americans}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
| |
| Some Indians have immigrated from the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] due to both economic and family reasons. Indians move for economic prospects to Canada's economy and job market and have been performing well against many European and some American states. Lastly, individuals have decided to settle in Canada in order to reunite their families who may have settled in both the United States and the UK and not in Canada.
| |
| | |
| ===Indians from the Middle East===
| |
| {{See also|Indians in the United Arab Emirates}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
| |
| Many Indians have been moving from countries in the Middle East to North America.
| |
| | |
| Most Indian immigrants from the Middle East are Indian businessmen and professionals that worked in the Middle Eastern countries like the [[United Arab Emirates]], Bahrain, [[Oman]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. A key priority for these immigrants is educational opportunities for their children post-schooling. Many of these students have stayed back after graduation and started their families there.
| |
| | |
| Canadian cricketer [[Nikhil Dutta]] was born in Kuwait to Indian Bengali parents but grew up in Canada. He represents [[Canada national cricket team]] in [[One Day International|ODIs]] and [[T20I]]s.
| |
| | |
| ===Indians from Oceania===
| |
| {{See also|Indians in Fiji}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
| |
| Indians have long been settled in certain parts of [[Oceania]], mainly on some islands in [[Fiji]], where they comprise approximately 40% of Fiji's population. Since Fiji's independence, increased hostility between the Melanesian Fijian population and the [[Indians in Fiji|Indo-Fijian]] population has led to several significant confrontations politically. Notably, since the two coups d'état of 1987 many Indo-Fijians are moving from Fiji to US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand due to political instability and ethnic conflict. A majority of the Indo-Fijian immigrants have settled in [[British Columbia]] and [[Alberta]], with a significant population in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] as well, most of whom are Hindus, with a significant portion of Muslims. Other religions that are practised are Christianity and Sikhism. The Indo-Fijian population in Canada is not as diverse religiously as the general Indo-Canadian community. Indo-Fijians have established cultural centres and organisations in Vancouver, [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], [[Burnaby]], [[Edmonton]], [[Calgary]] and [[Toronto]]. The biggest Indo-Fijian cultural centre in Canada is the [[Fiji Sanatan Society of Alberta]] in Edmonton, built in 1984 by some of the first Indo-Fijian immigrants in Edmonton, it is officially a Hindu temple, but also hosts many community events.
| |
| | |
| ==Demographics==
| |
| | |
| ===Population settlement===
| |
| As of 2016, the Indo-Canadian population numbers 1.37 million.
| |
| {| class="wikitable sortable"
| |
| |+Indian-Canadian population in the Canadian Provinces and territories, Census 2016<ref name="statcan2011">{{cite web|date=2016-06-10|title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|access-date=2016-05-02|publisher=statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| !Province
| |
| !Indian
| |
| !Percentage
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Ontario}}
| |
| |774,495
| |
| |5.8%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|British Columbia}}
| |
| |309,315
| |
| |6.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Alberta}}
| |
| |174,505
| |
| |4.3%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Québec}}
| |
| |51,650
| |
| |0.6%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Manitoba}}
| |
| |34,470
| |
| |2.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Saskatchewan}}
| |
| |18,695
| |
| |1.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Nova Scotia}}
| |
| |6,255
| |
| |0.6%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|New Brunswick}}
| |
| |2,145
| |
| |0.2%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Newfoundland and Labrador}}
| |
| |1,820
| |
| |0.3%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Yukon}}
| |
| |320
| |
| |0.9%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Prince Edward Island}}
| |
| |615
| |
| |0.4%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Northwest Territories}}
| |
| |360
| |
| |0.8%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flag|Nunavut}}
| |
| |65
| |
| |0.1%
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{flagicon|Canada}} '''Canada'''
| |
| |'''1,374,710'''
| |
| |'''4.0%'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable"
| |
| |+Cities with large Indian Canadian populations<ref name="statcan2011" />
| |
| |-
| |
| !City
| |
| !Province
| |
| !Indian
| |
| !Percentage
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Toronto]]
| |
| |[[Ontario, Canada|Ontario]]
| |
| |643,370
| |
| |10.4%
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Greater Vancouver|Vancouver]]
| |
| |[[British Columbia]]
| |
| |243,135
| |
| |10.0%
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Montréal]]
| |
| |[[Quebec]]
| |
| |48,485
| |
| |1.2%
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Calgary]]
| |
| |[[Alberta]]
| |
| |90,625
| |
| |6.5%
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Edmonton]]
| |
| |Alberta
| |
| |72,245
| |
| |5.5%
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]]
| |
| |British Columbia
| |
| |33,340
| |
| |18.9%
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Winnipeg]]
| |
| |[[Manitoba]]
| |
| |30,800
| |
| |4.0%
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Ottawa]]
| |
| |Ontario
| |
| |28,945
| |
| |2.2%
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
| |
| |Ontario
| |
| |23,390
| |
| |3.1%
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]]
| |
| |Ontario
| |
| |19,295
| |
| |3.7%
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" |'''Total'''
| |
| |'''1,233,630'''
| |
| |'''65.5%'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| ====Toronto====
| |
| {{main|Indo-Canadians in Toronto}}
| |
| Toronto has the largest Indian Canadian population in Canada. Almost 51% of the entire Indian Canadian community resides in the [[Greater Toronto Area]]. Most Indian Canadians in the Toronto area live in [[Brampton]], [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]], [[Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[Etobicoke]], and [[Mississauga]]. Indian Canadians, particularly, [[Punjabi Sikhs]] and [[Punjabi Hindus]], have a particularly strong presence in Brampton, where they represent about a third of the population (Most live in the northeastern and eastern portion of the city). The area is middle and upper middle class, home ownership is very high. The Indian Canadians in this region are mostly of Punjabi, Telugu, Tamil, Gujarati, Marathi, Malayali and Goan origin. When compared to the Indian Canadian community of Greater Vancouver, the Greater Toronto Area is home to a much more diverse community of Indians – both linguistically and religiously. Canadian carrier [[Air Canada]] operates flights from [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] back to India.
