Kerala State Electricity Board: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Electricity Supplier Of Kerala}}
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{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
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{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
| name = Kerala State Electricity Board Limited
| name = Kerala State Electricity Board Limited
| logo = KSEB_Logo_JK.PNG
| logo = KSEB Logo 2022.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_size = 200px
| image = KSEB_HQ_JK.jpg
| image = KSEB_HQ_JK.jpg
| image_caption = KSEB Headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| image_caption = KSEB Headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| type = Public Sector Company
| type = Public Sector Company
| area_served = [[Kerala]], India
| area_served = [[Kerala]], India
| key_people = Dr. B. Ashok, IAS ({{small|Chairman & Managing Director}})
| key_people = Biju Prabhakar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br>{{small|(Chairman & MD)}}
| industry = [[Electricity generation]], [[Electric power transmission|transmission]], [[Electricity distribution|distribution]]
| industry = [[Electricity generation]], [[Electric power transmission|transmission]], [[Electricity distribution|distribution]]
| products = Electricity
| products = Electricity
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| operating_income =  
| operating_income =  
| net_income =  
| net_income =  
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| num_employees = 35,000
| num_employees = 35,000
| homepage = [https://www.kseb.in/ kseb.in]
| parent = [[Department of Power (Kerala)|Power Department, Government of Kerala]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|7 March 1957}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://kseb.in/ksebhome/|kseb.in}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1957|03|07}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
}}
}}


'''Kerala State Electricity Board Ltd''' ('''KSEBLtd''') is a [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|public sector undertaking]] under the [[Government of Kerala]], India, that generates, transmits and distributes electricity in the state. Established in 1957, the agency comes under the authority of the Department of Power. It has been registered under Indian companies act during January 2011.
'''Kerala State Electricity Board''' ('''KSEB''') is an Indian [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|public sector undertaking]] under the [[Government of Kerala]] that generates, transmits and distributes electricity in the state. Established in 1957, the agency comes under the authority of the Power Department. It has been registered under Indian [[Companies Act 1956]] in January 2011.


==History==
==History==


* The history of electricity in the state is around one century old. The first effort in this direction was a private endeavour. Electricity was first brought to the state by a British company – the Kannan Devan Hill Produce Company, Munnar. The first generating station of the state was set up on the right bank of a tributary of River Periyar in 1910. It was a hydroelectric project and that tributary named Mudirappuzha continues to be the site of large a number of hydroelectric projects in the state.
The history of electricity in the state is around one century old. The first effort in this direction was a private endeavour. Electricity was first brought to the state by a British company – the Kannan Devan Hill Produce Company, Munnar. The first generating station of the state was set up on the right bank of a tributary of River [[Periyar]] in 1906.<ref name=":0" /> It was a hydroelectric project and the tributary called [[Muthirapuzha River|Mudirappuzha]] continues to be the site for a large numbers of hydroelectric projects in the state.
* After a spell of 17 years, the attention of the state authorities turned to newer forms of generating energy. The Government of Travancore set up a facility to supply electricity to the households of Thiruvananthapuram town. In 1927, a Thermal Power Station was established under government ownership at Thiruvananthapuram for production of electrical energy on commercial lines. Three oil engine generators, of a capacity of 65&nbsp;kW each, were installed and commercial production started in 1929. This station was located at Thampanoor at Thiruvananthapuram. An Electrical Wing under the State Public Works Department was entrusted with the administration of the scheme.
 
* The next significant development was the formation of a separate department for electricity in 1932 by His Highness Sri Chithirathirunal Maharaja and his Diwan [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C P Ramaswami Iyer]]. The formation of the Electricity Department paved the way for notable developments in the field. Thermal generating stations were set up at Kollam, Kottayam and Nagercoil (now in Tamil Nadu) in 1934. By that time, the possibilities of hydroelectric generation attracted the attention of the technologists and the authorities.
Attempts at power generation for meeting local needs through thermal plants were making progress in several parts of the state between 1929 and 1941. The Trivandrum Electric Supply which supplied power for street and domestic lighting and for lights and fans in government offices was the earliest of such efforts.<ref name=":0" /> In 1927, a Thermal Power Station was established under government ownership at Thiruvananthapuram for the production of electrical energy on commercial lines. Three oil engine generators, of a capacity of 65&nbsp;kW each, were installed and commercial production started in 1929. This station was located at Thampanoor at Thiruvananthapuram. An Electrical Wing under the State Public Works Department was entrusted with the administration of the scheme.
* Kerala being a land of mountains and rivers, it presented a fertile field for hydroelectric generation. The vast potential for hydroelectric generation in the state prompted the state authorities to take steps to establish stations for hydroelectric generation. The first of these ventures was the Pallivasal Hydroelectric Project, the construction of which was started in 1933. The first stage of the project was commissioned in 1940. Its capacity was 13.5&nbsp;MW. By that time, a comparable electric transmission network had also been completed with 66 kV substations at Alappuzha, Mavelikkara, Kothamangalam, Kundara, Kalamasserry, Viyyur, Aluva, and Thiruvananthapuram, which were also commissioned in 1940 itself during April and May months
 
* The Kerala state Electricity board started functioning under the direction of a newly formed Kerala government, on 31 March 1957.<ref>[http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-Of-Electricity-In-Kerala-342203.html History of Electricity in Kerala, Dr. D. Shina]</ref> The first governing body consisted of 5 members, and was headed by the chairman K P Sreedhara Kaymal. The staff of the erstwhile Department of Electricity of the [[Thiru-Kochi]] state were transferred to the KSEB.
The next significant development was the formation of a separate department for electricity in 1932 by His Highness Sri Chithirathirunal Maharaja and his Diwan [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C P Ramaswami Iyer]]. The formation of the Electricity Department paved the way for notable developments in the field. Thermal generating stations were set up at Kollam, Kottayam and Nagercoil (now in Tamil Nadu) in 1934. By that time, the possibilities of hydroelectric generation attracted the attention of the technologists and authorities.
* At the time of its inception, in 1958, the KSEB had an installed capacity of 109.5 MW, with a total annual internal generation of 441.35 MU. Over the years, as demand increased, the board has imported power from neighbouring states and private entities. As per the Central Electricity Act 2003, KSEB was converted to Kerala State Electricity Board Limited in 2014. The original KSEB was dissolved and its assets and liabilities transferred to the government initially and then transferred to the newly formed company KSEB Limited.
 
