>Monkbot m Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 2 templates: del empty params (1×); hyphenate params (2×); |
Updated article with clearer structure |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Indian dynasty}} | |||
{{for|other Kalachuris dynasties|Kalachuri dynasty (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}} | {{more citations needed|date=July 2013}} | ||
{{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
|conventional_long_name = | | conventional_long_name = Kalachuris of Kalyani | ||
|common_name = Kalachuri | | common_name = Kalachuri | ||
|government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]] | | government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]] | ||
|year_start = | | year_start = 1156–1181 | ||
|year_end = | | year_end = | ||
|p1 = Western | | p1 = Western Chalukya Empire | ||
|flag_p1 = | | flag_p1 = | ||
|s1 = Seuna | | s1 = Seuna (Yadava) dynasty | ||
|flag_s1 = | | flag_s1 = | ||
|s2 = Hoysala | | s2 = Hoysala Kingdom | ||
|flag_s2 = | | flag_s2 = | ||
|image_map = | | image_map = | ||
|image_map_caption = | | image_map_caption = | ||
|capital = Kalyani ([[Basavakalyana]]) | | capital = Kalyani ([[Basavakalyana]]) | ||
|common_languages = [[Kannada]] | | common_languages = [[Kannada]]<br>[[Sanskrit]] | ||
|religion = [[ | | religion = [[Jainism]] (primary)<br>[[Hinduism]] | ||
|currency = | | currency = | ||
|title_leader = | | title_leader = | ||
|leader1 = | | leader1 = | ||
|year_leader1 = | | year_leader1 = | ||
|stat_area1 = | | stat_area1 = | ||
|today = | | today = | ||
| image_coat = Kalachuris of Kalyana. temp Bijjala.jpg | |||
| coa_size = 280px | |||
| symbol_type = Coinage of the Kalachuris of Kalyana, from the time of [[Bijjala II|Bijjala]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1172 A.D.) at the Jain temple in Lakkundi.JPG|thumb|upright|Old Kannada inscription of Rayamuri Sovideva dated 1172 CE at the [[Brahma Jinalaya, Lakkundi|Jain temple in Lakkundi]], Gadag district, Karnataka state]] | |||
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1172 A.D.) at the Jain temple in Lakkundi.JPG|thumb|upright|Old Kannada inscription of Rayamuri Sovideva dated 1172 CE at the Jain temple in Lakkundi, Gadag district, Karnataka state]] | |||
[[File:Kudalasangama.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Sangamanatha temple at [[Kudalasangama]], [[North Karnataka]]]] | [[File:Kudalasangama.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Sangamanatha temple at [[Kudalasangama]], [[North Karnataka]]]] | ||
The '''Kalachuris of Kalyani''' were a 12th-century Indian dynasty, who ruled over parts of present-day northern [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]]. This dynasty rose to power in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region between 1156 and 1181 | The '''Kalachuris of Kalyani''', also '''Southern Kalachuris''', were a 10th-12th-century Indian dynasty, who ruled over parts of present-day northern [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]]. This dynasty rose to its peak power in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region between 1156 and 1181. | ||
The rulers of the dynasty traced their origins to one Krishna, who is said to have conquered [[Kalinjar]] and [[Dahala]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] (see [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]). Bijjala, a viceroy of the dynasty, is said to have established the authority over [[Karnataka]] after wresting power from the [[Chalukya]] king Taila III. Bijjala was succeeded by his sons Someshvara and Sangama but after 1181 CE, the Chalukyas gradually retrieved the territory. Their rule was short and turbulent and yet very important from a socio-religious point of view; a new sect known as the [[Lingayat]] or [[Virashaiva]] sect was founded during these times in a time extent of 25 years.<ref name="Students' Britannica India">Students' Britannica India By Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani.</ref> | The rulers of the dynasty traced their origins to one Krishna, who is said to have conquered [[Kalinjar]] and [[Dahala]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] (see [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]). Bijjala, a viceroy of the dynasty, is said to have established the authority over [[Karnataka]] after wresting power from the [[Chalukya]] king Taila III. Bijjala was succeeded by his sons Someshvara and Sangama but after 1181 CE, the Chalukyas gradually retrieved the territory. Their rule was short and turbulent and yet very important from a socio-religious point of view; a new sect known as the [[Lingayat]] or [[Virashaiva]] sect was founded during these times in a time extent of 25 years.<ref name="Students' Britannica India">Students' Britannica India By Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani.</ref> | ||
| Line 35: | Line 39: | ||