| |
| | |
| Indian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area have an average household income of $86,425, which is higher than the Canadian average of $79,102 but lower than the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area's average of $95,326. Indian Canadian students are also well-represented in Toronto-area universities; despite Indo-Canadians making up 10% of the Toronto area's population, students of Indian origin make up over 35% of [[Ryerson University]], 30% of [[York University]], and 20% of the [[University of Toronto]]'s student bodies, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=535&Data=Count&SearchText=toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Income+of+households&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=2011 National Household Survey Profile - Census metropolitan area/Census agglomeration|first=Government of Canada, Statistics|last=Canada|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|date=May 8, 2013}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Canada's largest Hindu Mandir, the [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto]], as well as Canada's largest Sikh gurdwara, the [[Ontario Khalsa Darbar]], are both located in the Greater Toronto Area. Both have been built by Canada's Indian community.
| |
| | |
| ====Greater Vancouver====
| |
| {{main|Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver }}
| |
| Vancouver is home to the second largest Indian Canadian population in Canada, with just over 20% of the entire Indian Canadian community residing in the Lower Mainland.<ref name="fraser-valley2016">[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=fraser%20valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 Census Profile, 2016 Census: Fraser Valley, Regional district]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</ref><ref name="vancouver-2016">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1 Census Profile, 2016 Census: Greater Vancouver, Regional district]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2 April 2018.</ref> The highest density concentrations of Indian Canadians are found in [[Vancouver]], [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], [[Burnaby, British Columbia|Burnaby]], [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]], [[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]] and [[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]]. Recently, more Indians have been moving to other areas outside of [[Greater Vancouver]]. The city of [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]] has nearly 170,000 South Asians,<ref name=2016censusethnicty>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915004&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All | title=Surrey, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia | publisher=Statistics Canada | access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref> comprising 32% of the city's population.<ref name=JohnstonCanSurvive>Johnston, Jesse. "[http://www.news1130.com/2013/02/04/can-vancouvers-little-india-district-survive/ Can Vancouver's Little India district survive?]" ({{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TRWLQpWF?url=http://www.news1130.com/2013/02/04/can-vancouvers-little-india-district-survive/ |date=2014-10-19 }}). [[CKWX]] (News 1130). February 4, 2013. Retrieved on October 19, 2014.</ref> The [[Punjabi Market, Vancouver|Punjabi Market]] neighbourhood of South Vancouver also has a particularly high concentration of Indian residents, shops and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tourismvancouver.com/activities/attractions/punjabi-market-guide/|title=Punjabi Market Guide|access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| A large majority of Indian Canadians within Vancouver are of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] origin.<ref>"[http://moia.gov.in/pdf/Canada.pdf Country Brief – Canada]" ({{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TTx1sUqs?url=http://moia.gov.in/pdf/Canada.pdf |date=2014-10-21 }}). [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]]. p. 3/7. Retrieved on October 21, 2014. "The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Sikh Punjabi origin."</ref> However, there are also populations with other ethnic backgrounds including [[Indo-Fijians]], [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]], [[Tamil people|Tamil]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]], and [[Goan]]s.<ref name=StatsCanada>"[http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp Annexes]" ({{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TUPtb0bd?url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp |date=2014-10-21 }}). ''Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indian Canadian Community''. [[Government of Canada]]. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Religion===
| |
| | |
| {| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed infobox bordered" style="width: 250px; font-size: 95%; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" cellspacing="0"|<center><big>'''Indian Canadian religious profile, 2001'''</big><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090309194615/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=68635&GID=517770&METH=1&APATH=3&PTYPE=55496&THEME=44&AID=0&FREE=0&FOCUS=0&VID=0&GC=0&GK=0&SC=1&SR=1&RL=0&CPP=99&RPP=9999&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0&d1=12&d2=0&d3=0 Source]</ref></center>
| |
| |- style="text-align:center; background:#d9e9e9;"
| |
| || '''Religion'''
| |
| || '''Total responses'''
| |
| || '''Single responses'''
| |
| || '''Multiple responses'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Total'''
| |
| | '''713,330'''
| |
| | '''581,665'''
| |
| | '''131,665'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Sikhism]]
| |
| | 239,225
| |
| | 217,805
| |
| | 21,425
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Hinduism]]
| |
| | 192,680
| |
| | 174,455
| |
| | 18,225
