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{{ | {{Short description|Chinese translator, voyager, and writer (c. 1380–1460)}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} | ||
[[File: | {{Infobox writer | ||
'''Ma Huan''' ({{zh|s=马欢|t=馬歡|p=Mǎ Huān}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab| ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮًا }}) ( | | name = Ma Huan | ||
| image = | |||
| caption = | |||
| birth_name = Ma Huan | |||
| birth_date = c. 1380 | |||
| birth_place = [[Kuaiji Commandery]], [[Zhejiang]], China | |||
| death_date = c. 1460 | |||
| death_place = | |||
| occupation = Explorer, Translator, Travel writer | |||
| language = Chinese, Arabic | |||
| nationality = Chinese | |||
| notableworks = ''Yingya Shenglan'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) | |||
| spouse = | |||
| children = | |||
| relatives = | |||
| awards = | |||
}} | |||
[[File:Yingya Shenglan (Jilu Huiban), first page.jpg|thumb|First page of the ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (1451) by Ma Huan, as collected in the ''Jilu Huibian'' (1617)]] | |||
'''Ma Huan''' ({{zh|s=马欢|t=馬歡|p=Mǎ Huān}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab| ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮًا }}) ({{circa}} 1380–1460<ref name=ency>{{cite book | |||
|contribution=Ma Huan | |contribution=Ma Huan | ||
|first=A.D.W. | last=Forbes | |first=A. D. W. | last=Forbes | ||
|editor-first=C.E. |editor-last=Bosworth |isbn=90-04-07164-4 |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1983 | |editor-first=C.E. |editor-last=Bosworth |isbn=90-04-07164-4 |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1983 | ||
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849 | pages=849–850}}</ref>), courtesy name '''Zongdao''' ({{Zh|c=宗道|s=|t=|p=Zōngdào}}), pen name '''Mountain-woodcutter''' (會稽山樵), was a | |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849 | pages=849–850}}</ref>), courtesy name '''Zongdao''' ({{Zh|c=宗道|s=|t=|p=Zōngdào}}), pen name '''Mountain-woodcutter''' (會稽山樵), was a Chinese explorer, translator, and travel writer who accompanied Admiral [[Zheng He]] on three of his [[Treasure voyages|seven expeditions to the Western Oceans]]. Ma was a [[Muslim]] and was born in [[Zhejiang]]'s [[Kuaiji Commandery]], an area within the modern borders of [[Shaoxing]]. He knew several Classical Chinese and Buddhist texts. He learned Arabic to be able to translate.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&dq=hui+muslims+chinese+new+year&pg=PA849|title=Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5|author-first1=Sir H. A. R. |author-last1=Gibb|orig-year=1954|year=1983|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=90-04-07164-4|page=849|access-date=2011-03-26}}</ref> | ||
In | == Expeditions and writings == | ||
In Ma Huan's fourth imperial expedition in 1413, he sailed south and west from China and into the Indian ocean, visiting [[Champa]], [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Palembang]], [[Siam]], [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] and [[Ormus|Hormuz]]. | |||
In the 1421 expedition, he visited [[Malacca]], [[Sultanate of Deli|Aru]], [[Sumatra]], [[Trincomalee]], [[Ceylon]], Kochi, [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Zufar]] and Hormuz. | In the 1421 expedition, he visited [[Malacca]], [[Sultanate of Deli|Aru]], [[Sumatra]], [[Trincomalee]], [[Ceylon]], Kochi, [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Zufar]] and Hormuz. | ||
In the 1431 expedition, he visited [[Bengal]], [[Chittagong]], [[Sonargaon]], [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] and Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by | In the 1431 expedition, he visited [[Bengal]], [[Chittagong]], [[Sonargaon]], [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] and Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by Eunuch [[Hong Bao]] as emissary to [[Mecca]]. | ||
During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes | During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes on the geography, politics, weather conditions, environment, economy, local customs, and even methods of punishment for criminals. Returning home on his first expedition, he began writing a book on his expedition, the first draft of which was ready around 1416. He expanded and modified his draft during later expeditions, the final version was finalized around 1451. The title of his book was ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores). | ||
During the [[Ming dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]], there were many printed and handcopied editions. The latest authentic text of a printed version was edited and annotated by historian {{ill|Feng Chengjun|zh|馮承鈞}}. A newer edition, based on Ming dynasty handcopied editions, was recently published by Ocean Publishing House in China. | During the [[Ming dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]], there were many printed and handcopied editions. The latest authentic text of a printed version was edited and annotated by historian {{ill|Feng Chengjun|zh|馮承鈞}}. A newer edition, based on Ming dynasty handcopied editions, was recently published by Ocean Publishing House in China. | ||
An annotated English translation by [[J.V.G. Mills]] (1887–1987) was published by the [[Hakluyt Society]] in 1970,<ref> | An annotated English translation by [[J.V.G. Mills]] (1887–1987) was published by the [[Hakluyt Society]] in 1970,<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2053070|doi=10.2307/2053070|author-first1=Jung-Pang|author-last1=Lo|volume=31|number=1|date=November 1971|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|pages=181-182|title=Book Reviews: Ma Huan, Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores}}</ref> and reprinted in 1997 by The White Lotus Press in Bangkok. Mills's translation was based on the edition by Feng Cheng jun. | ||
The ''Yingya Shenglan'' is considered by sinologists worldwide as a primary source for the history of Ming dynasty naval exploration, history of [[South East Asia]] and [[history of India]]. | The ''Yingya Shenglan'' is considered by sinologists worldwide as a primary source for the history of Ming dynasty naval exploration, history of [[South East Asia]] and [[history of India]]. | ||
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=== Sources === | === Sources === | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
* Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433 by Ma Huan, translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, [[ | * Ying-yai Sheng-lan, [https://archive.org/details/ying-yai-sheng-lan-1433/page/n3/mode/2up The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433 by Ma Huan], translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, [[Hakluyt Society]], London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}} ({{Google books|DjQ9AAAAIAAJ|restricted online copy|page=}}) | ||
* [[Paul Pelliot]], Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du 15ème siècle. | * [[Paul Pelliot]], Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du 15ème siècle. | ||
* [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001/acref-9780195130751-e-0502 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History]. Oxford Reference. | |||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ma, Huan}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Ma, Huan}} | ||
[[Category:1380s births]] | |||
[[Category:1460 deaths]] | |||
[[Category:14th-century Chinese people]] | [[Category:14th-century Chinese people]] | ||
[[Category:15th-century Chinese | [[Category:15th-century Chinese writers]] | ||
[[Category:15th-century | [[Category:15th-century translators]] | ||
[[Category:Chinese translators]] | |||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category:Chinese explorers]] | [[Category:Chinese explorers]] | ||
[[Category:15th-century explorers]] | |||
[[Category:Ming dynasty Muslims]] | |||
[[Category:Chinese travel writers]] | |||
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]] | [[Category:Explorers of Asia]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Explorers of South Asia]] | ||
[[Category:Medieval Kerala]] | |||
[[Category:Hui people]] | [[Category:Hui people]] | ||
[[Category:Ming dynasty translators]] | [[Category:Ming dynasty translators]] | ||
[[Category:Ming treasure voyages]] | |||
[[Category:Writers from Shaoxing]] | [[Category:Writers from Shaoxing]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:15th-century travel writers]] | ||
Latest revision as of 12:06, 3 March 2026
Ma Huan | |
|---|---|
| Born | Ma Huan c. 1380 Kuaiji Commandery, Zhejiang, China |
| Died | c. 1460 |
| Occupation | Explorer, Translator, Travel writer |
| Language | Chinese, Arabic |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Notable works | Yingya Shenglan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores) |
,_first_page.jpg)
Ma Huan (simplified Chinese: 马欢; traditional Chinese: 馬歡; pinyin: Mǎ Huān, Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮًا) (c. 1380–1460[1]), courtesy name Zongdao (Chinese: 宗道; pinyin: Zōngdào), pen name Mountain-woodcutter (會稽山樵), was a Chinese explorer, translator, and travel writer who accompanied Admiral Zheng He on three of his seven expeditions to the Western Oceans. Ma was a Muslim and was born in Zhejiang's Kuaiji Commandery, an area within the modern borders of Shaoxing. He knew several Classical Chinese and Buddhist texts. He learned Arabic to be able to translate.[2]
Expeditions and writings[edit | edit source]
In Ma Huan's fourth imperial expedition in 1413, he sailed south and west from China and into the Indian ocean, visiting Champa, Java, Sumatra, Palembang, Siam, Kochi and Hormuz.
In the 1421 expedition, he visited Malacca, Aru, Sumatra, Trincomalee, Ceylon, Kochi, Calicut, Zufar and Hormuz.
In the 1431 expedition, he visited Bengal, Chittagong, Sonargaon, Gaur and Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by Eunuch Hong Bao as emissary to Mecca.
During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes on the geography, politics, weather conditions, environment, economy, local customs, and even methods of punishment for criminals. Returning home on his first expedition, he began writing a book on his expedition, the first draft of which was ready around 1416. He expanded and modified his draft during later expeditions, the final version was finalized around 1451. The title of his book was Yingya Shenglan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores).
During the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty, there were many printed and handcopied editions. The latest authentic text of a printed version was edited and annotated by historian Feng Chengjun. A newer edition, based on Ming dynasty handcopied editions, was recently published by Ocean Publishing House in China.
An annotated English translation by J.V.G. Mills (1887–1987) was published by the Hakluyt Society in 1970,[3] and reprinted in 1997 by The White Lotus Press in Bangkok. Mills's translation was based on the edition by Feng Cheng jun.
The Yingya Shenglan is considered by sinologists worldwide as a primary source for the history of Ming dynasty naval exploration, history of South East Asia and history of India.
Some scholars who have done research work on Ma Huan are J.J.L. Duyvendak, F. Hirth, Paul Pelliot, Feng Chengjun, Xiang Da, J.V.G. Mills.
See also[edit | edit source]
- Fei Xin, another participants of Zheng He's expeditions who wrote a book
- The "Mao Kun map" in Wubei Zhi
References[edit | edit source]
Citations[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Forbes, A. D. W. (1983). "Ma Huan". In Bosworth, C.E. (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. E.J. Brill. pp. 849–850. ISBN 90-04-07164-4.
- ↑ Gibb, Sir H. A. R. (1983) [1954]. Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5. Brill Archive. p. 849. ISBN 90-04-07164-4. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
- ↑ Lo, Jung-Pang (November 1971). "Book Reviews: Ma Huan, Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores". The Journal of Asian Studies. 31 (1): 181–182. doi:10.2307/2053070. JSTOR 2053070.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433 by Ma Huan, translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, Hakluyt Society, London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. ISBN 974-8496-78-3 (restricted online copy at Google Books)
- Paul Pelliot, Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du 15ème siècle.
- The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History. Oxford Reference.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Gordon, Stewart. When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East" Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008. ISBN 0-306-81556-7.
- J. V. G. Mills (tr.) (1970). Ma Huan: Ying-yai sheng-lan 'The overall survey of the ocean's shores' (1433), translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng-chün. Cambridge University Press.