1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election: Difference between revisions

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| party1            = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
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| leader1          = [[Sheikh Abdullah]]
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Elections for the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|Constituent Assembly]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] were held in September–October 1951.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=229}} [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was appointed Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Following frictions with various groups such as the [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] agitation, Abdullah was dismissed in August 1953 and imprisoned. [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] was appointed as the next Prime Minister.
Elections for the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|Constituent Assembly]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] were held in September–October 1951.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=229}} [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was appointed the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Following frictions with various groups such as the [[Jammu Praja Parishad]], Abdullah was dismissed in August 1953 and imprisoned. [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] was appointed as the next prime minister.


==Background==
==Background==
The princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|acceded]] to the Union of India on 26 October 1947. Shortly afterwards, the [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]] appointed [[Sheikh Abdullah]] as the Head of Emergency Administration, who ran the affairs in the [[Kashmir Valley]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]. Following the cease-fire achieved on 1 January 1948, Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the Prime Minister of the state on 5 March 1948. He chose an eight-member Cabinet, with the other members being:{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=188}}
The princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|acceded]] to the Union of India on 26 October 1947. Shortly afterwards, the [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]] appointed [[Sheikh Abdullah]] as the Head of Emergency Administration, who ran the affairs in the [[Kashmir Valley]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]. Following the cease-fire achieved on 1 January 1949, Sheikh Abdullah was appointed the Prime Minister of the state on 5 March 1948. He chose an eight-member Cabinet, with the other members being:{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=188}}
* [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] – Deputy Prime Minister
* [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] – Deputy Prime Minister
* [[Mirza Afzal Beg]] – Revenue
* [[Mirza Afzal Beg]] – Revenue
Line 65: Line 65:
The [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], the party of Sheikh Abdullah, announced on 27 October 1950 its decision to convene a Constituent Assembly for the state of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=169}}
The [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], the party of Sheikh Abdullah, announced on 27 October 1950 its decision to convene a Constituent Assembly for the state of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=169}}


Pakistan immediately raised a complaint in the United Nations Security Council stating that India was convening a Constituent Assembly to "ratify the formal accession of the State to India" in contravention of the Security Council resolutions.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=163,&nbsp;185}} India reassured all parties that the decision of the Constituent Assembly would not affect India's commitments in the Security Council.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}} The Security Council took note of the development in its [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 91|30 March 1951 resolution]] and reminded both the Indian and Pakistani governments of the past resolutions of the Security Council and affirmed that the decisions of the Constituent Assembly would not be binding.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=168–169}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=54}}
Pakistan immediately raised a complaint in the [[United Nations Security Council]] stating that India was convening a Constituent Assembly to "ratify the formal accession of the State to India" in contravention of the Security Council resolutions.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=163,&nbsp;185}} India reassured all parties that the decision of the Constituent Assembly would not affect India's commitments in the Security Council.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}} The Security Council took note of the development in its [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 91|30 March 1951 resolution]] and reminded both the Indian and Pakistani governments of the past resolutions of the Security Council and affirmed that the decisions of the Constituent Assembly would not be binding.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=168–169}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=54}}


On 30 April, the Prince Regent [[Karan Singh]] issued a proclamation announcing the elections for the Constituent Assembly based on the adult franchise by secret ballot. The elections took place in September–October 1951.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}
On 30 April, the Prince Regent [[Karan Singh]] issued a proclamation announcing the elections for the Constituent Assembly based on the adult franchise by secret ballot. The elections took place in September–October 1951.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}  
The Constituent Assembly was to have a nominal membership of 100 members, of which 25 seats were allocated to [[Azad Kashmir]] under Pakistani control (which were never filled). Of the remaining 75 seats, [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]] was allocated 43 seats, [[Ladakh]] 2 seats, and [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] 30 seats.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=55}}
The Constituent Assembly was to have a nominal membership of 100 members, of which 25 seats were allocated to [[Azad Kashmir]] under Pakistani control (which were never filled). Of the remaining 75 seats, [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]] was allocated 43 seats, [[Ladakh]] 2 seats, and [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] 30 seats.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=55}}