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Islam]]
| |
| | 124,650
| |
| | 101,015
| |
| | 23,635
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Christianity]]
| |
| | 117,430
| |
| | 65,485
| |
| | 51,945
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Eastern religions]]
| |
| | 5,875
| |
| | 4,785
| |
| | 1,090
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Buddhism]]
| |
| | 11,435
| |
| | 870
| |
| | 560
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Jainism]]
| |
| | 1,291
| |
| | 803
| |
| | 600
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Judaism]]
| |
| | 655
| |
| | 160
| |
| | 500
| |
| |-
| |
| | Other religions
| |
| | 655
| |
| | 540
| |
| | 120
| |
| |-
| |
| | No religious affiliation
| |
| | 30,725
| |
| | 16,555
| |
| | 14,175
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Indian Canadians are from very diverse religious backgrounds compared to many other ethnic groups, which is due in part to India's multi-religious population.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Census Religion 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/religion.php|website=Census 2011|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> Amongst the Indian Canadian population however, the religious views are more evenly divided. In 2001, [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhs]] represented 35%, Hindus 28%, [[Islam in Canada|Muslims]] 17%, and [[Christian Canadian|Christians]] 16% (7% [[Protestantism in Canada|Protestant]]/Evangelical + 9% [[Catholicism in Canada|Catholic]]).<ref name="EastIndiancommunityinCanada">"[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm#6 The East Indian community in Canada]." [[Statistics Canada]]. Retrieved on November 10, 2014.</ref> Relatively few people of Indian origin have no religious affiliation. In 2001, just 4% said they had no religious affiliation, compared with 17% of the Canadian population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007006-eng.htm#6|title=The South Asian Community in Canada|website=www.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====Hindu places of worship====
| |
| There are approximately 500,000 Hindus in Canada,<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey|first=Government of Canada, Statistics|last=Canada|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> which has resulted in over 180 Hindu temples across Canada with almost 100 in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garamchai.com/canada/temples.htm|title=Canada Hindu Temple, mandirs and places of worship in North America from GaramChai.com's Canada Section|website=www.garamchai.com}}</ref>
| |
| Early in history when Hindus first arrived, the temples were more liberal and catered to all Hindus from different communities. In the past few decades, with the number of Hindu Canadians increasing, Hindu temples have now been established to cater to the needs of specific communities who speak different languages. There are temples for [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabis]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Tamil Hindu|Tamils]], [[Bengali Hindus|Bengalis]], [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhis]], [[Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Trinidadians]], [[Guyanese people|Guyanese]], etc.
| |
| | |
| Within [[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]], the largest Hindu temple in Canada is located on Claireville Drive, which is called the [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto]]. The entire Mandir is {{convert|32000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} and hosts numerous events on the Hindu religious calendar.
| |
| | |
| The [[Hindu Heritage Centre]] is another very large temple and perhaps the second biggest temple at {{convert|25000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} serving the Hindu community of Brampton and Mississauga. The temple is a very liberal [[Sanatani]] [[Dharmic]] Hindu temple which caters to the need of all different types of Hindus. Its devotees come from North and South India, as well as Pakistan, Nepal, and the West Indies. The centre is also focused on preserving Hindu culture by teaching a variety of different classes.<gallery mode="nolines" widths="300" perrow="2">
| |
| File:BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Toronto.jpg|The [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto]] in [[Etobicoke]], [[Ontario]], built by Canada's Gujarati Hindu community.
| |
| File:Hindu Heritage Centre Front.JPG|[[Hindu Heritage Centre]] in [[Mississauga]], Ontario.
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| | |
| ==== Sikh places of worship ====
| |
| {{Main|Gurdwaras in Canada}}
| |
| There are over 175 [[Gurdwara|gurdwaras]] in Canada, the oldest of which was built in 1908 in the [[Kitsilano]] neighbourhood of [[Vancouver]] and served early settlers who worked at nearby sawmills along [[False Creek]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vancouverheritagefoundation.org/place-that-matters/first-sikh-temple/|title=First Sikh Temple • Vancouver Heritage Foundation}}</ref> The temple eventually closed in 1970 as the Sikh population relocated to the [[Sunset, Vancouver|Sunset]] neighbourhood of [[Vancouver South|South Vancouver]]. The oldest gurdwara still in service is the [[Gur Sikh Temple|Gurudwara Gur Sikh Temple]], located in Abbotsford, BC. Built in 1911, the gurdwara was designated as a National Historic Site in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HistoricPlaces.ca - HistoricPlaces.ca|url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=9358|access-date=2020-09-26|website=www.historicplaces.ca}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The [[Ontario Khalsa Darbar]], in Mississauga, is the largest Gurudwara in Canada. The other notable Gurudwaras include Gurudwara Guru Nanak Darbar Montreal, Gurudwara Dashmesh Darbar Brampton and the [https://sikhsocietyofmanitoba.com/about-us Sikh Society of Manitoba.]
