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{{Short description|Shaivite school of philosophy from Southern India}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} | ||
{{Hindu philosophy}} | {{Hindu philosophy}} | ||
'''Shiva Advaita''' ([[Devanagari]]:शिवाद्वैत, {{ | '''Shiva Advaita''' ([[Devanagari]]:शिवाद्वैत, Tamil: சிவாத்வைதம், ''Śivādvaitam'', {{langx|kn|ಶಿವಾದ್ವೈತ}}, {{IAST|Śivādvaita}}), also known as {{IAST|Śiva Viśiṣṭādvaita}} or [[Shaivite]] ''[[Vishishtadvaita|qualified nondualism]]'',{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1962|p=2}}{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2003|p=1223}} refers to Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya's (dated 11th-15th century CE{{sfn|Radhakrishna|1960|pp=66}}{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1962|p=7}}{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2003|p=1223}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009}}{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=68, note 2}}) [[Southern India]] [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] commentary on the [[Brahma Sutras]], which considers [[Shiva]] supreme,{{sfn|Johnson|2009}} and to Appayya's 16th century CE{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=67}} commentary on Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya's stance.{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=68, note 1}} | ||
|url=http:// | |||
==Origins== | |||
Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya (also known as Nīlakaṇṭha Śivācārya) composed the Srikanta Bhashyam,{{sfn|Kantha|1897}} a commentary on the [[Brahma Sutras]], which became known as Śivādvaita.{{sfn|Ramesan|1972|p=67}} The time frame of Śrīkaṇṭha's work is not exactly known, but it is argued to fall somewhere between the 11th and 11 century,{{sfn|Radhakrishna|1960|pp=66}}{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1962|p=7}}{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2003|p=1223}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009}}{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=68, note 2}} with the 14th to 15th century being more likely, according to Duquette.{{sfn|Duquette|2016}}{{efn|Kasivasi Senthinatha Iyer places it in the 7th century, arguing that it appeared before all the [[Brahma Sutras|Bhashyams]] like [[Shankaracharya|Shankara]], [[Ramanuja]], and [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=தமிழில் காசிவாசி செந்திநாதையர் |url=http://archive.org/details/Acc.No.16426BrahmasutraSivadvaitaSaivapadiyam2005 |title=பிரமசூத்திர சிவாத்துவித சைவபாடியம் |date=2005}}</ref>}} [[Appayya Dikshita|Sri Appayya Dikshita]] (16th century CE{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=67}}) contributed further to Shiva Advaita by expounding Śrīkaṇṭha's philosophy in his Sivarka Mani Dipika.{{sfn|Ramesan|1972|p=67}} | |||
==Tenets== | |||
The theory of ''Śivadvaita'' resembles very closely Ramanuja's ''[[Vishishtadvaita|Viśiṣṭādvaita]]'' non-dualism doctrine,{{efn|Compared to the Smārta tradition of Advaita, which regards Shiva as a manifestation of saguṇa Brahman ultimately dissolving into the impersonal nirguṇa Brahman, Srikanta’s Shiva Advaita is more sectarian and theistic, emphasizing Shiva as the unique and supreme Parabrahman.}} but differs in who is considered Supreme. While Ramanuja considers Vishnu to be supreme, Śrīkaṇṭha considers Shiva supreme.{{sfn|Ramesan|1972|p=67}}{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2003|p=1223}}{{sfn|Ramesan|1972|p=67}} While Śrīkaṇṭha does not deny [[Nirguna Brahman]], which is central to [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]],{{sfn|Duquette|2016}} he affirms the supremacy of [[Saguna brahman|Saguna Brahman]], typical of qualified non-dualism. However, Appayya affirms a form of pure non-dualism, and recasts Śrīkaṇṭha's work in an effort to establish Shiva Advaita in his ''Śivādvaitanirṇaya''.{{sfn|Duquette|2016}} | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notelist}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ | {{reflist}} | ||
==Sources== | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
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* {{cite book | last =Chaudhuri | first =Roma | year =1962 | title =Doctrine Of Srikantha Vol 1&2 | publisher =Institute of Oriental Learning | url =https://archive.org/details/doctrine-of-srikantha-2vols/Doctrine%20of%20Srikantha%20Vol%2001/page/n7/mode/1up}} | |||
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* {{cite book | last =Dalal | first =Roshen | year =2014 | author-link =Roshen Dalal | chapter =Shivadvaita | title =Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9788184752779 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ}} | |||
* {{Cite journal |last=Duquette |first=Jonathan |date=2016 |title=Reading Non-Dualism in Śivādvaita Vedānta: An Argument from the Śivādvaitanirṇaya in Light of the Śivārkamaṇidīpikā |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157294 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |doi=10.1007/s10781-014-9231-x |jstor=44157294 |s2cid=171076332 |issn=0022-1791|url-access=subscription }} | |||
<!-- J --> | |||
* {{cite book| last =Johnson | first =W. J. | year =2009 | title =A Dictionary of Hinduism | |||
| url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-2285 | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-861025-0 | via=[[Oxford Reference]]}} {{closed access}} | |||
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* {{Cite book |last=Kantha |date=1897| title =The Vedanta Sutras With SriKantha Bhashya | translator-last =Mahadeva Sastri |url=http://archive.org/details/TheVedantaSutrasWithSriKanthaBhashya_201712 }} | |||
<!-- R --> | |||
