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| | #REDIRECT [[Adina Beg Khan]] |
| {{Infobox person
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| | name = Adina Beg
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| | image = Adina Beg tells his beads (6124587257).jpg
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| | birth_name =
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| | birth_date = c. 1710
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| | birth_place = [[Sharaqpur]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]]
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| | death_date = 15 September 1758
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| | death_place = [[Khanpur, Hoshiarpur|Khanpur]], Punjab, [[Maratha Empire]]
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| | other_names =
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| | occupation = [[Soldier]], [[Public administration|administrator]]
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| | years_active =
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| | known_for = Governor of the Punjab
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| | notable_works =
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| }}
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| '''Adina Beg Khan''' ({{Lang-pa|{{Nastaliq| آدینا بیگ خان آرائں }}}};
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| {{circa}} 1710 - 15 September 1758), was a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] soldier and administrator who served as the last [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]].
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| ==Early life==
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| Adina was born at the village of [[Sharakpur]], near [[Lahore]], the son of Channu, who belonged to the [[Arain]] tribe. He was brought up in Mughal homes, for the most part in Jalalabad, Khanpur and Bajvara in the [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar Doab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/home/biographical/muslims-rulers-and-sufi-saints/adina-beg-khan|title=Adina Beg Khan|date=19 December 2000}}</ref><ref name="auto">Thomas William Beale, An Oriental Biographical Dictionary: Founded on Materials Collected by the Late Thomas William Beale, BiblioBazaar, 2010</ref>
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| ==Rise to power==
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| Adina began his career as a soldier in the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]], however becoming disillusioned with his poor prospects he took up the more lucrative position of revenue collector in the village of [[Kang Khurd|Kang]] near [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]]. He soon came under the patronage of Lala Sri Nivas Dhir, a wealthy [[Hindu]] merchant from Sultanpur, and obtained the revenue contracts for all the villages in the territory of Kang.<ref name="Panjab Historical Society p.25">Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.25</ref> In 1739, aiming to replace the newly deceased district officer of Sultanpur, Adina travelled to Lahore and secured an interview with the Viceroy of the Punjab, [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]]. Impressing in his interview, the viceroy demanded security for his good behaviour, and on being guaranteed by Lala Sri Nivas, Adina was appointed [[faujdar]] of Sultanpur.<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.26</ref><ref name="auto1">Prof. Rajmohan Gandhi, Clash versus Commonsense, THAAP Journal 2014: Cultural Roots of Art & Architecture of the Punjab</ref> On his appointment he returned the favour by making his patron his assistant, and his patron's brother Bhwani Das, who knew Persian, his superintendent.<ref name="auto1"/>
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| That same year, [[Nader Shah]] [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|invaded the Mughal Empire]]. Sultanpur, located on the road from [[Lahore]] to [[Delhi]] was ravaged by Persian troops. Adina Beg's success in restoring order, providing relief and securing the relief of prisoners enhanced his reputation.<ref name="auto1"/> Zakariya Khan, learning of his performance, appointed him [[Subahdar]] of the Doaba with instructions to restrain the lawlessness and halt the rising threat of the [[Sikh]] [[Misl]]s.<ref name="auto1"/> Soon after his appointment Adina Beg dispatched troops against the Sikhs and carried out a massive slaughter against them.<ref>Lepel Griffin, Rajas of the Punjab, Vol-II</ref> Notably after restoring peace and order in the area, he ignored orders to take decisive steps to crush the Sikhs and instead pursued means of making peace with them.<ref name="auto2">Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, Vol-II</ref> Recognising the decline of his Mughal employers he sought to make alliances with local groups, and granted [[jagir]]s to a number of Sikhs whilst also employing many in his armed forces, notably [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref>Purnima Dhavan, When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799, Oxford University Press, 2 Nov 2011</ref>
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| ==Imprisonment==
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| Nader Shah's invasion resulted in widespread looting, and led to Zakariya Khan being unable to pay his soldiers. After widespread protests by the soldiers, Zakariya Khan ordered his Diwan Lakhpat Rai to make the payments. The Diwan was imprisoned when he refused to do so and his brother Jaspat Rai was then ordered to demand arrears from all the nazims and faujdars in order to raise money<ref name="auto1"/> Adina Beg subsequently found himself imprisoned for being in arrears and was stripped of his position as governor of the Doaba.<ref name="auto1"/>
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| After a year, Bhwani Das was released on the security of his brother Sri Navas and Adina escaped and fled to the hills. Bhwani Das was then re-arrested and order to disclose the accounts of Adina which he refused to do. He was then placed in a large pot and half boiled.<ref name="Panjab Historical Society p.25"/> The now released Diwan, Lakhpat Rai, was so impressed by his loyalty that he halted the punishment and granted him one request.<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.29</ref> The latter demanded the reinstatement of Adina, and after a warning he was awarded a robe of honour and made Deputy Governor of the Doaba under Shahnawaz, the son of Zakariya Khan<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, Later Mughal History of the Punjab (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, 1976)</ref>
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| ==Durrani Invasions==
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| The death of Zakariya Khan on 1 July 1745 created a power struggle to succeed him as viceroy and six months later his son Yahiya Khan was named as his successor.<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.30</ref> Recognising the hostility between Yahiya Khan and his younger brother Shahnawaz, Adina sought to develop relations with Yahiya whilst also maintaining the trust of Shahnawaz.<ref name="Panjab Historical Society p.25"/> To support the Yahiya government in Lahore he assisted in Lakhpat Rai's campaign against the Sikhs between April and June 1746. In November 1746, Shahnawaz began an insurrection and forcibly occupied Lahore demanding a complete division of his father's property. This time Adina placed himself in the camp of Shahnawaz and the following March, on hearing news that Yahiya was seeking to launch an attack against Shahnawaz, Adina led an attack near the tomb of Hazrat Ishan.<ref name="Panjab Historical Society p.25"/> Shahnawaz was victorious and marched into Lahore unopposed on 21 March 1747 to usurp the Punjab government. He subsequently appointed Adina in charge of civil and military affairs for the Doaba. Shahnawaz now lobbied the Delhi government to become subahdar of Lahore in return for the release of Yahiya. However on Yahiya's escape from captivity in July, Shahnawaz lost his bargaining power and on the advice of Adina he invited [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] to invade the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.33</ref>
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| Adina then notified the Delhi government of Shahnawaz's treachery, and on hearing of the news, the Delhi government hurriedly acquiesced to Shahnawaz's demands. They were however too late to halt [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Durrani's invasion]]. Durrani defeated his former ally Shahnawaz at Lahore before marching on Delhi. Adina was twice injured when assisting [[Moin-ul-Mulk]] (also known as Mir Mannu) in the decisive Mughal victory at the [[Battle of Manupur (1748)|Battle of Manupur]] which forced Durrani's retreat to [[Kabul]]. In return, the newly appointed subahdar of Lahore Mir Mannu reinstated Adina as faujdar of the Doaba. Durrani followed up his initial invasion a year later acquiring more territory to the west of the Indus river. During his third invasion, he defeated Mir Mannu at the [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|Battle of Lahore]] and established Afghan supremacy in the Punjab although he kept Mir Mannu in place as his governor at Lahore. Following the war, Adina tried to gain favour with Mir Mannu and offered his support to a campaign against the Sikhs in Jullundur as a means to dispel suspicions of his treachery during the Afghan invasions.<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.42</ref>
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| In 1752, whilst travelling in [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], he found the town of [[Dina Nagar|Adinanagar]].<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.43</ref>
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| ==Consolidating power==
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| On Mir Mannu's death on 3 November 1753, his two-year-old son was proclaimed viceroy, with his mother Surayya Begum becoming de facto ruler.<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.44</ref> Amid the political upheaval, Adina asserted independence from both the [[Durrani Empire]] and Mughal government at Delhi. In 1755, Adina drew the support of zamindars and an army of Sikhs to confront the threat of Qutb Khan who had seized Sirhind and On 11 April 1755, he met Qutb Khan in battle, emerging victorious and extending his control of the Doaba as far as [[Sirhind]]. He used his victory to demand the new territory from the Delhi government, and the Mughal Wazir noting their military incompetence and poverty agreed.<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.47</ref> Adina was conferred with the title Zafar Jung Bahadur and all the hill chiefs submitted to him and paid tribute. Now in control of Jullundur and Sirhind, Adina sought to acquire Lahore. Taking advantage of unrest in Lahore against the Begum's deputy Khwaja Abdullah, he marched on the capital and installed Sadiq Beg Khan to manage state affairs. This victory was however short lived as the Begum, with the help of the Afghans, drove Sadiq Beg Khan from power and restored Khwaja Abdullah's position. In 1756, the Mughal Wazir used Adina to conduct an intrigue to dispose the Begum from government in Lahore and bring her to Delhi.<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.49</ref> On completion of the mission, Adina was made subahdar of Lahore and [[Multan]] by the Mughal government at Delhi in return for an annual tribute of thirty lakh of rupees. The position was however short lived, as the Afghans successfully marched on Lahore to dispose Adina's deputy Sayyid Jamal-ud-Din and restore Khwaja Abdullah.
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| In November 1756, following advances from the Begum the Afghans launched a campaign to ransack Delhi. Adina, accompanied by Sadiq Beg and Jamal-ud-Din abandoned his positions and fled to [[Hansi]].<ref name="Panjab Historical Society p.53">Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.53</ref> The Afghans successfully sacked Delhi in 1757, and the Begum was granted the Doaba and Jammu and Kashmir as a fief. In turn the Begum invited Adina to rule the Doaba on her behalf. The new Viceroy at Lahore, Jahan Khan, then demanded the full obedience of Adina and threatened to lay waste to the Doaba if refused.<ref name="Panjab Historical Society p.53"/> Adina agreed, however soon disagreement over the payment of tribute to Jahan Khan heightened tensions. Jahan Khan invited Adina to court to discuss ways to subdue the Sikhs, but was rebuffed by Adina who sent agents in his place. A detachment of troops was then sent to arrest Adina, however he retired to the foothills and recruited a large body of Sikh soldiers to counter the detachment. The Sikhs led by Sodhi Bharbag Singh and [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] routed the Afghans and looted their luggage. In return Adina granted the Sikhs leave to pillage the Doaba including the city of Jullundur. Amid the looting and Afghan defeat, and anarchy persisted in the Punjab between November 1757 to February 1758.<ref>Panjab Historical Society, Journal Of The Punjab University Historical Society Vol.6, p.56</ref>
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| ==Afghan expulsion==
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| In early 1758, Adina sought out allies to expel the Afghans from the Punjab and restore stability. He struck a deal with Sikh leaders Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Sodhi Vadhbhag Singh, and with their help defeated the Afghans at [[Mahilpur]].<ref name="Jaswant Lal Mehta 1813">Jaswant Lal Mehta, Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 1 Jan 2005</ref> By March 1758 he had also enlisted the support of [[Raghunathrao]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], and together they expelled the Afghans from Lahore. The Punjab now came under Maratha rule, with Adina appointed [[subahdar]] of the Punjab in 1758 in return for a yearly tribute of seventy five lakh of rupees. Raghunathrao and [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] the two commanders-in-chief of the Maratha forces remained in Lahore for three months after which they retired to the [[Deccan]] leaving Adina in sole control.<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8|year=2004 }}</ref> Now in control of the entirety of the Punjab, Adina entrusted Lahore to his son-in-law Khwaja Mirza, and set up his headquarters in [[Batala]] nearer to his traditional power base in the Doaba.<ref name="Jaswant Lal Mehta 1813"/> To entrench his position he sought to eliminate his rivals, and declared his erstwhile allies the Sikhs, outlaws. He pursued two expeditions against the Sikhs, including an abortive siege of the mud fort Ram Rauni.<ref name="Jaswant Lal Mehta 1813"/>
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| ==Death==
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| On 15 September 1758, only a few months after his appointment, Adina Beg passed away at [[Khanpur, Hoshiarpur|Khanpur]] near [[Hoshiarpur]].<ref name="auto"/> The Marathas appointed Sabaji Bhonsle to succeed him as the governor of the Punjab.<ref>Percy Sykes, Hist Afghanistan V 1 & 2, Routledge, 10 Jul 2014,</ref> A tomb was erected at his grave in Khanpur.<ref name="auto"/> His life is described in an unpublished Persian manuscript, the ''Ahwal-i-Dina Beg Khan''.
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| ==In popular culture==
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| * In the 2010 historical TV series ''[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'' telecasted on [[DD National]], the character of Adina Beg is portrayed by [[Rajendra Gupta]].
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| == Gallery ==
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| {{Gallery
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| | File: Adina Beg Khan.jpg
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| | Elderly Adina Beg Khan
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| | File:Adina Beg tells his beads (6124587257).jpg
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| | Adina Beg with prayer beads
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| # Gupta, Hari Ram, History of the Sikhs, vol. II. Delhi, 1978
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| # Gandhi, Surjit Singh, Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty. Delhi, 1980
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| # Bhagat Singh, Sikh Polity. Delhi, 1978
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Beg, Adina}}
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| [[Category:People of the Maratha Empire]]
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| [[Category:Mughal Empire people]]
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| [[Category:1710s births]]
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| [[Category:1758 deaths]]
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| [[Category:Year of birth missing]]
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| [[Category:History of Punjab]]
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| [[Category:Punjabi people]]
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| [[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
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| [[Category:18th-century Indian politicians]]
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| [[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
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