| |
| | |
| The largest Sikh populations in Canada are located in [[British Columbia]] and [[Ontario]], concentrated in [[Greater Vancouver]] ([[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]) and [[Greater Toronto]] ([[Brampton]]).<gallery mode="nolines" widths="200" perrow="3">
| |
| File:Gur Sikh Temple 01.jpg|[[Gur Sikh Temple]] (Abbotsford)
| |
| File:Sikh Temple Manning Drive Edmonton Alberta Canada 01A.jpg|Gurudwara Nanaksar Sahib, Edmonton, Alberta
| |
| File:Sikh Temple at 2nd Avenue, Vancouver.jpg|Vancouver Sikh Temple, c. 1911
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| | |
| ==== Indian Muslim places of worship ====
| |
| There are also many Islamic societies and mosques throughout Canada, which have been established and supported by Non-Indian and Indian Muslims alike.
| |
| | |
| Many Indian Muslims along with Muslims of other nationalities worship at one of the largest mosques in Canada, the [[List of mosques#Canada|ISNA Centre]], located in Mississauga. The facility contains a mosque, high school, community centre, banquet hall and funeral service available for all Muslim Canadians.
| |
| | |
| The Ismailis have the first Ismaili Jamatkhana and Centre set up in [[Burnaby]], British Columbia. This high-profile building is the second in the world, with other locations in [[London]], [[Lisbon]], and [[Dubai]]. A second such building is in Toronto.
| |
| | |
| ====Indian Christian places of worship====
| |
| Indian Christians tend to attend churches based on their state of origin and their particular traditions including the [[Assemblies of God in India]], [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India]], [[The Pentecostal Mission]], [[Church of North India]], [[Church of South India]], [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], [[Malankara Orthodox Church]], [[Catholic Church in India|Roman Catholic Church]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] and [[Indian Pentecostal Church]].
| |
| | |
| The majority of people of Goan origin in Canada are Roman Catholics who share the same parish churches as other Catholic Canadians, however, they often celebrate the feast of [[St Francis Xavier]], who is the Patron Saint of the Indies, and whose body lies in Goa. [[Syro-Malabar]] Catholics have established a diocese for themselves, called the [[ Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga]] which serves all the Syro-Malabar faithful across Canada.<ref>Lira, Sergio, Rogerio Amoeda, and Cristina Pinheiro (editors). ''Sharing Cultures 2011''. Edited by Sergio Lira, Rogerio Amoeda and Cristina Pinheiro. [[Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development]] (''Green Lines Instituto para o Desenvolvimento Sustentavel'') ([[Barcelos, Portugal|Barcelos]], Portugal), 2011. {{ISBN|978-989-95671-4-6}}. Pp531-540. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IOguMwEACAAJ&dq=Sharing+Cultures+2011&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dthgVJ_BMNWsyASlq4KgBA&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA See profile at] [[Google Books]].</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Culture==
| |
| {{more citations needed section|date=November 2014}}
| |
| {{multiple image
| |
| | align = left
| |
| | direction = vertical
| |
| | header =
| |
| | width = 200
| |
| |image1= Bhangradancing.jpg
| |
| |caption1= A young Indo-Canadian woman performing [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] dancing.
| |
| |image2= Gujarat Folk Dance 06.JPG
| |
| |caption2= An Indo-Canadian girl performing a Gujarati folk dance in [[Downtown Calgary]].
| |
| }}
| |
| Indo-Canadian culture is closely linked to each specific Indian group's religious, regional, linguistic and ethnic backgrounds. For instance, Northern Indian cultural practices and languages differ from those of Southern Indians, and the Hindu community's cultural practices differ from those of the [[Jainism in Canada|Jain]], Sikh, Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities due to differences in ethnicity, regional affiliation, religion and/or language. Such cultural aspects have been preserved fairly well due to Canada's open policy of [[multiculturalism]], as opposed to a policy of [[melting pot|assimilation]] practised by the [[United States]].
| |
| | |
| The cultures and languages of various Indian communities have been able to thrive in part due to the freedom of these communities to establish structures and institutions for religious worship, social interaction, and cultural practices. In particular, Punjabi culture and language have been reinforced in Canada through radio and television.
| |
| | |
| Alternatively, Indo-Canadian culture has developed its own identity compared to other non-resident Indians and from people in India. It is not uncommon to find youth uninterested with traditional Indian cultural elements and events, instead of identifying with mainstream North American cultural mores. However such individuals exist in a minority and there are many youth that maintain a balance between western and eastern cultural values, and occasionally fusing the two to produce a new product, such as the new generation of [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] incorporating hip-hop based rhythm. For instance, Sikh youth often mix in traditional Bhangra, which uses Punjabi instruments with hip hop beats as well as including rap with Black music entertainers. Notable entertainers include [[Raghav]] and [[Jazzy B]].