==The election==
==The election==
The elections were conducted by the State's election and franchise commissioner.<ref>{{citation|last=Ahuja|first=M. L.|title=Electoral Politics and General Elections in India, 1952-1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&pg=PA101|date=1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-711-5|pages=101–}}</ref>
The elections were conducted by the State's election and franchise commissioner.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahuja|first=M. L.|title=Electoral Politics and General Elections in India, 1952-1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&pg=PA101|date=1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-711-5|pages=101}}</ref>  
The process of elections was highly irregular. All the 43 seats allocated to Kashmir went to the National Conference candidates, who were elected unopposed a week before the date of the elections. In Jammu, 13 candidates belonging to the [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] had their nominations rejected. Praja Parishad then boycotted the elections, alleging the Government's illegal practices and official interference. Two independent candidates dropped out at the last moment, giving a clean sweep to the National Conference.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=55–56}} In Ladakh, the Head Lama, Kushak Bakula and an associate won seats, as nominal members of the National Conference.<ref name="BubandtBeek2012">{{citation |last1=van Beek |first1=Martijn |chapter=Enlightened democracy: Normative secularism and spiritual authority on the margins of Indian politics |editor1=Nils Ole Bubandt |editor2=Martijn Van Beek |title=Varieties of Secularism in Asia: Anthropological Explorations of Religion, Politics and the Spiritual |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tKoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |date= 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-66864-7 |page=87}}</ref>
The procedures of the election were highly irregular. All the 43 seats allocated to Kashmir went to the National Conference candidates, who were elected unopposed a week before the date of the elections. In Jammu, 13 candidates belonging to the [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] had their nominations rejected. The Praja Parishad then boycotted the elections, blaming the Government's illegal practices and official interference. Two independent candidates dropped out at the last moment, giving a clean sweep to the National Conference.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=55–56}} In Ladakh, the Head Lama, [[19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche|Kushak Bakula]] and an associate won seats, as nominal members of the National Conference.<ref name="BubandtBeek2012">{{cite book |last1=van Beek |first1=Martijn |chapter=Enlightened democracy: Normative secularism and spiritual authority on the margins of Indian politics |editor1=Nils Ole Bubandt |editor2=Martijn Van Beek |title=Varieties of Secularism in Asia: Anthropological Explorations of Religion, Politics and the Spiritual |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tKoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |date= 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-66864-7 |page=87}}</ref> Thus, the National Conference won all the 75 seats to the Constituent Assembly, which convened on 31 October 1951.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}


Thus, the National Conference won all the 75 seats to the Constituent Assembly, which convened on 31 October 1951.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}
Scholar [[Sumantra Bose]] states that the manner of elections indicated that the National Conference elites wanted to govern Jammu and Kashmir as a [[party state|one party state]]. Their slogan was "One Leader, One Party, One Programme". [[Balraj Puri]], a journalist and secular activist from Jammu, is said to have argued with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] that Ghulam Mohiuddin Karra's group in the Kashmir Valley should be allowed to function as an opposition group in the state. While Nehru agreed with the principle, he stated that nothing should be done to weaken Sheikh Abdullah.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=56–57}}


Scholar [[Sumantra Bose]] states that the manner of elections indicated that the National Conference elites wanted to govern Jammu and Kashmir as a [[party state]]. Their slogan was "One Leader, One Party, One Programme". [[Balraj Puri]], journalist and secular activist from Jammu, is said to have argued with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] that Ghulam Mohiuddin Karra's group in the Kashmir Valley should be allowed to function as an opposition group in the state. While Nehru agreed with the principle he stated that nothing should be done to weaken Sheikh Abdullah.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=56–57}}
The [[Jammu Praja Parishad]], having been denied opportunities for the democratic opposition, took to the streets. It demanded full integration of the state with India to ensure the "legitimate democratic rights of the people" against the "anti-Dogra government of Sheikh Abdullah".{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=56–57}} The conflict with the Praja Parishad eventually led to the termination of Sheikh Abdullah's rule.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Balraj |last=Puri |author-link=Balraj Puri |title=Schizophrenia in Jammu? |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=9 |number=6/8 |date=Feb 1974 |pages=185–187 |jstor=4363413}}: "The agitation of the Jammu Praja Parishad in 1952-53 against the special status of the state is generally acknowledged to be the cause of Sheikh Abdullah's final breach with New Delhi."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Tillin, Asymmetry in Indian Federalism|2006|pp=54–55}}: "It was partly in response to their campaign that Sheikh Abdullah began to emphasize the option of Kashmir’s independence, leading to his arrest in 1953 and the installation of a more pliant government which gave its consent to the extension of most of the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir."</ref>