* {{cite book | last =Radhakrishna | first =Sarvepalli | author-link =Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | year =1960 | title =Brahma Sutra, The Philosophy of Spiritual Life | url =https://archive.org/stream/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life/Radhakrishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life#page/n21/mode/2up}} | |||
* {{Cite book | last=Ramesan |first=N. | date =1972 | title=Sri Appayya Dikshita |publisher=Srimad Appayya Dikshitendra Granthavali Prakasana Samithi; [sole distributors: B. G. Paul, Madras |pages=67 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAkYAAAAIAAJ }} | |||
<!-- S --> | |||
* {{cite book|last=Subramuniyaswami|first=Satguru Sivaya|year=2003|title=Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications|isbn=978-0-945497-99-8}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
* {{cite book | last =Chaudhuri | first =Roma | year =1962 | title =Doctrine Of Srikantha Vol 1&2 | publisher =Institute of Oriental Learning | url =https://archive.org/details/doctrine-of-srikantha-2vols/Doctrine%20of%20Srikantha%20Vol%2001/page/n7/mode/1up | ref=none}} | |||
[[Category:Hindu philosophy]] | [[Category:Hindu philosophy]] | ||
[[Category:Advaita]] | [[Category:Advaita]] | ||
[[Category:Shaivism]] | [[Category:Shaivism]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Schools and traditions in ancient Indian philosophy]] | ||
[[Category:Advaita Shaivism]] | [[Category:Advaita Shaivism]] | ||
{{Hindu-philo-stub}} | {{Hindu-philo-stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 07:19, 30 November 2025
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Shiva Advaita (Devanagari:शिवाद्वैत, Tamil: சிவாத்வைதம், Śivādvaitam, Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., Śivādvaita), also known as Śiva Viśiṣṭādvaita or Shaivite qualified nondualism,[1][2] refers to Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya's (dated 11th-15th century CE[3][4][2][5][6][7]) Southern India Shaivite commentary on the Brahma Sutras, which considers Shiva supreme,[5] and to Appayya's 16th century CE[8] commentary on Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya's stance.[9]
Origins[edit | edit source]
Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya (also known as Nīlakaṇṭha Śivācārya) composed the Srikanta Bhashyam,[10] a commentary on the Brahma Sutras, which became known as Śivādvaita.[11] The time frame of Śrīkaṇṭha's work is not exactly known, but it is argued to fall somewhere between the 11th and 11 century,[3][4][2][5][6][7] with the 14th to 15th century being more likely, according to Duquette.[12][lower-alpha 1] Sri Appayya Dikshita (16th century CE[8]) contributed further to Shiva Advaita by expounding Śrīkaṇṭha's philosophy in his Sivarka Mani Dipika.[11]
Tenets[edit | edit source]
The theory of Śivadvaita resembles very closely Ramanuja's Viśiṣṭādvaita non-dualism doctrine,[lower-alpha 2] but differs in who is considered Supreme. While Ramanuja considers Vishnu to be supreme, Śrīkaṇṭha considers Shiva supreme.[11][2][11] While Śrīkaṇṭha does not deny Nirguna Brahman, which is central to Advaita,[12] he affirms the supremacy of Saguna Brahman, typical of qualified non-dualism. However, Appayya affirms a form of pure non-dualism, and recasts Śrīkaṇṭha's work in an effort to establish Shiva Advaita in his Śivādvaitanirṇaya.[12]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Kasivasi Senthinatha Iyer places it in the 7th century, arguing that it appeared before all the Bhashyams like Shankara, Ramanuja, and Madhva.[13]
- ↑ Compared to the Smārta tradition of Advaita, which regards Shiva as a manifestation of saguṇa Brahman ultimately dissolving into the impersonal nirguṇa Brahman, Srikanta’s Shiva Advaita is more sectarian and theistic, emphasizing Shiva as the unique and supreme Parabrahman.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Chaudhuri 1962, p. 2.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Subramuniyaswami 2003, p. 1223.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Radhakrishna 1960, pp. 66.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chaudhuri 1962, p. 7.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Johnson 2009.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dalal 2014.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Duquette 2016, p. 68, note 2.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Duquette 2016, p. 67.
- ↑ Duquette 2016, p. 68, note 1.
- ↑ Kantha 1897.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Ramesan 1972, p. 67.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Duquette 2016.
- ↑ தமிழில் காசிவாசி செந்திநாதையர் (2005). பிரமசூத்திர சிவாத்துவித சைவபாடியம்.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Chaudhuri, Roma (1962). Doctrine Of Srikantha Vol 1&2. Institute of Oriental Learning.
- Dalal, Roshen (2014). "Shivadvaita". Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. ISBN 9788184752779.
- Duquette, Jonathan (2016). "Reading Non-Dualism in Śivādvaita Vedānta: An Argument from the Śivādvaitanirṇaya in Light of the Śivārkamaṇidīpikā". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 44 (1): 67–79. doi:10.1007/s10781-014-9231-x. ISSN 0022-1791. JSTOR 44157294. S2CID 171076332.
- Johnson, W. J. (2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861025-0 – via Oxford Reference.
- Kantha (1897). The Vedanta Sutras With SriKantha Bhashya. Translated by Mahadeva Sastri.
- Radhakrishna, Sarvepalli (1960). Brahma Sutra, The Philosophy of Spiritual Life.
- Ramesan, N. (1972). Sri Appayya Dikshita. Srimad Appayya Dikshitendra Granthavali Prakasana Samithi; [sole distributors: B. G. Paul, Madras. p. 67.
- Subramuniyaswami, Satguru Sivaya (2003). Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics. Himalayan Academy Publications. ISBN 978-0-945497-99-8.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Chaudhuri, Roma (1962). Doctrine Of Srikantha Vol 1&2. Institute of Oriental Learning.
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