| |
| | |
| ===Language===
| |
| | |
| {|class="infobox bordered" style="width: 250px; font-size: 95%; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" cellspacing="0"|<center><big>'''Indian languages spoken at home in Canada'''</big><ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55763&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55430&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0 source]</ref></center>
| |
| |- style="text-align:center; background:#d9e9e9;"
| |
| || '''Language '''
| |
| || '''Total'''
| |
| || '''Only speaks'''
| |
| || '''Mostly speaks'''
| |
| || '''Equally speaks'''
| |
| || '''Regularly speaks'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]*
| |
| | 280,540
| |
| | 132,380
| |
| | 71,660
| |
| | 29,220
| |
| | 47,280
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Hindi]]
| |
| | 165,890
| |
| | 114,175
| |
| | 116,075
| |
| | 19,090
| |
| | 26,550
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Urdu]]*
| |
| | 89,365
| |
| | 30,760
| |
| | 27,840
| |
| | 12,200
| |
| | 18,565
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]*
| |
| | 97,345
| |
| | 45,865
| |
| | 29,745
| |
| | 9,455
| |
| | 12,280
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| |
| | 60,105
| |
| | 18,310
| |
| | 16,830
| |
| | 7,175
| |
| | 17,790
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Malayalam]]
| |
| | 6,570
| |
| | 1,155
| |
| | 1,810
| |
| | 505
| |
| | 3,100
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]*
| |
| | 29,705
| |
| | 12,840
| |
| | 9,615
| |
| | 2,780
| |
| | 4,470
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" cellspacing="0"|<center>* ''These languages are also spoken in Canada by immigrants from other South Asian countries such as: [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Sri Lanka]]''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| Indian Canadians speak a variety of languages, reflecting the cultural and ethnic diversity of the Indian subcontinent.
| |
| | |
| The most widely spoken South Asian language in Canada is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], which is spoken by the people from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab State]] and [[Chandigarh]] in India and by the people from [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]] or [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] in Pakistan. In Canada, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is a language mainly spoken by [[South Asian Canadians]] with ties to the state of Punjab in Northern India.
| |
| | |
| [[Hindi]], as India's most spoken language, is now the language primarily used by new Indian immigrants, especially ones with ties to [[Northern India]] and [[Central India]].
| |
|
| |
| The next most widely spoken language by South Asians is [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. These individuals hail from the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[Southern India]], however, speakers in Canada of the Tamil language come from both [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].
| |
| | |
| [[Urdu]] is primarily spoken by [[Muslim]] South Asians from [[Northern India]] and [[Pakistan]]. However, individuals of Indian descent from Africa and the Caribbean may also speak it as well.
| |
| | |
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is spoken by people from the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. Gujarati Hindus and [[Ismaili]] Muslims from the African Great Lakes who subsequently migrated to Canada speak Gujarati. Zoroastrians from the western part of India form a small percentage of the population in Canada, also speak Gujarati.
| |
| | |
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is spoken by individuals from the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] in [[Eastern India]], as well as by the people of [[Bangladesh]].
| |
| | |
| There are also a large number of [[Malayalam]] language-speakers, who hail from the state of [[Kerala]] in Southern India.
| |
| | |
| There is also a community of Goans from the African Great Lakes. However, only a few members of this community speak their original language [[Konkani]].
| |
| | |
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] is spoken by 12,578 people in Canada who have their roots from the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].
| |
| | |
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is spoken by 15,655 people in Canada who primarily hail from the Indian states of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].
| |
| | |
| ===Marriage===
| |
| [[File:Indoreception.jpg|thumb|right|A group of Punjabi Indo-Canadians attending a Punjabi wedding reception]]
| |
| Marriage is an important cultural element amongst many Indo-Canadians, due to their Indian heritage and religious background.<ref name="another" >{{cite web|url=http://dating.lovetoknow.com/Indian_Dating|title=Indian Dating Traditions}}</ref> [[Arranged marriage]], which is still widely practised in India, is no longer widely practised among Canadian-born or naturalized Indians. However, marriages are sometimes still arranged by parents within their specific caste or Indian ethnic community. Since it may be difficult to find someone of the same Indian ethnic background with the desired characteristics, some Indo-Canadians now opt to use [[matrimonial]] services, including online services, in order to find a marriage partner. Marriage practices amongst Indo-Canadians are not as liberal as those of their Indian counterparts, with caste sometimes considered, but dowries almost non-existent.<ref name="another" />{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
| |
| | |
| In 2012, Mandeep Kaur wrote a PhD thesis titled "Canadian-Punjabi Philanthropy and its Impact on Punjab: A Sociological Study", which found that, compared to other ethnic groups, Indo-Canadians engage in more arranged marriages within ethnic communities and castes and engage in less dating; this is because these Indo-Canadian communities wish to preserve their cultural practices.<ref name=Kaurp85>Kaur, Mandeep. "[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8022/10/10_chapter%203.pdf THE MAKING OF CANADIAN PUNJABI DIASPORA]" ({{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Tyy7ZDd1?url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8022/10/10_chapter%203.pdf |date=2014-11-10 }}) (Chapter 3). In: Kaur, Mandeep. ''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/8022 Canadian-Punjabi Philanthropy and its Impact on Punjab: A Sociological Study]'' ([http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8022/1/01_title.pdf PhD thesis])<!--https://www.webcitation.org/6TyyPVVfq-->. [[Punjabi University]]. Award date: 22 August 2012. p. 85 (PDF 25/32).</ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Media===
| |
| There are numerous radio programs that represent Indo-Canadian culture. One notable program is ''Geetmala Radio'', hosted by Darshan and Arvinder Sahota (also longtime television hosts of Indo-Canadian program, ''Eye on Asia'').