The [[Jammu Praja Parishad]], having been denied opportunities for the democratic opposition, took to the streets. It demanded full integration of the state with India to ensure the "legitimate democratic rights of the people" against the "anti-Dogra government of Sheikh Abdullah".{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=56–57}} The conflict with the Praja Parishad eventually led to the termination of Sheikh Abdullah's rule.<ref>{{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |author-link=Balraj Puri |title=Schizophrenia in Jammu? |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=9 |number=6/8 |date=Feb 1974 |pages=185–187 |jstor=4363413}}: "The agitation of the Jammu Praja Parishad in 1952-53 against the special status of the state is generally acknowledged to be the cause of Sheikh Abdullah's final breach with New Delhi."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Tillin, Asymmetry in Indian Federalism|2006|pp=54–55}}: "It was partly in response to their campaign that Sheikh Abdullah began to emphasize the option of Kashmir’s independence, leading to his arrest in 1953 and the installation of a more pliant government which gave its consent to the extension of most of the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir."</ref>
== Results ==
The elected members of the assembly, according to data hosted by the South Asia Terrorism Portal, were:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/documents/papers/proclamation_may_1_1951.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420192359/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/documents/papers/proclamation_may_1_1951.htm |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''No.'''
|'''Member'''
|'''Constituency'''
|-
|1.
|[[Maulana Masoodi|Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masudi]]
|[[Amira Kadal Assembly constituency|Amira Kadal]]
|-
|2.
|[[Sheikh Abdullah|Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah]]
|[[Hazratbal Assembly constituency|Hazratbal]]
|-
|3.
|[[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]
|[[Safa Kadal]]
|-
|4
|[[Mirza Afzal Beg|Mirza Mohammed Afzal Beg]]
|[[Anantnag Assembly constituency|Anantnag]]
|-
|5
|[[Girdhari Lal Dogra]]
|[[Hiranagar Assembly constituency|Jasmergarh]]
|-
|6
|Shyam Lal Saraf
|[[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]]
|-
|7
|Abdul Aziz Shawl
|[[Rajouri Assembly constituency|Rajouri]]
|-
|8
|Abdul Gani Trali
|[[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]
|-
|9
|Abdul Gani Goni
|[[Bhalessa–Bunjwah Assembly constituency|Bhalesa]]
|-
|10
|Syed Abdul Qudus
|[[Beerwah Assembly constituency|Beerwah]]
|-
|11
|[[Bakshi Abdur Rashid]]
|[[Charari Sharief Assembly constituency|Charar-i-Sharief]]
|-
|12
|Abdul Kabir Khan
|[[Bandipora Assembly constituency|Bandipora]] ([[Gurez Assembly constituency|Gurez]])
|-
|13
|Abdul Khaliq
|[[Sonawari Assembly constituency|Sonawari]]
|-
|14
|Syed Allaudin Gilani
|[[Handwara Assembly constituency|Handwara]]
|-
|15
|Assad Ullah Mir
|[[Ramban Assembly constituency|Ramban]]
|-
|16
|Bhagat Ram
|Lander [[Tikri Assembly constituency|Tikri]] (now part of [[Udhampur West Assembly constituency|Udhampur West]])
|-
|17
|Bhagat Chhajju Ram
|[[Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South Assembly constituency|Ranbirsinghpora]]
|-
|18
|Sardar Chela Singh
|[[Chhamb Assembly constituency|Chhamb]]
|-
|19
|Chuni Lal Kotwal
|[[Bhaderwah Assembly constituency|Bhaderwah]]
|-
|20
|[[Durga Prasad Dhar]]
|[[Kulgam Assembly constituency|Kulgam]]
|-
|21
|Ghulam Ahmad Mir
|[[Dachnipora|Dachinpara]]
|-
|22
|Master Ghulam Ahmed
|[[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Haveli]]
|-
|23
|Ghulam Ahmad Dev
|[[Doda Assembly constituency|Doda]]
|-
|24
|Pirzada Ghulam Gilani
|[[Pampore Assembly constituency|Pampore]]
|-
|25
|Ghulam Hassan Khan
|[[Noorabad Assembly constituency|Narwah]]
|-
|26
|Ghulam Hassan Bhat
|[[Nandi Assembly constituency|Nandi]] (now part of [[Noorabad Assembly constituency|Noorabad]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/794362/1/JPI_December_2019.pdf |website=Parliament Digital Library |page=86}}</ref>
|-
|27
|Ghulam Hassan Malik
|[[Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Devsar]]
|-
|28
|Pir Ghulam Mohammad Masoodi
|[[Tral Assembly constituency|Tral]]
|-
|29
|[[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]]
|[[Tankipora Assembly constituency|Tankipora]] (Fateh Kadal)
|-
|30
|Mirza Ghulam Mohammad Beg
|[[Naubug Assembly constituency|Naubag]] ([[Breng Valley|Brang Valley]])
|-
|31
|Ghulam Mohammad Butt
|[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]