The first attempt at generation on a commercial scale was made in 1935-36 when the Government of Cochin issued a licence to the Cochin State Power and Light Corporation for electrification of the towns of Ernakulam and Thrissur and the suburbs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mathew |first=E. T. |date=1977 |title=Power Development in Kerala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516684 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=52–63 |doi=10.2307/3516684 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 
Kerala being a land of mountains and rivers presented a fertile field for hydroelectric generation. The vast potential for hydroelectric generation in the state prompted the state authorities to take steps to establish stations for hydroelectric generation. The first of these ventures was the Pallivasal Hydroelectric Project, the construction of which was started in 1933. The first stage of the project was commissioned in 1940. Its capacity was 13.5&nbsp;MW. By that time, a comparable electric transmission network had also been completed with 66 kV substations at Alappuzha, Mavelikkara, Kothamangalam, Kundara, Kalamasserry, Viyyur, Aluva, and Thiruvananthapuram, which were also commissioned in 1940 during April and May.  With the commissioning of Pallivasal project in 1940, the Kannan Devan Hills Produce Company closed down its plant. Supply from the Pallivasal hydro-electric project in Travancore began in 1942, and by 1945-46, the entire requirements of Ernakulam and Mattanchery were met from this source.<ref name=":0" />
 
The Kerala state Electricity board started functioning under the direction of a newly formed Kerala government on 31 March 1957.<ref>[http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-Of-Electricity-In-Kerala-342203.html History of Electricity in Kerala, Dr. D. Shina]</ref> The first governing body consisted of 5 members, and was headed by chairman K P Sreedhara Kaymal. The staff of the erstwhile Department of Electricity of the [[Thiru-Kochi]] state were transferred to the KSEB.
 
At the time of its inception, in 1958, the KSEB had an installed capacity of 109.5 MW, with a total annual internal generation of 441.35 MU. Over the years, as demand increased, the board has imported power from neighbouring states and private entities. As per the Central Electricity Act 2003, KSEB was converted to Kerala State Electricity Board Limited in 2014. The original KSEB was dissolved and its assets and liabilities transferred to the government initially and then transferred to the newly formed company KSEB Limited.
 
In 2015, KSEB commissioned its first solar power plant, marking the beginning of its formal entry into grid‑connected solar generation.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kerala-state-electricity-board-launches-its-1st-solar-plant-115082000752_1.html</ref>
In 2016, the introduction of open access for large consumers led to a significant reduction in revenue for the utility, as several industrial users shifted to alternate suppliers.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/Oct/07/open-access-turns-out-to-be-a-shocker-to-kseb-1525823.html</ref> The same year, the state recorded a rare surplus‑power situation, prompting KSEB to explore options for selling excess electricity to other states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Surplus power shocks Kerala State Electricity Board |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310116/surplus-power-shocks-kerala-state-electricity-board.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd. |date=31 January 2016 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> KSEB also expanded its solar initiatives in 2016 by promoting rooftop and small‑scale solar installations as part of its broader transition to renewable energy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala State Electricity Board switches to ‘sun power’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/Feb/29/kerala-state-electricity-board-switches-to-%E2%80%98sun-power%E2%80%99-898006.html |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=Express Publications (Madurai) Ltd. |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
In 2017, KSEB workers staged a strike alleging excessive workload and continuous duty hours, highlighting internal labour‑management tensions within the organisation.<ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/forced-work-day-and-night-kerala-electricity-board-workers-go-strike-70837</ref>
The same year, KSEB introduced a performance appraisal system aimed at improving accountability and service delivery across its operational units.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kseb-introduces-performance-appraisal/articleshow/59224571.cms</ref>
 
In 2018, the utility reported concerns over business attrition and revenue loss due to changing consumption patterns and increased competition in the power sector.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-state-electricity-board-limited-staring-at-business-attrition-and-revenue-loss/articleshow/63725548.cms</ref>
Later that year, following the widespread damage caused by Cyclone Gaja in Tamil Nadu, KSEB deployed a 400‑member team of engineers and line workers to assist in restoring electricity infrastructure in the affected districts.<ref>https://www.theindianwire.com/news/kerala-turns-help-tn-kseb-employees-help-restore-power-gaja-hit-regions-83011/</ref><ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/400-strong-kerala-electricity-board-team-helps-restore-power-gaja-hit-regions-tn-92079</ref>
 
In 2022, Kerala commissioned what was described as India's largest floating solar power plant, adding significant renewable capacity to the state's grid and demonstrating the state's adoption of innovative solar technologies.<ref>https://www.wirecable.in/indias-largest-floating-solar-power-plant-opens-in-kerala/</ref> In 2023, KSEB began exploring power‑swap arrangements with utilities in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh to meet peak summer demand more efficiently and reduce dependence on short‑term market purchases.<ref>{{cite news |title=KSEB explores swap deals with Punjab, Uttar Pradesh power corporations to meet summer demand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kseb-explores-swap-deals-with-punjab-uttar-pradesh-power-corporations-to-meet-summer-demand/article69265778.ece |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=23 May 2024 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> Kerala also received national attention for its progress in integrating renewable energy into the grid, with KSEB implementing advanced forecasting, scheduling, and grid‑balancing mechanisms to accommodate rising solar and wind generation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala shows the way in integrating RE in grid |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/kerala-shows-the-way-in-integrating-re-in-grid/article70564697.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |publisher=Kasturi & Sons Ltd. |date=2 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
 