A unique and purely native form of [[Kannada]] literature-poetry called the ''Vachanas'' was also born during this time. The writers of ''[[Vachanas]]'' were called ''Vachanakaras'' (poets). Many other important works like Virupaksha Pandita's ''Chennabasavapurana'', Dharani Pandita's ''Bijjalarayacharite'' and Chandrasagara Varni's ''Bijjalarayapurana'' were also written. | A unique and purely native form of [[Kannada]] literature-poetry called the ''Vachanas'' was also born during this time. The writers of ''[[Vachanas]]'' were called ''Vachanakaras'' (poets). Many other important works like Virupaksha Pandita's ''Chennabasavapurana'', Dharani Pandita's ''Bijjalarayacharite'' and Chandrasagara Varni's ''Bijjalarayapurana'' were also written. | ||
==Origin== | ==History== | ||
===Origin=== | |||
The Kalachuris of Kalyani overthrew the [[Kalyani Chalukyas]] in the early part of the ''12th century'', and had a relatively short but stormy rule.<ref>{{cite web | The Kalachuris of Kalyani overthrew the [[Kalyani Chalukyas]] in the early part of the ''12th century'', and had a relatively short but stormy rule.<ref>{{cite web | ||
| Line 41: | Line 47: | ||
|title=Chalukyas of Kalyana (973- 1198 CE) | |title=Chalukyas of Kalyana (973- 1198 CE) | ||
|access-date=2009-03-31 | |access-date=2009-03-31 | ||
}}</ref> The name "Kalachuri" is shared by multiple earlier dynasties, two of which ruled in central India. Some historians such as Dr. P.B. Desai believe that the southern Kalachuris of Kalyani are descendants of these central Indian dynasties. In the 6th century, before the rise of the [[Chalukyas of Badami|Badami Chalukyas]], the [[ | }}</ref> The name "Kalachuri" is shared by multiple earlier dynasties, two of which ruled in central India. Some historians such as Dr. P.B. Desai believe that the southern Kalachuris of Kalyani are descendants of these central Indian dynasties. In the 6th century, before the rise of the [[Chalukyas of Badami|Badami Chalukyas]], the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati]] had carved out an extensive empire covering areas of Gujarat, [[Malwa]], [[Konkan]] and parts of Maharashtra. However, after their crippling defeat at the hands of Chalukya [[Mangalesha]], they remained in obscurity for a prolonged period of time. Subsequently, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] and their branches rose to power in central India. | ||
An 1174 CE record says the Kalyani Kalachuri dynasty was founded by one Soma who grew beard and moustache to save himself from the wrath of Parashurama, and thereafter the family came to be known as "Kalachuris", Kalli meaning a long moustache and churi meaning a sharp knife. They migrated to the south and made Magaliveda or Mangalavedhe (Mangalavada) their capital. They titled themselves Kalanjara-puravaradhisvara ("Lord of [[Kalanjara]]"), which indicates their central Indian origin. Their emblem was Suvarna Vrishabha or the golden bull. They must have started as modest feudatories of the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]]. They were also referred to as Katachuris (shape of a sharp knife) and ''[[Haihayas|Haihaya]]'' (or ''Heheya''). | An 1174 CE record says the Kalyani Kalachuri dynasty was founded by one Soma who grew beard and moustache to save himself from the wrath of Parashurama, and thereafter the family came to be known as "Kalachuris", Kalli meaning a long moustache and churi meaning a sharp knife. They migrated to the south and made Magaliveda or Mangalavedhe (Mangalavada) their capital. They titled themselves Kalanjara-puravaradhisvara ("Lord of [[Kalanjara]]"), which indicates their central Indian origin. Their emblem was Suvarna Vrishabha or the golden bull. They must have started as modest feudatories of the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]]. They were also referred to as Katachuris (shape of a sharp knife) and ''[[Haihayas|Haihaya]]'' (or ''Heheya''). | ||
| Line 47: | Line 53: | ||
The later records of the dynasty claim that they descended from [[Brahma]], the Creator of the universe. | The later records of the dynasty claim that they descended from [[Brahma]], the Creator of the universe. | ||
== | === Religion=== | ||
Prof., Ramaswami Ayangar asserts: | |||
Many Pallava and Pandya records describe how the Kalabharas attacked the Tamil country, defeated the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas, and established their kingdom. Prof., Ramaswami Ayangar asserts that these valiant Kalabhara kings were the devoted followers of Jainism. Basically, The Kalachuri kings were followers of [[Jainism]] He proved it on the basis of copper plate of ''Veluikundi'' and The "Pāṇḍyapurāṇam" of tamil language. Shri Ayangar presumes that the [[Kalabhra dynasty| Kalabharas]] were a branch of the Kalachuri clan and that Jainism flourished after their arrival in the Tamil country. The Kalachuri kings themselves were known supporters of Jainism, The Kalachuri kings of ''Madhya Pradesh'' were related to the Rashtrakutas through familial ties. and the [[Rashtrakutas]] were originally Jain rulers. The influence of Jainism during the reign of the Kalachuris of Kalyani was notable. The prominent king Bijjala and several of his statesmen actively patronised Jainism. Bijjala and his minister Rechmayya set up an image of the Tirthankara [[Shantinath]] at [[Shravanabelagola]]. | |||
<ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/424085518/Bijjala-Kalachuris-History</ref> | |||
==Decline | ===Decline=== | ||
The Southern Kaluchuri kingdom went into decline after the assassination of | The Southern Kaluchuri kingdom went into decline after the assassination of [[Bijjala II|Bijalla]]. The rulers who followed were weak and incompetent, with the exception of [[Sovideva]], who managed to maintain control over the kingdom. Western Chalukyas ended the Kalachuri Dynasty. Many Kalachuri families migrated to Kanara districts of Karnataka. The Kalachuris are the principal characters in the Andhra epic [[Battle of Palnadu|''Palnati Veera Charitra'']], as the in-laws of the king [[Malidevaraju]].<ref name="art">{{cite book |last1=Sadanandam |first1=P. |title=Art and Culture of Marginalised Nomadic Tribes in Andhra Pradesh |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0958-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nhu52oHk6r4C&dq=Palnati+Veera+Charitra&pg=PA128 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Palnati Veera Charitra |date=22 January 2003 |publisher=VENKAT RAMA & CO EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS |url=https://archive.org/details/palnativeerachar022033mbp}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bommareddi |first1=Aruna |title=Narrative Traditions of a Telugu Epic: Paln?tiv?rula Katha |date=29 October 2019 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64678-733-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMW5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Malidevaraju&pg=PT20 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mudiraja2">{{cite web |title=43. Rayamurari Sovideva |url=http://mudiraja.weebly.com/-43-rayamurari-sovideva.html |website=Great History Of Mudiraja Caste |language=en |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002055338/http://mudiraja.weebly.com/-43-rayamurari-sovideva.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
== Rulers == | == Rulers == | ||
| Line 66: | Line 74: | ||
* Permadi | * Permadi | ||
* [[Bijjala II]] (1130–1167): proclaimed independence in 1162. | * [[Bijjala II]] (1130–1167): proclaimed independence in 1162. | ||
* Sovideva (1168–1176) | * [[Sovideva]] (1168–1176) | ||
* Mallugi | * Mallugi; overthrown by brother Sankama | ||
* Sankama (1176–1180) | * Sankama (1176–1180) | ||
* Ahavamalla (1180–1183) | * Ahavamalla (1180–1183) | ||
| Line 94: | Line 102: | ||
{{commons category|Kalachuris of Kalyani}} | {{commons category|Kalachuris of Kalyani}} | ||
*[http://www.lingayatreligion.com 12th Century Lingayat Religion] | *[http://www.lingayatreligion.com 12th Century Lingayat Religion] | ||
* [https://www.scribd.com/document/424085518/Bijjala-Kalachuris-History] | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Medieval Karnataka]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Kalachuri dynasty]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Jainism in Karnataka]] | ||
Latest revision as of 02:37, 28 February 2026
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2013) |
Kalachuris of Kalyani | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1156–1181 | |||||||||||
 Coinage of the Kalachuris of Kalyana, from the time of Bijjala
| |||||||||||
| Capital | Kalyani (Basavakalyana) | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Kannada Sanskrit | ||||||||||
| Religion | Jainism (primary) Hinduism | ||||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 1156–1181 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
_at_the_Jain_temple_in_Lakkundi.JPG)
The Kalachuris of Kalyani, also Southern Kalachuris, were a 10th-12th-century Indian dynasty, who ruled over parts of present-day northern Karnataka and Maharashtra. This dynasty rose to its peak power in the Deccan region between 1156 and 1181.
The rulers of the dynasty traced their origins to one Krishna, who is said to have conquered Kalinjar and Dahala in present-day Madhya Pradesh (see Kalachuris of Tripuri). Bijjala, a viceroy of the dynasty, is said to have established the authority over Karnataka after wresting power from the Chalukya king Taila III. Bijjala was succeeded by his sons Someshvara and Sangama but after 1181 CE, the Chalukyas gradually retrieved the territory. Their rule was short and turbulent and yet very important from a socio-religious point of view; a new sect known as the Lingayat or Virashaiva sect was founded during these times in a time extent of 25 years.[1]
A unique and purely native form of Kannada literature-poetry called the Vachanas was also born during this time. The writers of Vachanas were called Vachanakaras (poets). Many other important works like Virupaksha Pandita's Chennabasavapurana, Dharani Pandita's Bijjalarayacharite and Chandrasagara Varni's Bijjalarayapurana were also written.