| |
| | |
| A number of Canadian television networks broadcast programming that features Indo-Canadian culture. One prominent multicultural/multireligious channel, [[Vision TV]], presents a nonstop marathon of Indo-Canadian shows on Saturdays. These television shows often highlight Indo-Canadian events in Canada, and also show events from India involving Indians who reside there. In addition, other networks such as [[Omni Television]], [[Citytv|CityTV]], and local community access channels also present local Indo-Canadian content, and Indian content from India.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
| |
| | |
| In recent years,{{when|date=November 2014}} there has been an establishment of Indian television networks from India on Canadian television. Shan Chandrasehkhar, an established Indo-Canadian who pioneered one of the first Indo-Canadian television shows in Canada, made a deal with the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) to allow Indian television networks based in India to send a direct feed to Canada. In doing so, he branded these channels under his own company known as the [[Asian Television Network]]. Since 1997, Indo-Canadians can subscribe to channels from India via purchasing TV channel packages from their local satellite/cable companies. Indo-Canadians view such networks as [[Zee TV]], [[B4U (network)|B4U]], [[Sony Entertainment Television Asia|Sony Entertainment Television]], and [[Aaj Tak]] to name a few. Goan communities are connected by a number of city-based websites that inform the community of local activities such as dances, religious services, and village feasts, that serve to connect the community to its rural origins in Goa.<ref>German, Myna and Padmini Banerjee. ''Migration, Technology, and Transculturation: A Global Perspective''. [[Lindenwood University Press]] ([[St. Charles, Missouri]]), 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-9846307-4-5}}. Pp. 165-183. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p7YyuAAACAAJ&dq=Migration,+Technology,+and+Transculturation:+A+Global+Perspective&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wtZgVJW8CIS0yASKzIF4&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA See profile at] [[Google Books]].</ref>
| |
| | |
| Radio stations in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] with Indo Canadian content include [[CJSA-FM]] broadcasting on 101.3FM. Another station is [[CINA (AM)|CINA]] broadcasting on AM 1650.
| |
| | |
| Major newspapers include ''[[Canindia News]]'' in Toronto & Montreal, ''[[The Asian Star]]'' and ''[[The Punjabi Star]]'' in Vancouver.
| |
| | |
| As of 2012, there are many Punjabi newspapers, most of which are published in Vancouver and Toronto. As of that year, 50 of them are weekly, two are daily, and others are monthly.<ref name=Kaurp85/>
| |
| | |
| By 2012, partly due to coverage of [[Air India Flight 182]], coverage of Punjabi issues in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', the ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'', and other mainstream Canadian newspapers had increased.<ref name=Kaurp85/>
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Film and Television===
| | {{Redirect category shell| |
| {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| | | {{R from move}} |
| *''[[7 to 11, Indian]]'' (2003) (English)
| |
| *''[[8 X 10 Tasveer]]'' (2009) (Hindi)
| |
| *''[[Arasangam]]'' (2008) (Tamil)
| |
| *''[[Asa Nu Maan Watna Da]]'' (2004) (Punjabi)
| |
| *''[[Cooking with Stella]]'' (2009) (English)
| |
| *''[[Dus]]'' (2005) (Hindi)
| |
| *''[[Getting Married]]'' (English)
| |
| *''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]'' (2006) (Hindi)
| |
| *''[[Jatt and Juliet]]'' (2012) (Punjabi)
| |
| *''[[Jee Aayan Nu]]'' (2003) (Punjabi)
| |
| *''[[Jugni, Back to Roots (film)|Jugni Back to Roots]]'' (2013) (Punjabi/English)
| |
| *''[[Kismat Konnection]]'' (2008) (Hindi)
| |
| *''Masala'' (1992) (English)
| |
| *''[[Neal 'n' Nikki]]'' (2005) (Hindi)
| |
| *''[[Panchathantiram]]'' (2006) (Tamil)
| |
| *''[[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]]'' (2007) (English/Punjabi)
| |
| *''[[Shakti: The Power]]'' (2002) (Hindi)
| |
| *''[[Speedy Singhs]]'' (2011) (English)
| |
| *''[[Sweet Amerika]]'' (2008) (English)
| |
| *''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' (1999) (Hindi)
| |
| *''[[Thank You (2011 film)|Thank You]]'' (2011) (Hindi)
| |
| *''[[Tum Bin|Tum Bin...Love Will Find a Way]]'' (2001) (Hindi)
| |
| *''[[Two Countries]]'' (2016) (Malayalam)
| |
| }} | | }} |
|
| |
| ==Terminology==
| |
| In Canada, '[[South Asian People|South Asian']] refers to persons with ancestry throughout [[South Asia]], while '[[East Indians|East Indian']] means someone with origins specifically from [[India]].<ref>Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. ''The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0802086314}}, 9780802086310, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA235 235]. "3 'East Indians' refers to people whose roots are specifically in India. Although there is no country called East India, the British gave and used the term 'East India.' The British and Canadians commonly used the term 'East Indian' during the early period of Indian migration to Canada." and "4 'South Asians' is a very broad category as it refers to people originally in the geographical area of South Asia, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. 'South Asians' also refers to Indians who have migrated to other parts of the world such as Fiji, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and East Africa."