In 2024, KSEB commissioned two new hydel projects, adding 100 MW to Kerala's power system and expanding the state's hydroelectric generation portfolio.<ref name="generation kseb" /> In 2025, KSEB employees held statewide protests over wage revision, dearness allowance, and pension‑related issues, reflecting ongoing labour concerns within the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=KSEB employees protest wage, DA, pension issues |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/deshabhimani-english-/labour-12111/kseb-employees-protest-wage-da-pension-issues-2025-70299 |work=Deshabhimani |publisher=CPIM Kerala State Committee |date=29 January 2025 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
The same year, farmers in parts of Thrissur district raised concerns over water shortages affecting paddy cultivation, alleging that KSEB's reservoir‑management practices contributed to the crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Water crisis threatens paddy fields in various panchayats in Thrissur; farmers warn of mass protests against KSEB |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/water-crisis-threatens-paddy-fields-in-various-panchayats-in-thrissur-farmers-warn-of-mass-protests-against-kseb/article70592426.ece |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=3 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>


==Organizational structure==
==Organizational structure==
The Kerala State Electricity Board, constituted by the Government of Kerala, by order dated 7 March 1957, under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 is in the business of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of electricity and striving to provide quality electricity{{clarify|date=June 2020}} at affordable cost to all classes of consumers in the state of Kerala.Kerala State Electricity Board commenced functioning on 31 March 1957 After Noon as per order no. EL1-6475/56/PW dated 7 March 1957 of the Kerala State Government. It had 5 members with Sri K P Sreedharan Nair as chairman. All the staff belonging to the erstwhile Electricity Department was transferred to the Board. The 'Board' consisting of the chairman and the Members is the Supreme Governing Body.
The Kerala State Electricity Board, constituted by the Government of Kerala, by order dated 7 March 1957, under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 is in the business of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of electricity and strives to provide quality electricity<ref>{{cite report |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Public Sector Undertakings for the year ended March 2021 (Chapter I) |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2022/04-Chapter-I-063982c692142f5.70706305.pdf |publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |date=2022 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> at an affordable cost to all classes of consumers in the state of Kerala. Kerala State Electricity Board commenced functioning on 31 March 1957 afternoon as per order no. EL1-6475/56/PW dated 7 March 1957 of the Kerala State Government. It had 5 members with K. P. Sreedharan Nair as chairman. All the staff belonging to the erstwhile Electricity Department was transferred to the Board. The 'Board' consisting of the chairman and the Members is the Supreme Governing Body.


The State Government by their notification EL3-9345 dated 21 February 1958 constituted the State Electricity Consultative Council under section 16 of the Electricity Supply Act. The Council functions as consultative body and the Board is required to place before the council the annual financial statement and supplementary statements if any before submitting such statements to the State Government.
The State Government by their notification EL3-9345 dated 21 February 1958 constituted the State Electricity Consultative Council under section 16 of the Electricity Supply Act. The Council functions as a consultative body and the Board is required to place before the council the annual financial statement and supplementary statements, if any, before submitting such statements to the State Government.  
The 'Board' consisting of the chairman and the Members is the Supreme Governing Body. The Board consists of seven members and is headed by the chairman. The Government of Kerala and KSE Board issued orders for the restructuring of KSE Board into profit centres in April 2002. Members head the profit centres. There is a Corporate Office to co-ordinate and control the activities of the Board.
The 'Board' consisting of the chairman and seven members is the Supreme Governing Body. The [[Government of Kerala]] and KSE Board issued orders for the restructuring of KSE Board into profit centers in April 2002. Members head the profit centers. There is a Corporate Office to coordinate and control the activities of the Board.
 