History[edit | edit source]
Origin[edit | edit source]
The Kalachuris of Kalyani overthrew the Kalyani Chalukyas in the early part of the 12th century, and had a relatively short but stormy rule.[2] The name "Kalachuri" is shared by multiple earlier dynasties, two of which ruled in central India. Some historians such as Dr. P.B. Desai believe that the southern Kalachuris of Kalyani are descendants of these central Indian dynasties. In the 6th century, before the rise of the Badami Chalukyas, the Kalachuris of Mahishmati had carved out an extensive empire covering areas of Gujarat, Malwa, Konkan and parts of Maharashtra. However, after their crippling defeat at the hands of Chalukya Mangalesha, they remained in obscurity for a prolonged period of time. Subsequently, the Kalachuris of Tripuri and their branches rose to power in central India.
An 1174 CE record says the Kalyani Kalachuri dynasty was founded by one Soma who grew beard and moustache to save himself from the wrath of Parashurama, and thereafter the family came to be known as "Kalachuris", Kalli meaning a long moustache and churi meaning a sharp knife. They migrated to the south and made Magaliveda or Mangalavedhe (Mangalavada) their capital. They titled themselves Kalanjara-puravaradhisvara ("Lord of Kalanjara"), which indicates their central Indian origin. Their emblem was Suvarna Vrishabha or the golden bull. They must have started as modest feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. They were also referred to as Katachuris (shape of a sharp knife) and Haihaya (or Heheya).
The later records of the dynasty claim that they descended from Brahma, the Creator of the universe.
Religion[edit | edit source]
Prof., Ramaswami Ayangar asserts:
Many Pallava and Pandya records describe how the Kalabharas attacked the Tamil country, defeated the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas, and established their kingdom. Prof., Ramaswami Ayangar asserts that these valiant Kalabhara kings were the devoted followers of Jainism. Basically, The Kalachuri kings were followers of Jainism He proved it on the basis of copper plate of Veluikundi and The "Pāṇḍyapurāṇam" of tamil language. Shri Ayangar presumes that the Kalabharas were a branch of the Kalachuri clan and that Jainism flourished after their arrival in the Tamil country. The Kalachuri kings themselves were known supporters of Jainism, The Kalachuri kings of Madhya Pradesh were related to the Rashtrakutas through familial ties. and the Rashtrakutas were originally Jain rulers. The influence of Jainism during the reign of the Kalachuris of Kalyani was notable. The prominent king Bijjala and several of his statesmen actively patronised Jainism. Bijjala and his minister Rechmayya set up an image of the Tirthankara Shantinath at Shravanabelagola. [3]
Decline[edit | edit source]
The Southern Kaluchuri kingdom went into decline after the assassination of Bijalla. The rulers who followed were weak and incompetent, with the exception of Sovideva, who managed to maintain control over the kingdom. Western Chalukyas ended the Kalachuri Dynasty. Many Kalachuri families migrated to Kanara districts of Karnataka. The Kalachuris are the principal characters in the Andhra epic Palnati Veera Charitra, as the in-laws of the king Malidevaraju.[4][5][6][7]
Rulers[edit | edit source]
- Uchita
- Asaga
- Kannam
- Kiriyasaga
- Bijjala I
- Kannama
- Jogama
- Permadi
- Bijjala II (1130–1167): proclaimed independence in 1162.
- Sovideva (1168–1176)
- Mallugi; overthrown by brother Sankama
- Sankama (1176–1180)
- Ahavamalla (1180–1183)
- Singhana (1183–1184)
Inscriptions and coinage[edit | edit source]
As per the 1163 CE inscription which records a religious offering (mahadana) in the presence of Hampi Lord Virupaksha by Bijjala the Kalachuri King.[8]
The Southern Kalachuri kings minted coins with Kannada inscriptions on them.
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Students' Britannica India By Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani.
- ↑ "Chalukyas of Kalyana (973- 1198 CE)". Retrieved 31 March 2009.
- ↑ https://www.scribd.com/document/424085518/Bijjala-Kalachuris-History
- ↑ Sadanandam, P. (2008). Art and Culture of Marginalised Nomadic Tribes in Andhra Pradesh. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-0958-8.
- ↑ Palnati Veera Charitra. VENKAT RAMA & CO EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS. 22 January 2003.
- ↑ Bommareddi, Aruna (29 October 2019). Narrative Traditions of a Telugu Epic: Paln?tiv?rula Katha. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64678-733-3.
- ↑ "43. Rayamurari Sovideva". Great History Of Mudiraja Caste. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
- ↑ "The cosmic site of Vijayanagara". ABHA NARAIN LAMBAH. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
References[edit | edit source]
- Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)