|-
|32
|Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din Khan
|[[Khan Sahib Assembly constituency|Khansahib]]
|-
|33
|Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din Hamdani
|[[Khanyar Assembly constituency|Khanyar]]
|-
|34
|Mirwaiz Ghulam Nabi Hamdani
|[[Zadibal Assembly constituency|Zadibal]]
|-
|35
|Ghulam Nabi Wani
|[[Darhgam Assembly constituency|Daragam]] (now part of [[Wagoora–Kreeri Assembly constituency|Wagoora-Kreeri]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2024 |title=Polling Station-Wise Data |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Lok_sabha_2024/Electoral_Data_PS_03.2024.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |page=47}}</ref>
|-
|36
|[[Ghulam Nabi Wani]]
|[[Lolab Assembly constituency|Lolab]]
|-
|37
|Ghulam Qadir Bhat
|[[Kangan Assembly constituency|Kangan]]
|-
|38
|Ghulam Qadir Masala
|[[Drugmulla]] (now part of [[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Election {{!}} District Kupwara, Government of Jammu & Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://kupwara.nic.in/election/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|39
|Ghulam Rasool Sheikh
|[[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]]
|-
|40
|[[Ghulam Rasool Kar]]
|[[Rafiabad Assembly constituency|Hamal]]
|-
|41
|Ghulam Rasool Kraipak
|[[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]
|-
|42
|Hakim Habibullah Khan
|[[Sopore Assembly constituency|Sopore]]
|-
|43
|Hem Raj Jandial
|[[Ramnagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|-
|44
|Sardar Harbans Singh Azad
|[[Baramulla Assembly constituency|Baramulla]]
|-
|45
|Syed Ibrahim Shah
|[[Kargil Assembly constituency|Kargil]]
|-
|46
|Ishar Devi Maini
|[[Jammu North Assembly constituency|Jammu North]]
|-
|47
|Janki Nath Kakroo
|[[Kothar Assembly constituency|Kothar]] (now part of [[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Nagrota]])<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/794362/1/JPI_December_2019.pdf |website=Parliament Digital Library |page=90}}</ref>
|-
|48
|Jamal-ud-Din
|[[Darhal Assembly constituency|Darhal]]
|-
|49
|Maulvi Jamaitali Shah
|[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]
|-
|50
|[[19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche|Kushak Bakula]]
|[[Leh Assembly constituency|Leh]]
|-
|51
|[[Krishan Dev Sethi|Kishen Dev Sethi]]
|[[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]]
|-
|52
|Sardar Kulbir Singh
|[[Poonch (town)|Poonch City]]
|-
|53
|Mohammad Afzal Khan
|[[Uri Assembly constituency|Uri]]
|-
|54
|Sheikh Mohammad Akbar
|[[Tangamarg Assembly constituency|Tangmarg]]
|-
|55
|Mohammad Anwar Shah
|[[Karnah Assembly constituency|Karnah]]
|-
|56
|Mohammad Ayub Khan
|[[Gool Arnas Assembly constituency|Arnas]]
|-
|57
|Syed Mohammad Jalali
|[[Budgam Assembly constituency|Badgam]]
|-
|58
|Pir Mohammad Maqbool Shah
|[[Ramhal Assembly constituency|Ramhal]] (now part of [[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]])<ref name=":0" />
|-
|59
|[[Syed Mir Qasim]]
|[[Dooru Assembly constituency|Doru Shahabad]]
|-
|60
|[[Khwaja Mubarak Shah]]
|[[Magam]]
|-
|61
|Mansukh Rai
|[[Reasi Assembly constituency|Reasi]]
|-
|62
|Mahant Ram
|[[Basohli Assembly constituency|Basohli]]
|-
|63
|{{Ill|Moti Ram Baigra|qid=Q61944357}}
|[[Udhampur Assembly constituency|Udhampur]]
|-
|64
|Mahashay Nahar Singh
|[[Bishnah Assembly constituency|Bishnah]]
|-
|65
|Noor Dar
|[[Khowarpara Assembly constituency|Khowarpora]] (now part of [[Karnah Assembly constituency|Karnah]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polling Booths in Karnah Assembly Constituency, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/polling-stations/karnah.html |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Elections.in}}</ref>
|-
|66
|Noor-ud-Din Sufi
|[[Ganderbal Assembly constituency|Ganderbal]]
|-
|67
|Major Piara Singh
|[[Kathua Assembly constituency|Kathua]]
|-
|68
|Ram Chand Khajuria
|[[Billawar Assembly constituency|Billawar]]
|-
|69
|[[Ram Piara Saraf|Lala Ram Piara Saraf]]
|[[Samba Assembly constituency|Samba]]
|-
|70
|Ram Devi
|[[R. S. Pura-Jammu South Assembly constituency|Jammu South]]
|-
|71
|Ram Rakha Mal
|[[Suchetgarh Assembly constituency|Kahanachak]]
|-
|72
|Wazir Ram Saran
|[[Jandrah Gharota Assembly constituency|Jindrah Garota]] (now part of [[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Nagrota]])<ref name=":1" />
|-
|73
|Ram Lal
|[[Akhnoor Assembly constituency|Akhnoor]]
|-
|74
|Sagar Singh
|[[Vijaypur, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Purmandal]]
|-
|75
|Sana Ullah Sheikh
|[[Pulwama Assembly constituency|Pulwama]]
|}


