Soomra dynasty: Difference between revisions

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{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Rajput Muslim dynasty in Sindh}}
{{Short description|Muslim dynasty in Sindh}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{Lang-sd|{{Naskh|سومرن جو خاندان}}|soomran jo Khaandan}}
| native_name            = {{Langx|sd|{{Naskh|سومرا گهراڻو}}}}
| conventional_long_name = Soomra dynasty
| conventional_long_name = Soomra dynasty
| common_name            = Sindh, Balochistan, Gujarat
| common_name            = Sindh, Balochistan, Gujarat
| status                =  
| status                = Vassals of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (1026–1351)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stanton |first1=Andrea |title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa, Volume 4 |date=2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=110 |isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&dq=soomras+vassal+abbasids&pg=RA3-PA110}}</ref><br />Tributary of the [[Ghaznavids]] (1026–1030)
| year_start            = 1026
| year_start            = 1026
| year_end              = 1356 (Continued in exile until 1440 in [[Umerkot]])
| year_end              = 1351 (Continued in exile until 1440 in [[Umerkot]])
| date_start            =  
| date_start            =  
| date_end              =  
| date_end              =  
Line 15: Line 15:
| event_end              = Soomra dynasty ends
| event_end              = Soomra dynasty ends
| p1                    = Habbari dynasty
| p1                    = Habbari dynasty
| flag_p1                = Map_of_the_Habbarid_Emirate.png
| flag_p1                =  
| p2                    =  
| p2                    =  
| flag_p2                =  
| flag_p2                =  
| s1                    = Samma dynasty
| s1                    = Samma Dynasty
| flag_s1                = Sindh EU4.jpg
| flag_s1                =  
| s2                    =  
| s2                    =  
| flag_s2                =  
| flag_s2                =  
Line 26: Line 26:
| image_map_caption      =  
| image_map_caption      =  
| religion              = [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]]
| religion              = [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]]
| capital                = Thari (in present-day [[Badin District]] in [[Sindh]])
| capital                = Mansura <small>(1026)</small><br />Thari (in present-day [[Badin District]] in [[Sindh]])
| official_languages    = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (in Arabic and Devanagari scripts)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panhwar |first1=M. H. |title=An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011–1351 AD |date=2003 |publisher=Soomra National Council, Pakistan |page=222 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lakho |first1=Ghulam Muhammad |title=The Samma Kingdom of Sindh: historical studies |date=2006 |publisher=Institute of Sindhology, University of Jamshoro |location=Jamshoro |isbn=9789694050782 |pages=176-177 |edition=1st}}</ref>
| common_languages      = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (native language)<br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (liturgical language)
| common_languages      = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (native language)<br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (liturgical language)
| government_type        = Monarchy
| government_type        = Monarchy
Line 45: Line 46:
}}
}}
{{History of Pakistan}}
{{History of Pakistan}}
The '''Soomra dynasty''' was a late medieval dynasty of [[Sindh]] ruled by the [[Soomro]] [[clan]] of [[Sindh]], and at times adjacent regions, located in what is now [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=The Arab Conquest |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2007 |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=91 |quote=The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).}}</ref>
The '''Soomra dynasty''' ({{langx|sd|{{Naskh|سومرا گهراڻو}}|translit=Sūmrā Gharāṇō}})<ref name="NB2021">{{cite book |last1=Balocu |first1=Nabī Bakhshu Khānu |title=Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāta |date=2021 |publisher=Sindhī Adabī Borḍ |page=1036}}</ref> was a late medieval dynasty of [[Sindh]] ruled by the [[Soomro]] [[tribe]] of [[Sindh]], and at times adjacent regions, located in what is now [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=The Arab Conquest |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2007 |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=91 |quote=The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).}}</ref>


== Sources ==
== Sources ==
The only extant source is the ''Diwan-i Farruhi'', a Persian chronicle by Abul-Hasan Ali describing [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]'s invasion (1025 AD) of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]], the erstwhile capital of Sindh.<ref name=":1" /> Contemporary coinage from Sindh is scarce and of poor quality with offset flans — while some of them can be read to contain the name of [[Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah]] and [[Al-Mustansir Billah]], the Fatimid Caliphs from 1021 until 1094, then, they lack in the name of the issuer and cannot evidence the dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fishman |first=A. M. |title=The silver damma : on the mashas, daniqs, qanhari dirhams and other diminutive coins of India, 600-1100 CE |last2=Todd |first2=I. J. |publisher=IIRNS Publications |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-938291-0-3 |location=Mumbai, India |pages=176-184 |language=en |chapter=Uncertain Late Habbarid and Soomra Sindh ca. 1000-50 CE |oclc=1097788735}}</ref>
The only extant source is the ''Diwan-i Farruhi'', a Persian chronicle by Abul-Hasan Ali describing [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]'s invasion (1025 AD) of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]], the erstwhile capital of Sindh.<ref name=":1" /> Contemporary coinage from Sindh is scarce and of poor quality with offset flans — while some of them can be read to contain the name of [[Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah]] and [[Al-Mustansir Billah]], the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Caliphs]] from 1021 until 1094, thereafter, they lack the name of the issuer and cannot evidence the dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fishman |first1=A. M. |title=The silver damma : on the mashas, daniqs, qanhari dirhams and other diminutive coins of India, 600–1100 CE |last2=Todd |first2=I. J. |publisher=IIRNS Publications |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-938291-0-3 |location=Mumbai, India |pages=176–184 |language=en |chapter=Uncertain Late Habbarid and Soomra Sindh ca. 1000-50 CE |oclc=1097788735}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
===Establishment===
===Establishment===
The early history of Soomras is sketchy. Ali describes the flight and eventual death by drowning of Hafif (var. Khafif), then-ruler of Sindh, during the faceoff with Mahmud but does not specify whether he was the last Habbarid or first Soomra.<ref name=":1" />{{efn|C. 1105, Isma'ilis of Multan had sought refuge in Masura during Ghazni's invasion of the city and reasons for his campaign(s) against Hafif are noted to be the flourishing river trade of Isma'ilis and his (Hafif's) alliance with Jats.}} Later chroniclers like [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] (c. late 12th c.) and [[Ibn Khaldun]] (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.<ref name=":1" /> The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this vacuum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Collinet|first=Annabelle|title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=|isbn=978-0-19-547503-6|editor-last=Boivin|editor-first=Michel|location=Karachi|pages=9, 11, 113 (note 43)|language=en|chapter=Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Boivin|first=Michel|title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=|isbn=978-0-19-547503-6|editor-last=Boivin|editor-first=Michel|location=Karachi|pages=30|language=en|chapter=Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh}}</ref>
The early history of Soomras is unclear. Ali describes the flight and eventual death by drowning of Hafif (var. Khafif), then-ruler of Sindh, during the faceoff with Mahmud but does not specify whether he was the last Habbarid or first Soomra.<ref name=":1" />{{efn|C. 1105, Isma'ilis of Multan had sought refuge in Masura during Ghazni's invasion of the city and reasons for his campaign(s) against Hafif are noted to be the flourishing river trade of Isma'ilis and his (Hafif's) alliance with Jats.}} Later chroniclers like [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] (c. late 12th c.) and [[Ibn Khaldun]] (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.<ref name=":1" /> The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this vacuum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Collinet|first=Annabelle|title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547503-6|editor-last=Boivin|editor-first=Michel|location=Karachi|pages=9, 11, 113 (note 43)|language=en|chapter=Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Boivin|first=Michel|title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547503-6|editor-last=Boivin|editor-first=Michel|location=Karachi|pages=30|language=en|chapter=Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh}}</ref>


They have been retrospectively claimed to be [[Parmar|Parmar Rajputs]] but without proof.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty |title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-2020-0 |pages=218 |language=en |quote=But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.}}</ref> Some of them were adherents of [[Isma'ilism]] — Arab travelers held them to be [[Qarmatians]], and correspondence with the Fatimid caliph, [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] has been located.<ref name=":2" />
According to [[André Wink]], the Soomras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as [[Arabs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&q=al+hind+andre+wink |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries |date=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |pages=166 |language=en|quote= The Sumras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs, and are clearly distinguishable from the pastoral-nomadic Jats or Mids.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Habibullah |title=The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD) |journal=University of Karachi |url=https://uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf}}</ref> They have been retrospectively claimed to be [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar Rajputs]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty |title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-2020-0 |pages=218 |language=en |quote=But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.}}</ref> In [[Ain-i-Akbari]] (16th century) the Soomra dynasty is mentioned as of a [[Rajput]] lineage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916 |title=Ain-i-akbari Of Abul Fazl I Allami Vol. 2 Ed. 2nd |date=1949 |pages=343}}</ref> Some of them were adherents of [[Isma'ilism]] — Arab travelers held them to be [[Qarmatians]], and correspondence with the Fatimid caliph, [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] has been located.<ref name=":2" />


=== Territory ===
=== Territory ===
The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] and [[Ghaznavids]] continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras.<ref name=":1" /> The precise delineations have yet to be discovered, but the Soomras were probably centered in lower Sindh.<ref name=":1" />  One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to [[Iltutmish]], the [[Sultan of Delhi]], and was allowed to continue as a vassal.<ref name="Ray2019">{{cite book |author=Aniruddha Ray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 |title=The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-000729-9 |pages=43–}}</ref>
The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] and [[Ghaznavids]] continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras.<ref name=":1" /> The precise delineations have yet to be discovered, but the Soomras were probably centered in lower Sindh.<ref name=":1" />  One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to [[Iltutmish]], the [[Sultan of Delhi]], and was allowed to continue as a vassal.<ref name="Ray2019">{{cite book |author=Aniruddha Ray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 |title=The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-000729-9 |pages=43–}}</ref>
 
== List of Soomro rulers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Lifespan
!Reign Start
!Reign End
|-
|Khafif
|976-1026
(aged 49-50)
|1010
|1026
|-
|[[Soomar]]
|998-1053
(aged 54-55)
|1026
|1053
|-
|[[Asimuddin Bhoongar|Bhungar I]]
|1023–1068
(aged 44–45)
|1053
|1068
|-
|Dodo I
|1046–1092
(aged 45–46)
|1068
|1092
|-
|[[Zainab Tari]]
|1068-?
|1092
|1098 (as Regent)
|-
|Sanghar
|1076–1107
(aged 30–31)
|1092
|1107
|-
|Khafif II
|1087–1142
(aged 54–55)
|1107
|1142
|-
|Umar I
|1095–1181
(aged 85–86)
|1142
|1181
|-
|Dodo II
|1134–1195
(aged 60–61)
|1181
|1195
|-
|Bhungar II
|1164–1226
(aged 61–62)
|1195
|1226
|-
|Chanesar
|1193–1237
(aged 43–44)
|(1st reign) 1226
|1228
|-
|Ganhwar
|1200–1241
(aged 40–41)
|(1st reign)
1228-
|1236
|-
|Chanesar
|1193–1371
(aged 43–44)
|(2nd reign) 1236
|1237
|-
|Ganhwar
|1200–1241
(aged 40–41)
|(2nd reign)
1237
|1241
|-
|Muhammad Tur
|1221–1256
(aged 34–35)
|1241
|1256
|-
|Ganhwar II
|1238–1259
(aged 20–21)
|1256
|1259
|-
|Dodo III
|1254–1273
(aged 19–20)
|1259
|1273
|-
|Tai
|1268–1283
(aged 14–15)
|1273
|1283
|-
|Chanesar II
|1270–1300
(aged 29–30)
|1283
|1300
|-
|Bhungar III
|1291–1315
(aged 23–24)
|1300
|1315
|-
|Khafif III
|1297–1333
(aged 35–36)
|1315
|1333
|-
|Dodo IV
|1298–1336
(aged 37–38)
|1333
|1336
|-
|Umar II
|1315–1337
(aged 21–22)
|1336
|1337
|-
|Bhungar IV
|1319–1341
(aged 21–22)
|1337
|1341
|-
|Hamir II
|1322–1351
(aged 28–29)
|1341
|1351
|}
 
== Kingdom of Umarkot ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Lifespan
!Reign Start
!Reign End
|-
|Umar III
|1340–1390
(aged 49–50)
|1351
|1390
|-
|Bhungar V
|1358–1400
(aged 41–42)
|1390
|1400
|-
|Hamir III
|1377–1440
(aged 62–63)
|1400
|1440
|}


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan|Sindh]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan|Sindh]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1351]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]

Latest revision as of 04:51, 16 March 2026


Soomra dynasty
Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.
1026–1351 (Continued in exile until 1440 in Umerkot)
Template:South Asia in 1175
StatusVassals of the Abbasid Caliphate (1026–1351)[1]
Tributary of the Ghaznavids (1026–1030)
CapitalMansura (1026)
Thari (in present-day Badin District in Sindh)
Official languagesSindhi (in Arabic and Devanagari scripts)[2][3]
Common languagesSindhi (native language)
Arabic (liturgical language)
Religion
Shia Ismaili
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Soomra dynasty begins
1026
• Soomra dynasty ends
1351 (Continued in exile until 1440 in Umerkot)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Habbari dynasty
Samma Dynasty
Today part ofSindh

Template:History of Pakistan The Soomra dynasty (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)[4] was a late medieval dynasty of Sindh ruled by the Soomro tribe of Sindh, and at times adjacent regions, located in what is now Pakistan.[5]

Sources[edit | edit source]

The only extant source is the Diwan-i Farruhi, a Persian chronicle by Abul-Hasan Ali describing Mahmud of Ghazni's invasion (1025 AD) of Mansura, the erstwhile capital of Sindh.[6] Contemporary coinage from Sindh is scarce and of poor quality with offset flans — while some of them can be read to contain the name of Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah and Al-Mustansir Billah, the Fatimid Caliphs from 1021 until 1094, thereafter, they lack the name of the issuer and cannot evidence the dynasty.[7]

History[edit | edit source]

Establishment[edit | edit source]

The early history of Soomras is unclear. Ali describes the flight and eventual death by drowning of Hafif (var. Khafif), then-ruler of Sindh, during the faceoff with Mahmud but does not specify whether he was the last Habbarid or first Soomra.[6][lower-alpha 1] Later chroniclers like Ali ibn al-Athir (c. late 12th c.) and Ibn Khaldun (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.[6] The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this vacuum.[6][8]

According to André Wink, the Soomras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs.[9][10] They have been retrospectively claimed to be Parmar Rajputs.[11] In Ain-i-Akbari (16th century) the Soomra dynasty is mentioned as of a Rajput lineage.[12] Some of them were adherents of Isma'ilism — Arab travelers held them to be Qarmatians, and correspondence with the Fatimid caliph, Al-Mustansir Billah has been located.[8]

Territory[edit | edit source]

The Ghurids and Ghaznavids continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras.[6] The precise delineations have yet to be discovered, but the Soomras were probably centered in lower Sindh.[6] One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi, and was allowed to continue as a vassal.[13]

List of Soomro rulers[edit | edit source]

Name Lifespan Reign Start Reign End
Khafif 976-1026

(aged 49-50)

1010 1026
Soomar 998-1053

(aged 54-55)

1026 1053
Bhungar I 1023–1068

(aged 44–45)

1053 1068
Dodo I 1046–1092

(aged 45–46)

1068 1092
Zainab Tari 1068-? 1092 1098 (as Regent)
Sanghar 1076–1107

(aged 30–31)

1092 1107
Khafif II 1087–1142

(aged 54–55)

1107 1142
Umar I 1095–1181

(aged 85–86)

1142 1181
Dodo II 1134–1195

(aged 60–61)

1181 1195
Bhungar II 1164–1226

(aged 61–62)

1195 1226
Chanesar 1193–1237

(aged 43–44)

(1st reign) 1226 1228
Ganhwar 1200–1241

(aged 40–41)

(1st reign)

1228-

1236
Chanesar 1193–1371

(aged 43–44)

(2nd reign) 1236 1237
Ganhwar 1200–1241

(aged 40–41)

(2nd reign)

1237

1241
Muhammad Tur 1221–1256

(aged 34–35)

1241 1256
Ganhwar II 1238–1259

(aged 20–21)

1256 1259
Dodo III 1254–1273

(aged 19–20)

1259 1273
Tai 1268–1283

(aged 14–15)

1273 1283
Chanesar II 1270–1300

(aged 29–30)

1283 1300
Bhungar III 1291–1315

(aged 23–24)

1300 1315
Khafif III 1297–1333

(aged 35–36)

1315 1333
Dodo IV 1298–1336

(aged 37–38)

1333 1336
Umar II 1315–1337

(aged 21–22)

1336 1337
Bhungar IV 1319–1341

(aged 21–22)

1337 1341
Hamir II 1322–1351

(aged 28–29)

1341 1351

Kingdom of Umarkot[edit | edit source]

Name Lifespan Reign Start Reign End
Umar III 1340–1390

(aged 49–50)

1351 1390
Bhungar V 1358–1400

(aged 41–42)

1390 1400
Hamir III 1377–1440

(aged 62–63)

1400 1440

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ C. 1105, Isma'ilis of Multan had sought refuge in Masura during Ghazni's invasion of the city and reasons for his campaign(s) against Hafif are noted to be the flourishing river trade of Isma'ilis and his (Hafif's) alliance with Jats.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Stanton, Andrea (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa, Volume 4. SAGE Publications. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7.
  2. ↑ Panhwar, M. H. (2003). An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011–1351 AD. Soomra National Council, Pakistan. p. 222.
  3. ↑ Lakho, Ghulam Muhammad (2006). The Samma Kingdom of Sindh: historical studies (1st ed.). Jamshoro: Institute of Sindhology, University of Jamshoro. pp. 176–177. ISBN 9789694050782.
  4. ↑ Balocu, Nabī Bakhshu Khānu (2021). Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāta. Sindhī Adabī Borḍ. p. 1036.
  5. ↑ "The Arab Conquest". International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. 36 (1): 91. 2007. The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Collinet, Annabelle (2008). "Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 11, 113 (note 43). ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6.
  7. ↑ Fishman, A. M.; Todd, I. J. (2018). "Uncertain Late Habbarid and Soomra Sindh ca. 1000-50 CE". The silver damma : on the mashas, daniqs, qanhari dirhams and other diminutive coins of India, 600–1100 CE. Mumbai, India: IIRNS Publications. pp. 176–184. ISBN 978-81-938291-0-3. OCLC 1097788735.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Boivin, Michel (2008). "Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies. Karachi: Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6.
  9. ↑ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. BRILL. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. The Sumras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs, and are clearly distinguishable from the pastoral-nomadic Jats or Mids.
  10. ↑ Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)" (PDF). University of Karachi.
  11. ↑ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 218. ISBN 978-969-35-2020-0. But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.
  12. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1949). Ain-i-akbari Of Abul Fazl I Allami Vol. 2 Ed. 2nd. p. 343.
  13. ↑ Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-00-000729-9.

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