</ref> Both terms are used by [[Statistics Canada]],<ref name="Sumartojop7">Sumartojo, Widyarini. 2012. "[http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/12245/etd7152_WSumartojo.pdf 'My kind of Brown': Indo-Canadian youth identity and belonging in Greater Vancouver]" (PhD thesis). Simon Fraser University. ID: [http://summit.sfu.ca/item/12245 etd7152]. {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TRTIgoR4?url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/12245/etd7152_WSumartojo.pdf|date=2014-10-19}}.</ref>{{Rp|7}} who do not use 'Indo-Canadian' as an official category for people.<ref name="Sumartojop7" />{{Rp|8}} Originating as a part of the Canadian government's multicultural policies and ideologies in the 1980s, 'Indo-Canadian' is a term used in mainstream circles of people in Canada as of 2004.<ref name="NayarSikhDiaspp236" />
| |
|
| |
| In 1962, 'Pakistani' and '[[Ceylonese]]' (Sri Lankan) were made into separate ethnic categories, while prior to that year people with those origins were counted as being 'East Indian'.<ref>Ames, Michael M. & Joy Inglis. 1974. "[http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832 Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life]" ({{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TUTZqEGx?url=http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832|date=2014-10-21}}). In ''[[British Columbia Studies]]'', Vol. 20. Winter 1973-1974. CITED: p. 19.</ref> As of 2001 about half of foreign-born persons claiming an 'East Indian' ancestry originated from India, while others originated from Bangladesh, East Africa, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.<ref>"[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm The East Indian community in Canada 2007]" ({{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TL17vvRj?url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm|date=2014-10-15}}). [[Statistics Canada]]. Retrieved on November 10, 2014. "That year, roughly half of all foreign-born Canadians of East Indian origin were from India, while smaller numbers were from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, as well as East Africa"</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Elizabeth Kamala Nayar, author of ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]'', defined 'Indo-Canadians' as [[Canadians|persons born in Canada]] of [[Indian subcontinent]] origins.<ref name="NayarSikhDiaspp236">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. ''The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0802086314}}, 9780802086310. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA236 236]. See: "9 The term 'Indo-Canadians' came into use in the 1980s as a result of the Canadian government's policy and ideology of multiculturalism. It refers to Canadian-born people whose origins are on the Indian subcontinent." and "9 The term 'Indo-Canadians' came into use[...]"</ref> Kavita A. Sharma, author of ''The Ongoing Journey: Indian Migration to Canada'', wrote that she used 'Indo-Canadians' to only refer to those of origins from India who have Canadian citizenship. Otherwise she uses "Indo-Canadian" in an interchangeable manner with 'South Asians' and 'East Indians'.<ref>Sharma, Kavita A. ''The Ongoing Journey: Indian Migration to Canada''. [[Creative Books]], 1997. {{ISBN|8186318399}}, 9788186318393. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xr2ZAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Indians+who+have+acquired+Canadian+citizenship%22&dq=%22Indians+who+have+acquired+Canadian+citizenship%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mPtZVPSaItXcaqzrgfAC&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA 16]. "Notes 1 Indians are variously designated as East Indians, South Asians and Indo- Canadians. The terms are used interchangeably throughout this book except that 'Indo-Canadian' has been used for only those Indians who have acquired Canadian citizenship." - [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Indians+who+have+acquired+Canadian+citizenship%22&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1&gws_rd=ssl Search view], [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Indians+who+have+acquired+Canadian+citizenship%22&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1&gws_rd=ssl#newwindow=1&tbm=bks&q=%22Canadians.+The+terms+are%22 Search view #2]</ref> Priya S. Mani, the author of "Methodological Dilemmas Experienced in Researching Indo-Canadian Young Adults’ Decision-Making Process to Study the Sciences," defined "Indo-Canadian" as being children of persons who immigrated from South Asia to Canada.<ref>Mani, Priya S. ([[University of Manitoba]]). "[https://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/5_2/PDF/mani.pdf Methodological Dilemmas Experienced in Researching Indo-Canadian Young Adults’ Decision-Making Process to Study the Sciences]." ''[[International Journal of Qualitative Methods]]'' 5 (2) June 2006. PDF p. 2/14. "The term South Asian refers to the Statistics Canada classification, which includes young adults who identify as Sikh, Hindu, or Muslim religious background (Statistics Canada, 2001). In this article, the term Indo-Canadian refers to children of South Asian immigrants."</ref> Exploring [[brown identity]], Widyarini Sumartojo, in a PhD thesis, wrote that, while "'South Asian'...refers to a broader group of people, it is often used somewhat interchangeably with 'East Indian' and 'Indo-Canadian.'"<ref name="Sumartojop7" />{{Rp|7}}
| |
|
| |