== Government formation ==
== Government formation ==
Line 89: Line 395:
* Shyam Lal Saraf
* Shyam Lal Saraf
* [[Girdhari Lal Dogra]]
* [[Girdhari Lal Dogra]]
Later [[D. P. Dhar]], Mubarak Shah, Major Piara Singh and Ghulam Mohiuddin Hamdani were appointed as Deputy Ministers.<ref name="Qāsim1992">{{citation |last=Qāsim |first=Sayyid Mīr |title=My Life and Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNFJKap8YxwC&pg=PA53 |year=1992 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-355-8 |page=53}}</ref>
Later on, [[D. P. Dhar]], [[Khwaja Mubarak Shah]], Major Piara Singh and Ghulam Mohiuddin Hamdani were appointed as Deputy Ministers.<ref name="Qāsim1992">{{cite book |last=Qāsim |first=Sayyid Mīr |title=My Life and Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNFJKap8YxwC&pg=PA53 |year=1992 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-355-8 |page=53}}</ref>


=== Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ministry ===
=== Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ministry ===
Following intense frictions with the Jammu Praja Parishad in Jammu and the Head Lama Kushak Bakula of Ladakh, as well as ongoing frictions with the Union government, Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed from the post of Prime Minister by the ''Sadr-e-Riyasat'' (Head of State) [[Karan Singh]] in August 1953. Abdullah was also arrested on conspiracy charges. The Deputy Prime Minister [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] was sworn in as the next Prime Minister. His Cabinet consisted of:
Following intense frictions with the Jammu Praja Parishad in Jammu and the Head Lama Kushak Bakula of Ladakh, as well as ongoing frictions with the Union government, Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed from the post of prime minister by the ''Sadr-e-Riyasat'' (head of state) [[Karan Singh]] in August 1953. Abdullah was also arrested on conspiracy charges. The deputy prime minister [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] was sworn in as the next prime minister. His Cabinet members were:
* [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] – Prime Minister
* [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] – Prime minister
* [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] – Education
* [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] – Education
* [[Shyam Lal Saraf]] – Development
* Shyam Lal Saraf – Development
* [[Girdhari Lal Dogra]] – Finance
* [[Girdhari Lal Dogra]] – Finance
* [[Syed Mir Qasim]] – Revenue
* [[Syed Mir Qasim]] – Revenue
Kushak Bakula was appointed as a deputy minister and he pledged his support for the new government.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=209}}
The 19th Kushak Bakula was appointed as a deputy minister and he pledged his support for the new government.{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=209}} Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad continued as the prime minister for the remaining six-year term of the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly continued with its mission of formulating the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|State Constitution]], which was adopted on 17 November 1956, coming into effect on 26 January 1957.
 
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad continued as the Prime Minister for the remaining six-year term of the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly continued with its mission of formulating the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|State Constitution]], which was adopted on 17 November 1956, coming into effect on 26 January 1957.


==References==
==References==
Line 106: Line 410:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780674011731 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1p6hp3k |jstor=j.ctv1p6hp3k |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |date=2012 |orig-year=first published 1968 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |date=2012 |orig-year=first published 1968 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Tillin |first=Louise |title=Unite in Diversity? Asymmetry in Indian Federalism |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |volume=37 |number=1 |pages=45–67 |year=2006 |doi=10.1093/publius/pjl017 |ref={{sfnref|Tillin, Asymmetry in Indian Federalism|2006}}|hdl=10.1093/publius/pjl017 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Tillin |first=Louise |title=Unite in Diversity? Asymmetry in Indian Federalism |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |volume=37 |number=1 |pages=45–67 |year=2006 |doi=10.1093/publius/pjl017 |ref={{sfnref|Tillin, Asymmetry in Indian Federalism|2006}}|hdl=10.1093/publius/pjl017 |hdl-access=free }}


{{Jammu and Kashmir elections}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir elections}}
{{#seo:
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[[Category:1951 in India]]
[[Category:1951 in India]]
[[Category:1951 elections in India]]
[[Category:1951 State Assembly elections in India|Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1951 State Assembly elections in India|Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category: State Assembly elections in Jammu and Kashmir|1951]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Jammu and Kashmir|1951]]
[[Category:1950s in Jammu and Kashmir|1951]]
[[Category:1950s in Jammu and Kashmir|1951]]
[[Category:Constituent Assembly elections in Asia]]

Latest revision as of 22:01, 4 February 2026


1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election
Template:Country data Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
← 1947 September–October 1951 1957 →
All 75 seats in Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly
38 seats needed for a majority
  First party
  File:JKNC-flag.svg
Leader Sheikh Abdullah
Party Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
Seats won 75
Prime Minister before election

Sheikh Abdullah
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference

Elected Prime Minister

Sheikh Abdullah
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference

Elections for the Constituent Assembly of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir were held in September–October 1951.[1] Sheikh Abdullah was appointed the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Following frictions with various groups such as the Jammu Praja Parishad, Abdullah was dismissed in August 1953 and imprisoned. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was appointed as the next prime minister.

Background[edit | edit source]

The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to the Union of India on 26 October 1947. Shortly afterwards, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir appointed Sheikh Abdullah as the Head of Emergency Administration, who ran the affairs in the Kashmir Valley during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Following the cease-fire achieved on 1 January 1949, Sheikh Abdullah was appointed the Prime Minister of the state on 5 March 1948. He chose an eight-member Cabinet, with the other members being:[2]

The Jammu & Kashmir National Conference, the party of Sheikh Abdullah, announced on 27 October 1950 its decision to convene a Constituent Assembly for the state of Jammu and Kashmir.[3]

Pakistan immediately raised a complaint in the United Nations Security Council stating that India was convening a Constituent Assembly to "ratify the formal accession of the State to India" in contravention of the Security Council resolutions.[4] India reassured all parties that the decision of the Constituent Assembly would not affect India's commitments in the Security Council.[5] The Security Council took note of the development in its 30 March 1951 resolution and reminded both the Indian and Pakistani governments of the past resolutions of the Security Council and affirmed that the decisions of the Constituent Assembly would not be binding.[6][7]

On 30 April, the Prince Regent Karan Singh issued a proclamation announcing the elections for the Constituent Assembly based on the adult franchise by secret ballot. The elections took place in September–October 1951.[5] The Constituent Assembly was to have a nominal membership of 100 members, of which 25 seats were allocated to Azad Kashmir under Pakistani control (which were never filled). Of the remaining 75 seats, Kashmir was allocated 43 seats, Ladakh 2 seats, and Jammu 30 seats.[5][8]

The election[edit | edit source]

The elections were conducted by the State's election and franchise commissioner.[9] The procedures of the election were highly irregular. All the 43 seats allocated to Kashmir went to the National Conference candidates, who were elected unopposed a week before the date of the elections. In Jammu, 13 candidates belonging to the Jammu Praja Parishad had their nominations rejected. The Praja Parishad then boycotted the elections, blaming the Government's illegal practices and official interference. Two independent candidates dropped out at the last moment, giving a clean sweep to the National Conference.[5][10] In Ladakh, the Head Lama, Kushak Bakula and an associate won seats, as nominal members of the National Conference.[11] Thus, the National Conference won all the 75 seats to the Constituent Assembly, which convened on 31 October 1951.[5]

Scholar Sumantra Bose states that the manner of elections indicated that the National Conference elites wanted to govern Jammu and Kashmir as a one party state. Their slogan was "One Leader, One Party, One Programme". Balraj Puri, a journalist and secular activist from Jammu, is said to have argued with Jawaharlal Nehru that Ghulam Mohiuddin Karra's group in the Kashmir Valley should be allowed to function as an opposition group in the state. While Nehru agreed with the principle, he stated that nothing should be done to weaken Sheikh Abdullah.[12]

The Jammu Praja Parishad, having been denied opportunities for the democratic opposition, took to the streets. It demanded full integration of the state with India to ensure the "legitimate democratic rights of the people" against the "anti-Dogra government of Sheikh Abdullah".[12] The conflict with the Praja Parishad eventually led to the termination of Sheikh Abdullah's rule.[13][14]

Results[edit | edit source]

The elected members of the assembly, according to data hosted by the South Asia Terrorism Portal, were:[15]

No. Member Constituency
1. Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masudi Amira Kadal
2. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah Hazratbal
3. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad Safa Kadal
4 Mirza Mohammed Afzal Beg Anantnag
5 Girdhari Lal Dogra Jasmergarh
6 Shyam Lal Saraf Habba Kadal
7 Abdul Aziz Shawl Rajouri
8 Abdul Gani Trali Rajpora
9 Abdul Gani Goni Bhalesa
10 Syed Abdul Qudus Beerwah
11 Bakshi Abdur Rashid Charar-i-Sharief
12 Abdul Kabir Khan Bandipora (Gurez)
13 Abdul Khaliq Sonawari
14 Syed Allaudin Gilani Handwara
15 Assad Ullah Mir Ramban
16 Bhagat Ram Lander Tikri (now part of Udhampur West)
17 Bhagat Chhajju Ram Ranbirsinghpora
18 Sardar Chela Singh Chhamb
19 Chuni Lal Kotwal Bhaderwah
20 Durga Prasad Dhar Kulgam
21 Ghulam Ahmad Mir Dachinpara
22 Master Ghulam Ahmed Haveli
23 Ghulam Ahmad Dev Doda
24 Pirzada Ghulam Gilani Pampore
25 Ghulam Hassan Khan Narwah
26 Ghulam Hassan Bhat Nandi (now part of Noorabad)[16]
27 Ghulam Hassan Malik Devsar
28 Pir Ghulam Mohammad Masoodi Tral
29 Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Tankipora (Fateh Kadal)
30 Mirza Ghulam Mohammad Beg Naubag (Brang Valley)
31 Ghulam Mohammad Butt Pattan
32 Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din Khan Khansahib
33 Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din Hamdani Khanyar
34 Mirwaiz Ghulam Nabi Hamdani Zadibal
35 Ghulam Nabi Wani Daragam (now part of Wagoora-Kreeri)[17]
36 Ghulam Nabi Wani Lolab
37 Ghulam Qadir Bhat Kangan
38 Ghulam Qadir Masala Drugmulla (now part of Kupwara)[18]
39 Ghulam Rasool Sheikh Shopian
40 Ghulam Rasool Kar Hamal
41 Ghulam Rasool Kraipak Kishtwar
42 Hakim Habibullah Khan Sopore
43 Hem Raj Jandial Ramnagar
44 Sardar Harbans Singh Azad Baramulla
45 Syed Ibrahim Shah Kargil
46 Ishar Devi Maini Jammu North
47 Janki Nath Kakroo Kothar (now part of Nagrota)[19]
48 Jamal-ud-Din Darhal
49 Maulvi Jamaitali Shah Mendhar
50 Kushak Bakula Leh
51 Kishen Dev Sethi Nowshera
52 Sardar Kulbir Singh Poonch City
53 Mohammad Afzal Khan Uri
54 Sheikh Mohammad Akbar Tangmarg
55 Mohammad Anwar Shah Karnah
56 Mohammad Ayub Khan Arnas
57 Syed Mohammad Jalali Badgam
58 Pir Mohammad Maqbool Shah Ramhal (now part of Kupwara)[18]
59 Syed Mir Qasim Doru Shahabad
60 Khwaja Mubarak Shah Magam
61 Mansukh Rai Reasi
62 Mahant Ram Basohli
63 Moti Ram Baigra Udhampur
64 Mahashay Nahar Singh Bishnah
65 Noor Dar Khowarpora (now part of Karnah)[20]
66 Noor-ud-Din Sufi Ganderbal
67 Major Piara Singh Kathua
68 Ram Chand Khajuria Billawar
69 Lala Ram Piara Saraf Samba
70 Ram Devi Jammu South
71 Ram Rakha Mal Kahanachak
72 Wazir Ram Saran Jindrah Garota (now part of Nagrota)[19]
73 Ram Lal Akhnoor
74 Sagar Singh Purmandal
75 Sana Ullah Sheikh Pulwama

Government formation[edit | edit source]

Sheikh Abdullah ministry[edit | edit source]

Sheikh Abdullah continued as the Prime Minister of the State. Two members of the erstwhile Cabinet from the Jammu province, Sardar Budh Singh and Pir Mohammad Khan were dropped. Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq stepped down from his Cabinet duties to serve as the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. The remaining members of the Cabinet were:

Later on, D. P. Dhar, Khwaja Mubarak Shah, Major Piara Singh and Ghulam Mohiuddin Hamdani were appointed as Deputy Ministers.[21]

Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ministry[edit | edit source]

Following intense frictions with the Jammu Praja Parishad in Jammu and the Head Lama Kushak Bakula of Ladakh, as well as ongoing frictions with the Union government, Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed from the post of prime minister by the Sadr-e-Riyasat (head of state) Karan Singh in August 1953. Abdullah was also arrested on conspiracy charges. The deputy prime minister Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was sworn in as the next prime minister. His Cabinet members were:

The 19th Kushak Bakula was appointed as a deputy minister and he pledged his support for the new government.[22] Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad continued as the prime minister for the remaining six-year term of the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly continued with its mission of formulating the State Constitution, which was adopted on 17 November 1956, coming into effect on 26 January 1957.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 229.
  2. ↑ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 188.
  3. ↑ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 169.
  4. ↑ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, pp. 163, 185.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 186.
  6. ↑ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, pp. 168–169.
  7. ↑ Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, p. 54.
  8. ↑ Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, p. 55.
  9. ↑ Ahuja, M. L. (1998). Electoral Politics and General Elections in India, 1952-1998. Mittal Publications. p. 101. ISBN 978-81-7099-711-5.
  10. ↑ Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, pp. 55–56.
  11. ↑ van Beek, Martijn (2012). "Enlightened democracy: Normative secularism and spiritual authority on the margins of Indian politics". In Nils Ole Bubandt; Martijn Van Beek (eds.). Varieties of Secularism in Asia: Anthropological Explorations of Religion, Politics and the Spiritual. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-136-66864-7.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003, pp. 56–57.
  13. ↑ Puri, Balraj (February 1974). "Schizophrenia in Jammu?". Economic and Political Weekly. 9 (6/8): 185–187. JSTOR 4363413.: "The agitation of the Jammu Praja Parishad in 1952-53 against the special status of the state is generally acknowledged to be the cause of Sheikh Abdullah's final breach with New Delhi."
  14. ↑ Tillin, Asymmetry in Indian Federalism 2006, pp. 54–55: "It was partly in response to their campaign that Sheikh Abdullah began to emphasize the option of Kashmir’s independence, leading to his arrest in 1953 and the installation of a more pliant government which gave its consent to the extension of most of the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir."
  15. ↑ "Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  16. ↑ "The Journal of Parliamentary Information" (PDF). Parliament Digital Library. 4 December 2019. p. 86.
  17. ↑ "Polling Station-Wise Data" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. March 2024. p. 47.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Election | District Kupwara, Government of Jammu & Kashmir | India". Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "The Journal of Parliamentary Information" (PDF). Parliament Digital Library. 4 December 2019. p. 90.
  20. ↑ "Polling Booths in Karnah Assembly Constituency, Jammu and Kashmir". Elections.in. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  21. ↑ Qāsim, Sayyid Mīr (1992). My Life and Times. Allied Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 978-81-7023-355-8.
  22. ↑ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 209.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

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