===Board of Directors===
After the enactment of Electricity Act, 2003, KSEB has been functioning as the State Transmission Utility (STU) and a distribution licensee w.e.f 10 December 2004 under section 172(a) of the Electricity Act, 2003. The Central Government had approved the continuation of KSEB as a State Transmission Utility & Licensee only up to 24 September 2008. In exercise of the powers conferred under sub-sections (1), (2), (5), (6) and (7) of section 131 and section 133 of the Electricity Act 2003 (Central Act 36 of 2003) the Government of Kerala had issued notification vide G.O. (MS) No.37/2008/PD, Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 25 September 2008 for the purpose of vesting of functions, properties, interests, rights, obligations and liabilities of the Kerala State Electricity Board in the State Government on such terms as agreed to by the Kerala State Electricity Board and the State Government and re¬vesting thereof by the State Government in a Corporate entity and also for the transfer of Personnel of the Board to the Corporate entity and for determining the terms and conditions on which such transfers and vesting shall be made. Accordingly, with effect from 25 September 2008, all the functions, properties and all interests, rights in properties, all rights and liabilities of the Board are vested in the State Government. The Kerala State Electricity Board Limited has been incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 on 14 January 2011 and started operations as independent company with effect from 1 November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=493&lang=en|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited – KSEBL Overview|website=www.kseb.in|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref> The original KSEB was dissolved and its assets and liabilities were transferred from government to the newly formed company KSEB Limited.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Board of Directors – Kerala State Electricity Board Limited (KSEBL)
! Name !! Designation
|-
| Sri. Minhaj Alam || Chairman & Managing Director
|-
| Sri. Sajeev G  || Director (Generation - Electrical, Civil, REES, SOURA)
|-
| Sri. Sivadas S || Director (Transmission & System Operation) (Full Additional Charge)
|-
| Sri. P Surendra || Director (Distribution & Supply Chain Management)
|-
| Sri. Biju R || Director (Finance)
|-
| Sri. P Surendra || Director (HRM, Sports, Welfare, Safety & Quality Assurance)
|-
| Sri. Puneet Kumar || Additional Chief Secretary, Power Department (Ex-officio Director)
|-
| Sri. K.R. Jyothilal  || Additional Chief Secretary, Finance Department (Ex-officio Director)
|-
| Adv. V Murugadas || Independent Director
|-
| Prof. Arun Kumar || Independent Director
|}
Since the enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003, KSEB has been functioning as the State Transmission Utility (STU) and a distribution licensee w.e.f 10 December 2004 under section 172(a) of the Electricity Act, 2003. The Central Government had approved the continuation of KSEB as a State Transmission Utility & Licensee only up to 24 September 2008. In exercise of the powers conferred under sub-sections (1), (2), (5), (6) and (7) of section 131 and section 133 of the Electricity Act 2003 (Central Act 36 of 2003) the Government of Kerala had issued notification vide G.O. (MS) No.37/2008/PD, Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 25 September 2008 for the purpose of vesting of functions, properties, interests, rights, obligations and liabilities of the Kerala State Electricity Board in the State Government on such terms as agreed to by the Kerala State Electricity Board and the State Government and revesting thereof by the State Government in a Corporate entity and also for the transfer of Personnel of the Board to the Corporate entity and for determining the terms and conditions on which such transfers and vesting shall be made. Accordingly, with effect from 25 September 2008, all the functions, properties and all interests, rights in properties, all rights, and liabilities of the Board are vested in the State Government. The Kerala State Electricity Board Limited has been incorporated under the [[Companies Act 1956]] on 14 January 2011 and started operations as an independent company with effect from 1 November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=493&lang=en|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited – KSEBL Overview|website=www.kseb.in|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref> The original KSEB was dissolved and its assets and liabilities were transferred from government to the newly formed company KSEB Limited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nod for KSEB to become company |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nod-for-kseb-to-become-company/article5297356.ece |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=30 October 2013 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>


==Generation==
==Generation==
[[File:Idukki dam.JPG|250px|thumb|The [[Idukki Dam]]]]
[[File:Idukki dam.JPG|250px|thumb|The [[Idukki Dam]]]]
KSEB Ltd has 31 hydro-electric projects, 7 solar projects, 2 diesel power plants and 1 wind farm. Power generation is also undertaken by Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects & Co-generation mode projects other than KSEBL. About 25% of the energy requirement is being met from hydel plants owned and operated by KSEBL. As of December 2019, The total installed capacity was 2823.01 MW.
KSEB Ltd has 31 hydro-electric projects, seven solar projects, two diesel power plants and one wind farm. Power generation is also undertaken by Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects & Co-generation mode projects other than KSEBL. About 25% of the energy requirement is being met from hydel plants owned and operated by KSEBL. As of December 2019, the total installed capacity was 2823.01 MW and KSEB commissioned two new hydel projects, adding 100 MW to the state grid in 2024.<ref name="generation kseb">{{cite news |title=KSEB gets two hydel projects after 14 years, adds 100 MW to grid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Sep/10/kseb-gets-two-hydel-projects-after-14-years-adds-100-mw-to-grid-5 |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=Express Publications (Madurai) Ltd. |date=10 September 2024 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>


The below list contains power generation projects in [[Kerala]] owned by KSEB, Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects and co-generation mode projects.
The below list contains power generation projects in [[Kerala]] owned by KSEB, Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects and co-generation mode projects.
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| 1954
| 1954
|-
|-
| Sabarigiri
| [[Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project|Sabarigiri]]
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| 340
| 340
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|-
|-
| Pothencode
| Pothencode
|
|[[Andoorkonam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 2.00
| 2.00
| 2016
| 2016
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|-
|-
| Renewable Power Corporation of Kerala Limited
| Renewable Power Corporation of Kerala Limited
| Amabalakara
| Ambalathara
| 50.00
| 50.00
|
|
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* Mysore – Kozhikode ([[Areekode]]) line
* Mysore – Kozhikode ([[Areekode]]) line
* Tirunelveli - [[Kochi]] line
* Tirunelveli - [[Kochi]] line
A 2000 MW HVDC Station is being set up by Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. at Madakkathara as part of Raigarh-Pugalur-Thrissur HVDC Project. This will be the first HVDC Project in Kerala and the fourth project in South India after Kolar, Vizag and Pugalur.
A 2000 MW HVDC Station has commissioned by Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. at Madakkathara as part of Raigarh-Pugalur-Thrissur HVDC Project. This is the first HVDC Project in Kerala and the fourth project in South India after Kolar, Vizag and Pugalur. The project was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-inaugurates-pugalur-thrissur-hvdc-project/article33882226.ece|title = PM inaugurates Pugalur-Thrissur HVDC project|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 February 2021}}</ref>


There are 6 major inter-state transmission lines at 220 kV level and 110 kV level.
There are 6 major inter-state transmission lines at 220 kV level and 110 kV level.
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|-
|-
|}
|}
400 kV substations at Pallipuram – Thiruvananthapuram, Pallikkara – Kochi, Palakkad, and Kozhikode are owned by [[Power Grid Corporation of India|PGCIL]], while 400 kV substation at Madakkathara, Thrissur, is owned by KSEB. 400 kV substation, Madakkathara is the first 400 kV substation in Kerala.
400 kV substations at [[Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallippuram]] – [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Pallikkara – Kochi, Palakkad, and Kozhikode are owned by [[Power Grid Corporation of India|PGCIL]], while 400 kV substation at Madakkathara, Thrissur, is owned by KSEB. 400 kV substation, Madakkathara is the first 400 kV substation in Kerala.


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
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Kerala State Electricity Board tariff consists of different components. The charges levied on consumers include fixed charges, meter rent, energy charges, fuel surcharges, electricity duty and applicable local taxes.
Kerala State Electricity Board tariff consists of different components. The charges levied on consumers include fixed charges, meter rent, energy charges, fuel surcharges, electricity duty and applicable local taxes.
 
=== Low Tension Tariff ===
KSEB follows a slab system in which a consumer using up to 250 units per month will have a telescopic tariff. This means that the first 50 units will be charged at a lower rate, with the rates increasing progressively for subsequent 50 units. After 250 units, the billing will be "non-telescopic", which means the slab rate will be applicable for the entire electricity consumed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/07/08/kseb-power-tariff-hike.html|title=KSEB hikes power tariff for domestic consumers by 11.4 per cent|date=8 July 2019|via=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>
KSEB follows a slab system in which a consumer using up to 250 units per month will have a telescopic tariff. This means that the first 50 units will be charged at a lower rate, with the rates increasing progressively for subsequent 50 units. After 250 units, the billing will be "non-telescopic", which means the slab rate will be applicable for the entire electricity consumed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/07/08/kseb-power-tariff-hike.html|title=KSEB hikes power tariff for domestic consumers by 11.4 per cent|date=8 July 2019|via=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>
The following table shows the electricity tariff for domestic consumers
The following table shows the electricity tariff for domestic consumers


===Tariff for monthly consumption (up to 250 units)===
====Tariff for monthly consumption (up to 250 units)====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Consumption slab
! Consumption slab
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|-
|-
|0-50
|0-50
|35
|50
|3.15
|3.35
|-
|-
|51-100
|51-100
|45
|85
|3.70
|4.25
|-
|-
|101-150
|101-150
|55
|105
|4.80
|5.35
|-
|-
|151-200
|151-200
|70
|140
|6.40
|7.20
|-
|-
|201-250
|201-250
|80
|160
|7.60
|8.50
|-
|-
|}
|}
For [[Three-phase electric power|three-phase]] customers having a monthly consumption up to 100 units, the fixed charges are set as Rs 90 and Rs 100 for up to 250 units.
For [[Three-phase electric power|three-phase]] customers having a monthly consumption up to 100 units, the fixed charges are set as Rs 130 and Rs 235 for up to 250 units.


===Tariff for monthly consumption (above 250 units)===
====Tariff for monthly consumption (above 250 units)====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Consumption slab
!Consumption slab
Line 494: Line 541:
|-
|-
|0-300
|0-300
|100
|220
|5.80
|6.75
|-
|-
|0-350
|0-350
|110
|240
|6.60
|7.60
|-
|-
|0-400
|0-400
|120
|260
|6.90
|7.95
|-
|-
|0-500
|0-500
|130
|285
|7.10
|8.25
|-
|-
|500-
|500-
|150
|310
|7.90
|9.20
|-
|-
|}
|}


For three-phase customers the fixed charges are set as Rs 110 for consumers having a monthly consumption up to 350 units, Rs 120 for up to 400 units, Rs 130 for up to 400 units and Rs 150 for consumption above 500 units.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jul/09/kseb-gives-shock-treatment-to-domestic-users-but-ignores-dues-2001275.html|title=KSEB gives shock treatment to domestic users, but ignores dues|date=9 July 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
For three-phase customers the fixed charges are set as Rs 250 for consumers having a monthly consumption up to 350 units, Rs 260 for up to 400 units, Rs 260 for up to 400 units and Rs 310 for consumption above 500 units.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jul/09/kseb-gives-shock-treatment-to-domestic-users-but-ignores-dues-2001275.html|title=KSEB gives shock treatment to domestic users, but ignores dues|date=9 July 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
 
=== High Tension and Extra High Tension Tariff ===
 
KSEB has different tariff rates for its HT and EHT Consumers.


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 18:57, 10 February 2026


Kerala State Electricity Board Limited
IndustryElectricity generation, transmission, distribution
Founded7 March 1957; 69 years ago (1957-03-07)
HeadquartersThiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Area served
Kerala, India
Key people
Biju Prabhakar, IAS
(Chairman & MD)
ProductsElectricity
OwnerGovernment of Kerala
Number of employees
35,000
ParentPower Department, Government of Kerala
Websitekseb.in

Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) is an Indian public sector undertaking under the Government of Kerala that generates, transmits and distributes electricity in the state. Established in 1957, the agency comes under the authority of the Power Department. It has been registered under Indian Companies Act 1956 in January 2011.

History[edit | edit source]

The history of electricity in the state is around one century old. The first effort in this direction was a private endeavour. Electricity was first brought to the state by a British company – the Kannan Devan Hill Produce Company, Munnar. The first generating station of the state was set up on the right bank of a tributary of River Periyar in 1906.[1] It was a hydroelectric project and the tributary called Mudirappuzha continues to be the site for a large numbers of hydroelectric projects in the state.

Attempts at power generation for meeting local needs through thermal plants were making progress in several parts of the state between 1929 and 1941. The Trivandrum Electric Supply which supplied power for street and domestic lighting and for lights and fans in government offices was the earliest of such efforts.[1] In 1927, a Thermal Power Station was established under government ownership at Thiruvananthapuram for the production of electrical energy on commercial lines. Three oil engine generators, of a capacity of 65 kW each, were installed and commercial production started in 1929. This station was located at Thampanoor at Thiruvananthapuram. An Electrical Wing under the State Public Works Department was entrusted with the administration of the scheme.

The next significant development was the formation of a separate department for electricity in 1932 by His Highness Sri Chithirathirunal Maharaja and his Diwan Sir C P Ramaswami Iyer. The formation of the Electricity Department paved the way for notable developments in the field. Thermal generating stations were set up at Kollam, Kottayam and Nagercoil (now in Tamil Nadu) in 1934. By that time, the possibilities of hydroelectric generation attracted the attention of the technologists and authorities.

The first attempt at generation on a commercial scale was made in 1935-36 when the Government of Cochin issued a licence to the Cochin State Power and Light Corporation for electrification of the towns of Ernakulam and Thrissur and the suburbs.[1]

Kerala being a land of mountains and rivers presented a fertile field for hydroelectric generation. The vast potential for hydroelectric generation in the state prompted the state authorities to take steps to establish stations for hydroelectric generation. The first of these ventures was the Pallivasal Hydroelectric Project, the construction of which was started in 1933. The first stage of the project was commissioned in 1940. Its capacity was 13.5 MW. By that time, a comparable electric transmission network had also been completed with 66 kV substations at Alappuzha, Mavelikkara, Kothamangalam, Kundara, Kalamasserry, Viyyur, Aluva, and Thiruvananthapuram, which were also commissioned in 1940 during April and May. With the commissioning of Pallivasal project in 1940, the Kannan Devan Hills Produce Company closed down its plant. Supply from the Pallivasal hydro-electric project in Travancore began in 1942, and by 1945-46, the entire requirements of Ernakulam and Mattanchery were met from this source.[1]

The Kerala state Electricity board started functioning under the direction of a newly formed Kerala government on 31 March 1957.[2] The first governing body consisted of 5 members, and was headed by chairman K P Sreedhara Kaymal. The staff of the erstwhile Department of Electricity of the Thiru-Kochi state were transferred to the KSEB.

At the time of its inception, in 1958, the KSEB had an installed capacity of 109.5 MW, with a total annual internal generation of 441.35 MU. Over the years, as demand increased, the board has imported power from neighbouring states and private entities. As per the Central Electricity Act 2003, KSEB was converted to Kerala State Electricity Board Limited in 2014. The original KSEB was dissolved and its assets and liabilities transferred to the government initially and then transferred to the newly formed company KSEB Limited.

In 2015, KSEB commissioned its first solar power plant, marking the beginning of its formal entry into grid‑connected solar generation.[3] In 2016, the introduction of open access for large consumers led to a significant reduction in revenue for the utility, as several industrial users shifted to alternate suppliers.[4] The same year, the state recorded a rare surplus‑power situation, prompting KSEB to explore options for selling excess electricity to other states.[5] KSEB also expanded its solar initiatives in 2016 by promoting rooftop and small‑scale solar installations as part of its broader transition to renewable energy.[6] In 2017, KSEB workers staged a strike alleging excessive workload and continuous duty hours, highlighting internal labour‑management tensions within the organisation.[7] The same year, KSEB introduced a performance appraisal system aimed at improving accountability and service delivery across its operational units.[8]

In 2018, the utility reported concerns over business attrition and revenue loss due to changing consumption patterns and increased competition in the power sector.[9] Later that year, following the widespread damage caused by Cyclone Gaja in Tamil Nadu, KSEB deployed a 400‑member team of engineers and line workers to assist in restoring electricity infrastructure in the affected districts.[10][11]

In 2022, Kerala commissioned what was described as India's largest floating solar power plant, adding significant renewable capacity to the state's grid and demonstrating the state's adoption of innovative solar technologies.[12] In 2023, KSEB began exploring power‑swap arrangements with utilities in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh to meet peak summer demand more efficiently and reduce dependence on short‑term market purchases.[13] Kerala also received national attention for its progress in integrating renewable energy into the grid, with KSEB implementing advanced forecasting, scheduling, and grid‑balancing mechanisms to accommodate rising solar and wind generation.[14]

In 2024, KSEB commissioned two new hydel projects, adding 100 MW to Kerala's power system and expanding the state's hydroelectric generation portfolio.[15] In 2025, KSEB employees held statewide protests over wage revision, dearness allowance, and pension‑related issues, reflecting ongoing labour concerns within the organisation.[16] The same year, farmers in parts of Thrissur district raised concerns over water shortages affecting paddy cultivation, alleging that KSEB's reservoir‑management practices contributed to the crisis.[17]

Organizational structure[edit | edit source]

The Kerala State Electricity Board, constituted by the Government of Kerala, by order dated 7 March 1957, under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 is in the business of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of electricity and strives to provide quality electricity[18] at an affordable cost to all classes of consumers in the state of Kerala. Kerala State Electricity Board commenced functioning on 31 March 1957 afternoon as per order no. EL1-6475/56/PW dated 7 March 1957 of the Kerala State Government. It had 5 members with K. P. Sreedharan Nair as chairman. All the staff belonging to the erstwhile Electricity Department was transferred to the Board. The 'Board' consisting of the chairman and the Members is the Supreme Governing Body.

The State Government by their notification EL3-9345 dated 21 February 1958 constituted the State Electricity Consultative Council under section 16 of the Electricity Supply Act. The Council functions as a consultative body and the Board is required to place before the council the annual financial statement and supplementary statements, if any, before submitting such statements to the State Government. The 'Board' consisting of the chairman and seven members is the Supreme Governing Body. The Government of Kerala and KSE Board issued orders for the restructuring of KSE Board into profit centers in April 2002. Members head the profit centers. There is a Corporate Office to coordinate and control the activities of the Board.

Board of Directors[edit | edit source]

Board of Directors – Kerala State Electricity Board Limited (KSEBL)
Name Designation
Sri. Minhaj Alam Chairman & Managing Director
Sri. Sajeev G Director (Generation - Electrical, Civil, REES, SOURA)
Sri. Sivadas S Director (Transmission & System Operation) (Full Additional Charge)
Sri. P Surendra Director (Distribution & Supply Chain Management)
Sri. Biju R Director (Finance)
Sri. P Surendra Director (HRM, Sports, Welfare, Safety & Quality Assurance)
Sri. Puneet Kumar Additional Chief Secretary, Power Department (Ex-officio Director)
Sri. K.R. Jyothilal Additional Chief Secretary, Finance Department (Ex-officio Director)
Adv. V Murugadas Independent Director
Prof. Arun Kumar Independent Director

Since the enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003, KSEB has been functioning as the State Transmission Utility (STU) and a distribution licensee w.e.f 10 December 2004 under section 172(a) of the Electricity Act, 2003. The Central Government had approved the continuation of KSEB as a State Transmission Utility & Licensee only up to 24 September 2008. In exercise of the powers conferred under sub-sections (1), (2), (5), (6) and (7) of section 131 and section 133 of the Electricity Act 2003 (Central Act 36 of 2003) the Government of Kerala had issued notification vide G.O. (MS) No.37/2008/PD, Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 25 September 2008 for the purpose of vesting of functions, properties, interests, rights, obligations and liabilities of the Kerala State Electricity Board in the State Government on such terms as agreed to by the Kerala State Electricity Board and the State Government and revesting thereof by the State Government in a Corporate entity and also for the transfer of Personnel of the Board to the Corporate entity and for determining the terms and conditions on which such transfers and vesting shall be made. Accordingly, with effect from 25 September 2008, all the functions, properties and all interests, rights in properties, all rights, and liabilities of the Board are vested in the State Government. The Kerala State Electricity Board Limited has been incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 on 14 January 2011 and started operations as an independent company with effect from 1 November 2013.[19] The original KSEB was dissolved and its assets and liabilities were transferred from government to the newly formed company KSEB Limited.[20]

Generation[edit | edit source]

The Idukki Dam

KSEB Ltd has 31 hydro-electric projects, seven solar projects, two diesel power plants and one wind farm. Power generation is also undertaken by Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects & Co-generation mode projects other than KSEBL. About 25% of the energy requirement is being met from hydel plants owned and operated by KSEBL. As of December 2019, the total installed capacity was 2823.01 MW and KSEB commissioned two new hydel projects, adding 100 MW to the state grid in 2024.[15]

The below list contains power generation projects in Kerala owned by KSEB, Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects and co-generation mode projects.

Hydroelectric projects[edit | edit source]

Name Location Capacity (MW) Year opened
Idukki Dam Idukki 780 1976
Idamalayar Dam Ernakulam district 75 1985
Sholayar 54 1966
Kuttiadi 225 1972
Peringalkuthu Dam 36 1957
Peringalkuthu Left Bank Extension 16 1999
Pallivasal Idukki 37.5 1940
Sengulam 48 1954
Sabarigiri Pathanamthitta 340 1966
Panniar 32 1963
Neriamangalam 77.5 1961
Lower Periyar 180 1997
Kakkad 50 1999
Kallada 15 1994
Peppara 3 2015
Madupetty 2
Malampuzha Dam 2.5 2011
Chembukadavu 6.45 2003
Urumi 6.15 2004
Malankara 10.5 1994
Lower Meenmutty 3.5 2006
Kuttiady tail race 3.75 2008
Poozhithode 4.8 2011
Ranni-Perunadu 4 2012
Peechi 1.25 2013
Vilangad 7.5 2014
Chimini 2.5 2015
Adyanpara 3.5 2015
Barapole 15 2016
Vellathuval 3.6 2016
Peruthenaruvi 6 2017
Maniyar 12
Kuthungal 21 2000
Ullunkal 7 2018
Iruttukanam 4.5 2010
Karikkayam 10.5 2009
Meenvallom 3 2014
Pathankayam 8 2017

Fossil fuel projects[edit | edit source]

Name Location Capacity (MW) Year opened
Brahmapuram Diesel Power Plant Kochi 106.6 1997
Kozhikode Diesel Power Project Nallalam 128 2000
Philips Carbon Black Limited 10
Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant Kayamkulam 359.58 1998
MPS Steel Castings Pvt. Ltd. 10.00

Wind farms[edit | edit source]

Name Location Capacity (MW) Year opened
Kanjikode Wind Farm 2.025 1995
Malayala Manorama Palakkad 10 2019
Ramakkelmedu 14.25 2008
Agali 18.60
Ahalia 8.40 2016
Inox Kanjikode 16 2017
Kosamattom 1

Solar projects[edit | edit source]

Name Location Capacity (MW) Year opened
Kanjikode 1.00 2015
Edayar 1.25 2016
Kollengode 1.00
Barapole 4.00 2016
Muvattupuzha 1.25 2016
Pothencode Andoorkonam, Thiruvananthapuram 2.00 2016
Cochin International Airport Limited Nedumbassery 29.03 2015
Hindalco 1.00 2016
Kochi Metro Rail Limited Muttom 2.67 2017
ANERT Kuzhalmandam 2.00 2017
Renewable Power Corporation of Kerala Limited Ambalathara 50.00

Transmission[edit | edit source]

The Kerala power system grid is connected to the Southern Region Transmission system through 400 kV double circuit lines. They are

  • Udumalpet – Madakkathara line
  • Tirunelveli – Trivandrum line
  • Mysore – Kozhikode (Areekode) line
  • Tirunelveli - Kochi line

A 2000 MW HVDC Station has commissioned by Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. at Madakkathara as part of Raigarh-Pugalur-Thrissur HVDC Project. This is the first HVDC Project in Kerala and the fourth project in South India after Kolar, Vizag and Pugalur. The project was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in February 2021.[21]

There are 6 major inter-state transmission lines at 220 kV level and 110 kV level.

The 220 kV lines are:

  • Kaniyampetta – Kadakola (single circuit)
  • Idukki – Udumalpet (single circuit)
  • Sabarigiri – Theni (single circuit)
  • Edamon – Tirunelveli (double circuit)

The 110 kV lines are:

  • Parassala – Kuzhithura and
  • Manjeswaram – Konake.

The major substations include five 400 kV substations, and 17 220 kV substations. The main grid comprises the 220 kV systems. The transmission sector of KSEB comprises two zones namely North and South. The State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC) located at Kalamassery.

Capacity No. substations Line length in circuit km Reliability index
400 kV 5* 378** 99.96
220 kV 17 2701.38 97.75
110 kV 129 4004 98.25
66 kV 83 2387 97.86
33 kV 114 1430 92.99

400 kV substations at Pallippuram – Thiruvananthapuram, Pallikkara – Kochi, Palakkad, and Kozhikode are owned by PGCIL, while 400 kV substation at Madakkathara, Thrissur, is owned by KSEB. 400 kV substation, Madakkathara is the first 400 kV substation in Kerala.

Distribution[edit | edit source]

KSEB Ltd distributes electricity in the State of Kerala except in the administrative region of Thrissur Municipal Corporation and Munnar (Kannan Devan Hills). For operational conveniences the distribution wing is divided into four zones: South, Central, North and North Malabar.

Electricity tariff[edit | edit source]

Kerala State Electricity Board tariff consists of different components. The charges levied on consumers include fixed charges, meter rent, energy charges, fuel surcharges, electricity duty and applicable local taxes.

Low Tension Tariff[edit | edit source]

KSEB follows a slab system in which a consumer using up to 250 units per month will have a telescopic tariff. This means that the first 50 units will be charged at a lower rate, with the rates increasing progressively for subsequent 50 units. After 250 units, the billing will be "non-telescopic", which means the slab rate will be applicable for the entire electricity consumed.[22] The following table shows the electricity tariff for domestic consumers

Tariff for monthly consumption (up to 250 units)[edit | edit source]

Consumption slab Fixed charges (Rs) Electricity tariff (Rs/unit)
0-40 0 1.5
0-50 50 3.35
51-100 85 4.25
101-150 105 5.35
151-200 140 7.20
201-250 160 8.50

For three-phase customers having a monthly consumption up to 100 units, the fixed charges are set as Rs 130 and Rs 235 for up to 250 units.

Tariff for monthly consumption (above 250 units)[edit | edit source]

Consumption slab Fixed charges (Rs) Electricity tariff (Rs/unit)
0-300 220 6.75
0-350 240 7.60
0-400 260 7.95
0-500 285 8.25
500- 310 9.20

For three-phase customers the fixed charges are set as Rs 250 for consumers having a monthly consumption up to 350 units, Rs 260 for up to 400 units, Rs 260 for up to 400 units and Rs 310 for consumption above 500 units.[23]

High Tension and Extra High Tension Tariff[edit | edit source]

KSEB has different tariff rates for its HT and EHT Consumers.

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Mathew, E. T. (1977). "Power Development in Kerala". Social Scientist. 6 (2): 52–63. doi:10.2307/3516684. ISSN 0970-0293.
  2. ↑ History of Electricity in Kerala, Dr. D. Shina
  3. ↑ https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kerala-state-electricity-board-launches-its-1st-solar-plant-115082000752_1.html
  4. ↑ https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/Oct/07/open-access-turns-out-to-be-a-shocker-to-kseb-1525823.html
  5. ↑ "Surplus power shocks Kerala State Electricity Board". Deccan Chronicle. Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd. 31 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  6. ↑ "Kerala State Electricity Board switches to 'sun power'". The New Indian Express. Express Publications (Madurai) Ltd. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  7. ↑ https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/forced-work-day-and-night-kerala-electricity-board-workers-go-strike-70837
  8. ↑ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kseb-introduces-performance-appraisal/articleshow/59224571.cms
  9. ↑ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-state-electricity-board-limited-staring-at-business-attrition-and-revenue-loss/articleshow/63725548.cms
  10. ↑ https://www.theindianwire.com/news/kerala-turns-help-tn-kseb-employees-help-restore-power-gaja-hit-regions-83011/
  11. ↑ https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/400-strong-kerala-electricity-board-team-helps-restore-power-gaja-hit-regions-tn-92079
  12. ↑ https://www.wirecable.in/indias-largest-floating-solar-power-plant-opens-in-kerala/
  13. ↑ "KSEB explores swap deals with Punjab, Uttar Pradesh power corporations to meet summer demand". The Hindu. The Hindu Group. 23 May 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  14. ↑ "Kerala shows the way in integrating RE in grid". The Hindu Business Line. Kasturi & Sons Ltd. 2 February 2026. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "KSEB gets two hydel projects after 14 years, adds 100 MW to grid". The New Indian Express. Express Publications (Madurai) Ltd. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  16. ↑ "KSEB employees protest wage, DA, pension issues". Deshabhimani. CPIM Kerala State Committee. 29 January 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  17. ↑ "Water crisis threatens paddy fields in various panchayats in Thrissur; farmers warn of mass protests against KSEB". The Hindu. The Hindu Group. 3 February 2026. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  18. ↑ Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Public Sector Undertakings for the year ended March 2021 (Chapter I) (PDF) (Report). Comptroller and Auditor General of India. 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  19. ↑ "Kerala State Electricity Board Limited – KSEBL Overview". www.kseb.in. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  20. ↑ "Nod for KSEB to become company". The Hindu. The Hindu Group. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
  21. ↑ "PM inaugurates Pugalur-Thrissur HVDC project". The Hindu. 19 February 2021.
  22. ↑ "KSEB hikes power tariff for domestic consumers by 11.4 per cent". 8 July 2019 – via Malayala Manorama.
  23. ↑ "KSEB gives shock treatment to domestic users, but ignores dues". The New Indian Express. 9 July 2019.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Power Plants of Kerala

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