| Despite the diversity in ethnic groups and places of origin among South Asians, previously the term 'South Asian' had been used to be synonymous with 'Indian'.<ref name=Hendersonp65>Henderson, Martha L. ''Geographical Identities of Ethnic America: Race, Space, and Place''. [[University of Nevada Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|0874174872}}, 9780874174878. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i9o8OkgLpTcC&pg=PA65 65].</ref> ''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]'' stated that the same population has been "referred to as South Asians, Indo-Canadians or East Indians," and that "[p]eople referred to as 'South Asian' view the term in the way that those from European countries might view the label 'European.'"<ref name=CanEncySouthAsian>"[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians/ South Asians]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110091602/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians/ |date=November 10, 2014 }}). ''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]''. Retrieved on November 10, 2014.</ref> According to Nayar, "many Canadian-born South Asians dislike the term because it differentiates them from other Canadians."<ref name="NayarSikhDiaspp236" /> Martha L. Henderson, author of ''Geographical Identities of Ethnic America: Race, Space, and Place'', argued that the 'South Asian' term "is meaningful as a defining boundary only in interactions between South Asians and mainstream Canadians."<ref name=Hendersonp65/> Henderson added that, because of the conflation of 'South Asian' and 'Indian', "[i]t is very difficult to isolate the history of Asian Indians in Canada from that of other South Asians."<ref name=Hendersonp65/>
| |
|
| |
| ==Notable people==
| |
| {{main list|List of Indo-Canadians}}
| |
|
| |
| ==See also==
| |
|
| |
| * [[Indian diaspora]]
| |
| * [[Indianisation]]
| |
| * [[Greater India]]
| |
| * [[South Asian Canadians]]
| |
| * [[Indo-Canadians in British Columbia]]
| |
| * [[Canada–India relations]]
| |
|
| |
| ==References==
| |
|
| |
| {{Reflist|30em}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Further reading==
| |
| {{Refbegin|40em}}
| |
| * Adhopia, Ajit. 1988. ''India to Canada: A Perspective of Indo-Canadians''. National Association of Indo-Canadians ([[Mississauga, Ontario]]).
| |
| * Badyal, Pindy P. 2003. ''[http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/14888/ubc_2003-791955.pdf?sequence=1 Lived Experience of Wife Abuse for Indo-Canadian Sikh Women]'' (Ph.D. thesis) ([https://www.webcitation.org/6TzVQtRyZ?url=http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/14888/ubc_2003-791955.pdf Archive]), [[The University of British Columbia]] (UBC). [http://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/14888 See Profile at] UBC.
| |
| * Dhruvarajan, Vanaja. 2003. "Second Generation Indo-Canadians: Change, Resistance and Adaptation". In ''Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora Canada'', Sushma J. Varma & Radhika Seshan (eds.). Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
| |
| * {{cite journal | last1 = Ghuman | first1 = P. A. S. | year = 1980 | title = Canadian or Indo-Canadian: A Study of South Asian Adolescents | journal = [[International Journal of Adolescence and Youth]] | volume = 4 | pages = 3–4 }}
| |
| * Klassen, Robert Mark. 2002. ''Motivation Beliefs of Indo-Canadian and Anglo-Canadian Early Adolescents: A Cross-cultural Investigation of Self- and Collective Efficacy'' (Ph.D. thesis), [[Simon Fraser University]].
| |
| * Mani, Priya Subra. 2003. ''Indo-Canadian Young Women's Career Decision-making Process to Enter the Applied Social Sciences: A Case Study Approach'' (Ph.D. thesis), [[University of Victoria]].
| |
| * Moulton, Edward C. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2756725 South Asian Studies in Canada, and the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute]." ''[[Pacific Affairs]]'', [[University of British Columbia]]. Vol. 51, No. 2 (Summer, 1978), pp. 245–264
| |
| {{Refend}}
| |
|
| |
| ==External links==
| |
| *[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/standard/themes/DataProducts.cfm?S=1&T=44&ALEVEL=2&FREE=0 Statistics Canada Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Information. Detailed Tables of the ones included in the Demographics section of this article.] "Look under East Indian or South Asian in the Tables"
| |
| *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150321131354/http://www.owlib.com/dir/dir.show?cat_id=2111 Hindu Temples in Canada]
| |
| *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120504020748/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/ Multicultural Canada website] includes oral histories and Indo-Canadian newspapers
| |
| *[http://komagatamarujourney.ca "Komagata Maru: Continuing the Journey"] Simon Fraser University Library website with digitized material pertaining to Indian immigration and settlement in Canada
| |
| *[http://www.asiancenturyinstitute.com/migration/470-the-indo-canadian-paradox/ Indo-Canadian Paradox]
| |
|
| |
| {{People of Canada}}
| |
| {{Canadians of Asian descent}}
| |
| {{NRI-PIO}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:Asian Canadian]]
| |
| [[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent| ]]
| |
| [[Category:Indian diaspora in Canada|Canadian]]
| |
| [[Category:Indo-Canadian culture]]
| |
| [[Category:South Asian Canadian]]
| |
| [[Category:Immigration to British Columbia|Indian immigration to Canada]]
| |
This page is a redirect. The following categories are used to track and monitor this redirect: