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{{Short description|Kingdom | {{More citations needed|date=November 2023}} | ||
{{Short description|Javanese Kingdom (1222–1292)}} | |||
{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}} | {{EngvarB|date=September 2015}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}} | ||
{{For|the district in Malang Regency, East Java|Singosari}} | |||
{{Infobox Former Country | {{Infobox Former Country | ||
|conventional_long_name = Singhasari | | conventional_long_name = Singhasari | ||
|common_name = Singhasari | | common_name = Singhasari | ||
|religion = | | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br> [[Buddhism]] | ||
|p1 = Kediri (historical kingdom) | | p1 = Kediri (historical kingdom) | ||
|s1 = Majapahit | | s1 = Majapahit | ||
|year_start = 1222 | | s2 = Kingdom of Singapura | ||
|year_end = 1292 | | year_start = 1222 | ||
|date_start = | | year_end = 1292 | ||
|date_end = | | date_start = | ||
|event_start = | | date_end = | ||
|event_end = | | event_start = [[Battle of Genter]] | ||
|image_flag = | | event_end = [[Jayakatwang#Rebellion against Singhasari|Jayakatwang rebellion]] | ||
|image_coat = | | image_flag = | ||
|symbol_type = | | image_coat = | ||
|image_map = Singhasari Kingdom en.svg | | symbol_type = | ||
|image_map_caption = Expansion of Singhasari during the reign of Kertanegara | | image_map = Singhasari Kingdom en.svg | ||
|capital = Tumapel, later called Kutaraja Singhasari (modern outskirt [[Malang]]) | | image_map_caption = Expansion of Singhasari during the reign of Kertanegara | ||
|common_languages = [[Old Javanese]], [[Sanskrit]] | | capital = Tumapel, later called Kutaraja Singhasari (modern outskirt [[Malang]]) | ||
|government_type = Monarchy | | common_languages = [[Old Javanese]], [[Sanskrit]] | ||
|title_leader = Maharaja | | government_type = Monarchy | ||
|leader1 = [[Ken Arok]] | | title_leader = Maharaja | ||
|year_leader1 = | | leader1 = [[Ken Arok]] | ||
|leader2 = [[ | | year_leader1 = 1222–1227 | ||
|year_leader2 = 1268–1292 | | leader2 = [[Anusapati]] | ||
|currency = Native gold and silver coins | | year_leader2 = 1227–1248 | ||
|footnotes = | | leader3 = [[Panji Tohjaya]] | ||
|demonym= | | year_leader3 = 1248–1250 | ||
|area_km2= | | leader4 = [[:id:Wisnuwardhana|Visnuvardhana]] | ||
|area_rank= | | year_leader4 = 1250–1268 | ||
|native_name={{native name|jv|ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ}} | | leader5 = [[Kertanagara]] | ||
| year_leader5 = 1268–1292 | |||
| currency = Native gold and silver coins | |||
| footnotes = | |||
| demonym = | |||
| area_km2 = | |||
| area_rank = | |||
| native_name = {{native name|jv|ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ}} | |||
| today = {{Plainlist| | |||
*[[Indonesia]] | |||
*[[Singapore]] | |||
*[[Malaysia]]}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{History of Indonesia}} | {{History of Indonesia}} | ||
'''Singhasari''' ({{ | '''Singhasari''' ({{langx|jv|ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ|translit=Karaton Singhasari}} or {{transliteration|jv|Karaton Singosari}}, {{langx|id|Kerajaan Singasari}}), also known as '''Tumapel''', was a [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[Hindu-Buddhist empires|Hindu-Buddhist]] [[Monarchy|kingdom]] located in east [[Java (island)|Java]] between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the [[Kingdom of Kediri]] as the dominant kingdom in eastern Java. The kingdom's name is cognate to the [[Singosari]] district of [[Malang Regency]], located several kilometres north of [[Malang]] City. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
Singhasari (alternate spelling: ''Singosari'') was mentioned in several Javanese manuscripts, including [[Pararaton]]. According to tradition, the name was given by Ken Arok during the foundation of the new kingdom to replace its old name, Tumapel, located in a fertile highland valley which today corresponds to the area in and around [[Malang]] city. It derives from [[Sanskrit]] word ''singha'' which means "lion" and ''sari'' which in [[Old Javanese]] could mean either "essence" or "to sleep". Thus Singhasari could be translated as "essence of lion" or "sleeping lion". Although the [[asiatic lion|lion]] is not an endemic animal of [[Java]], the [[Cultural depictions of lions|symbolic depiction of lions]] is common in Indonesian culture, [[Hinduism in Indonesia|attributed to the influence]] of [[ | Singhasari (alternate spelling: ''Singosari'') was mentioned in several Javanese manuscripts, including [[Pararaton]]. According to tradition, the name was given by Ken Arok during the foundation of the new kingdom to replace its old name, Tumapel, located in a fertile highland valley which today corresponds to the area in and around [[Malang]] city. It derives from [[Sanskrit]] word ''singha'' which means "lion" and ''sari'' which in [[Old Javanese]] could mean either "essence" or "to sleep". Thus Singhasari could be translated as "essence of lion" or "sleeping lion". Although the [[asiatic lion|lion]] is not an endemic animal of [[Java]], the [[Cultural depictions of lions|symbolic depiction of lions]] is common in Indonesian culture, [[Hinduism in Indonesia|attributed to the influence]] of [[Hindu]]-[[Buddhist]] symbolism. | ||
==Foundation== | ==Foundation== | ||
{{See also|Ken Arok}} | {{See also|Ken Arok}} | ||
Singhasari was founded by [[Ken Arok]] ( | Singhasari was founded by [[Ken Arok]] (1182–1227/1247), whose story is a popular folktale in Central and East Java. Most of Ken Arok's life story and the early history of Singhasari were taken from the [[Pararaton]] account, which also incorporates some mythical aspects. Ken Arok was an orphan born of a mother named Ken Endok and an unknown father (some tales stated he was a son of the god [[Brahma]]) in the [[Kingdom of Kediri|Kediri]] kingdom's territory. | ||
Ken Arok rose from being a servant of | Ken Arok rose from being a servant of Tunggul Ametung, a regional ruler in Tumapel (present-day [[Malang]]) to becoming a ruler of Java from Kediri. He is considered the founder of the [[Rajasa dynasty]] of both the Singhasari and later the [[Majapahit]] line of monarchs.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1208 |title=Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia|year=2004|isbn=9781576077702|access-date=25 July 2010 |last1=Ooi |first1=Keat Gin |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> He killed Tunggul Ametung and was later assassinated by [[Anusapati]], in revenge for killing his father, Tunggul Ametung.<ref name="Coedes">{{Cite book | ||
| last = Cœdès | | last = Cœdès | ||
| first = George | | first = George | ||
| Line 53: | Line 67: | ||
| year = 1968 | | year = 1968 | ||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | ||
| isbn =9780824803681 }} | | isbn =9780824803681 }}</ref>{{rp|185–187}} Ken Arok's son [[Panji Tohjaya]] assassinated Anusapati, but he in turn reigned only a few months in 1248 before his nephews revolted. These two, Ranga Wuni and Mahisha Champaka, ruled together under the names Vishnuvardhana and Narasimhamurti.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|188}} | ||
==Expansion== | ==Expansion== | ||
In the year 1275, | In the year 1275, King [[Kertanegara]], the fifth ruler of Singhasari who had been reigning since 1254, launched a naval campaign northward towards the weak remains of the [[Srivijaya]]<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|198}} in response to continuous Ceylon pirate raids and Chola kingdom's invasion from India which conquered Srivijaya's [[Kedah]] in 1025. The strongest of these Malaya kingdoms was [[Jambi]], which captured the Srivijaya capital in 1088, followed by the [[Melayu Kingdom|Dharmasraya Kingdom]], and the [[Temasek|Temasek Kingdom]] of Singapore. | ||
The military force known as the [[Pamalayu expedition]] was led by Admiral Mahesa Anabrang (a.k.a. Adwaya Brahman) to the Malaya region, and was also intended to secure the Malayan strait, the ‘Maritime Silk Road’, against potential Mongol invasion and ferocious sea pirates. These Malayan kingdoms then pledged allegiance to the king. King Kertanegara had long wished to surpass Srivijaya as a regional maritime empire, controlling sea trade routes from China to India. | The military force known as the [[Pamalayu expedition]] was led by Admiral Mahesa Anabrang (a.k.a. Adwaya Brahman) to the Malaya region, and was also intended to secure the Malayan strait, the ‘Maritime Silk Road’, against potential Mongol invasion and ferocious sea pirates. These Malayan kingdoms then pledged allegiance to the king. King Kertanegara had long wished to surpass Srivijaya as a regional maritime empire, controlling sea trade routes from China to India. | ||
The Pamalayu expedition from 1275 to 1292, from the time of Singhasari to Majapahit, is chronicled in the Javanese scroll [[Nagarakrtagama]]. Singhasari's territory thus became Majapahit territory. In the year 1284, King Kertanegara led a hostile Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari kingdom's territory. The king also sent troops, expeditions and envoys to other nearby kingdoms such as the Sunda-Galuh | The Pamalayu expedition from 1275 to 1292, from the time of Singhasari to Majapahit, is chronicled in the Javanese scroll [[Nagarakrtagama]]. Singhasari's territory thus became Majapahit territory. In the year 1284, King Kertanegara led a hostile Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari kingdom's territory. The king also sent troops, expeditions, and envoys to other nearby kingdoms such as the Sunda-Galuh Kingdom, [[Old Pahang Kingdom|Pahang Kingdom]], Balakana Kingdom (Kalimantan/Borneo), and Gurun Kingdom (Maluku). He also established an alliance with the king of [[Champa]] (Vietnam). | ||
King Kertanegara | King Kertanegara erased any Srivijayan influence from Java and Bali in 1290. However, the expansive campaigns exhausted most of the Kingdom's military forces and in the future would stir a murderous plot against the unsuspecting King Kertanegara. | ||
==Conflict with the | ==Conflict with the Mongols== | ||
{{See also|Mongol invasion of Java}} | {{See also|Mongol invasion of Java}} | ||
[[File:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 042.jpg|thumb|180px|left|A ''[[mandala]]'' of Amoghapāśa from the Singhasari period]] | [[File:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 042.jpg|thumb|180px|left|A ''[[mandala]]'' of Amoghapāśa from the Singhasari period]] | ||
Singhasari, and its successor kingdom, Majapahit, were among the few kingdoms in Asia that were able to thwart an invasion by the [[Mongol]] horde by repelling a Mongol force in 1293. As the centre of the Malayan peninsula [[trade wind]]s, the rising power, influence, and wealth of the Javanese Singhasari empire came to the attention of [[Kublai Khan]] of the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]] based in [[China]]. Moreover, Singhasari had allied with [[Champa]], another powerful state in the region. Both Java (Singhasari) and Champa were worried about Mongol expansion and raids against neighbouring states, such as [[Battle of Pagan|their raid of Bagan in Burma]]. | |||
Kublai Khan then sent emissaries demanding submission and tribute from Java. In 1280, Kublai Khan sent the first emissary to King [[Kertanegara]], demanding Singhasari's submission and tribute to the great Khan. The demand was refused. The next year in 1281, the Khan sent another envoy, demanding the same, which was refused again. Eight years later, in 1289, the last envoy was sent to demand the same, and Kertanegara | Kublai Khan then sent emissaries demanding submission and tribute from Java. In 1280, Kublai Khan sent the first emissary to King [[Kertanegara]], demanding Singhasari's submission and tribute to the great Khan. The demand was refused. The next year in 1281, the Khan sent another envoy, demanding the same, which was refused again. Eight years later, in 1289, the last envoy was sent to demand the same, and King Kertanegara refused to pay tribute.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|198}}[[File:Prajnaparamita Java Side Detail.JPG|thumb|180px|The serene beauty of [[Prajnaparamita]] statue found near Singhasari temple is believed to be the portrayal statue of Queen [[Ken Dedes]], wife of [[Ken Arok]] (the collection of [[National Museum of Indonesia]]).]]In the audition throne room of the Singhasari court, King Kertanegara humiliated the Khan's envoy by cutting and scarring the face of Meng Ki, one of the Mongols' envoys (some sources even state that the king cut the envoy's ear himself). The envoy returned to China with the answer – the scar – of the Javan king written on his face. | ||
Enraged by this humiliation and the disgrace committed against his envoy and his patience, in late 1292 Kublai Khan sent 1,000 war [[Junk (ship)|junk]]s for a [[punitive expedition]] that arrived off the coast of [[Tuban]], Java in early 1293. | Enraged by this humiliation and the disgrace committed against his envoy and his patience, in late 1292 Kublai Khan sent 1,000 war [[Junk (ship)|junk]]s for a [[punitive expedition]] that arrived off the coast of [[Tuban]], Java in early 1293. | ||
King Kertanegara, whose troops were now spread | King Kertanegara, whose troops were now spread thin and located elsewhere, did not realize that a coup was being prepared by the former Kediri royal lineage. | ||
==Fall of Singhasari== | ==Fall of Singhasari== | ||
[[File:Candi singosari.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Singhasari temple built as a mortuary temple to honour [[Kertanegara]], the last king of Singhasari.]] | [[File:Candi singosari.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Singhasari temple built as a mortuary temple to honour [[Kertanegara]], the last king of Singhasari.]] | ||
In 1292, Regent [[Jayakatwang]], a [[vassal]] king from the [[Kingdom of Kediri|Kingdom of Daha (also known as Kediri or Gelang-gelang)]], prepared his army to conquer Singhasari and kill its king if possible, assisted by Arya Viraraja, | In 1292, Regent [[Jayakatwang]], a [[vassal]] king from the [[Kingdom of Kediri|Kingdom of Daha (also known as Kediri or Gelang-gelang)]], prepared his army to conquer Singhasari and kill its king if possible, assisted by Arya Viraraja,<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|199}} a regent from Sumenep on the island of [[Madura]]. | ||
The Kediri (Gelang-gelang) army attacked Singhasari simultaneously from both north and south. The king only | The Kediri (Gelang-gelang) army attacked Singhasari simultaneously from both north and south. The king only realized the invasion from the north and sent his son-in-law, [[Nararya Sanggramawijaya]], informally known as 'Raden Wijaya', northward to vanquish the rebellion. The northern attack was put at bay, but the southern attackers successfully remained undetected until they reached and sacked the unprepared capital city of Kutaraja. Jayakatwang usurped and killed Kertanagara during the [[Tantra]] sacred ceremony, thus bringing an end to the Singhasari kingdom. | ||
Having learned of the fall of the Singhasari capital of Kutaraja due to Kediri's treachery, [[Raden Wijaya]] tried to defend Singhasari but failed. He and his three colleagues, Ranggalawe, Sora and Nambi, went to exile | Having learned of the fall of the Singhasari capital of Kutaraja due to Kediri's treachery, [[Raden Wijaya]] tried to defend Singhasari but failed. He and his three colleagues, Ranggalawe, Sora, and Nambi, went to exile in favour of the same regent (Bupati) Arya Wiraraja of Madura, Nambi's father, who then turned his back to Jayakatwang. With Arya Wiraraja's patronage, Raden Wijaya, pretending to submit to King Jayakatwang, won favour from the new monarch of Kediri, who permitted him to open a new settlement north of Mount Arjuna, the Tarik forest. In this wilderness, Wijaya found many bitter [[Aegle marmelos|Maja fruits]], so it was called Majapahit (literally meaning “bitter Maja”), the future capital of the empire. | ||
==The beginning of Majapahit empire== | ==The beginning of Majapahit empire== | ||
[[File:Singhasari.gif|thumb|180px|The land of Singhasari when at its peak during 1291]] | [[File:Singhasari.gif|thumb|180px|The land of Singhasari when at its peak during 1291{{Cn|date=November 2023}}]] | ||
In early 1293, the [[Mongol invasion of Java|Mongol naval forces]] arrived on the north coast of Java (near [[Tuban]]) and on the [[Brantas River]] mouth to flank what they thought was Singhasari. Raden Wijaya found the opportunity to use the unsuspecting Mongols to overthrow Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya's army allied with the Mongols in March 1293 and a battle ensued between Mongol forces against Daha forces in the creek bed of Kali Mas River, a distributary of [[Brantas River]], which was followed by the battle of Mongol forces against Daha forces that attacked the Majapahit regional army led by Raden Wijaya. The Mongols then stormed Daha and [[Jayakatwang]] finally surrendered and was executed. | |||
Once Jayakatwang was eliminated, Raden Vijaya then turned his troops on his former Mongol allies, forcing them to withdraw from the island of Java on 31 May 1293. | Once Jayakatwang was eliminated, Raden Vijaya then turned his troops on his former Mongol allies, forcing them to withdraw from the island of Java on 31 May 1293.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|200–201}} | ||
The victor, Prince Wijaya, son-in-law of [[Kertanegara]], the last Singhasari king, then ascended the throne as Kertajasa Jayawardhana, the first king of the great [[Majapahit Empire]], on 12 November 1293. | The victor, Prince Wijaya, son-in-law of [[Kertanegara]], the last Singhasari king, then ascended the throne as Kertajasa Jayawardhana, the first king of the great [[Majapahit Empire]], on 12 November 1293. | ||
==Rulers of Singhasari== | ==Rulers of Singhasari== | ||
[[File:Rajasa Dynasty.svg|thumb|220px|Genealogy diagram of Rajasa | [[File:Rajasa Dynasty.svg|thumb|220px|Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.]] | ||
* [[Ken Arok]] 1222–1227 | * [[Ken Arok]] 1222–1227<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|185–187}} | ||
* [[Anusapati]] 1227–1248 | * [[Anusapati]] 1227–1248<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|187–188}} | ||
* [[Panji Tohjaya]] 1248 | * [[Panji Tohjaya]] 1248<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|188}} | ||
* Vishnuvardhana-Narasimhamurti 1248–1268 | * Vishnuvardhana-Narasimhamurti 1248–1268<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|188}} | ||
* [[Kertanegara]] 1268–1292 | * [[Kertanegara]] 1268–1292<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|188}} | ||
==Family Tree== | |||
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Family Tree of Singhasari Kings}} | |||
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}} | |||
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 |y|A02 |y|A03 |y|A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
A01=♀ Ken Umang| | |||
A02='''[[Ken Arok|Sri Ranggah<br>Rajasa]]'''<br><sup>(1)</sup><br><small>r. 1222-1227/47</small>|boxstyle_A02=background-color:#FFFFE0; border-color:#FFD700| | |||
A03=♀ [[Ken Dedes]]| | |||
A04=Tunggul<br>Ametung}} | |||
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | |||
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
A01='''[[Panji Tohjaya|Panji<br>Tohjaya]]'''<br><sup>(3)</sup><br><small>r. 1248</small>|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFFFE0; border-color:#FFD700| | |||
A02=Mahisa Wong<br>Teleng| | |||
== | A03='''[[Anusapati|Bhatara<br>Anusapati]]'''<br><sup>(2)</sup><br><small>r. 1227/47-1248</small>|boxstyle_A03=background-color:#FFFFE0; border-color:#FFD700}} | ||
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | |||
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
A01=Bhatara<br>Narasinghamurti| | |||
A02='''Jayawisnu<br>wardhana'''<br><sup>(4)</sup><br><small>r. 1248-1268</small>|boxstyle_A02=background-color:#FFFFE0; border-color:#FFD700}} | |||
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | |||
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
A01=Dyah Lembu<br>Tal| | |||
A02='''[[Kertanegara of Singhasari|Kertanagara]]'''<br><sup>(5)</sup><br><small>r. 1268-1292</small>|boxstyle_A02=background-color:#FFFFE0; border-color:#FFD700}} | |||
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | |||
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
A01=''[[Majapahit#Family Tree|Majapahit<br>Empire]]''|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px}} | |||
{{Tree chart/end}} | |||
{{Chart bottom}} | |||
==Contemporary inscriptions== | |||
{{see also|Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world}} | {{see also|Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world}} | ||
===Gondang inscription=== | ===Gondang inscription=== | ||
The Gondang Inscription is an [[in-situ]] inscription dating back to the era of the | The Gondang Inscription is an [[in-situ]] inscription dating back to the era of the Singhasari Kingdom which was only discovered in 2017 in the middle of rice fields in Rejoso Hamlet, Gondang Village, Gondang District, [[Mojokerto Regency]], [[East Java]]. The inscription was founded by local residents and was written in the [[Old Javanese language]] bearing the date 1197 [[Indian national calendar|Saka]] or 1275 AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-5042017/prasasti-gondang-bukti-kekuasaan-kerajaan-singasari-di-mojokerto?single=1| title=Prasasti Gondang, Bukti Kekuasaan Kerajaan Singasari di Mojokerto|author= Enggran Eko Budianto|language=Indonesian}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{Portal|Indonesia}} | |||
* [[List of monarchs of Java]] | * [[List of monarchs of Java]] | ||
* [[Kidal Temple]] | * [[Kidal Temple]] | ||
* [[Jago Temple]] | * [[Jago Temple]] | ||
* [[Jawi Temple]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 119: | Line 181: | ||
{{Commons category}} | {{Commons category}} | ||
* [http://www.eastjava.com/books/majapahit/html/dynasty.html The Origins of Rajasa Dynasty] | * [http://www.eastjava.com/books/majapahit/html/dynasty.html The Origins of Rajasa Dynasty] | ||
* [http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah01.shtml Beginnings to 1500: The Old Kingdoms and the Coming of Islam], a timeline of Indonesian history | * [http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah01.shtml Beginnings to 1500: The Old Kingdoms and the Coming of Islam], a timeline of Indonesian history | ||
{{Precolonial states in Indonesia}} | {{Precolonial states in Indonesia}} | ||
{{Family trees}} | |||
{{Empires}} | {{Empires}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
| Line 130: | Line 193: | ||
[[Category:Precolonial states of Indonesia]] | [[Category:Precolonial states of Indonesia]] | ||
[[Category:Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia]] | [[Category:Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia]] | ||
[[Category:Family trees|Singhasari]] | |||
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1290s]] | |||
Revision as of 18:34, 30 December 2025
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2023) |
Singhasari ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ (Javanese) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1222–1292 | |||||||||||
 Expansion of Singhasari during the reign of Kertanegara | |||||||||||
| Capital | Tumapel, later called Kutaraja Singhasari (modern outskirt Malang) | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Old Javanese, Sanskrit | ||||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism<br> Buddhism | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| Maharaja | |||||||||||
• 1222–1227 | Ken Arok | ||||||||||
• 1227–1248 | Anusapati | ||||||||||
• 1248–1250 | Panji Tohjaya | ||||||||||
• 1250–1268 | Visnuvardhana | ||||||||||
• 1268–1292 | Kertanagara | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
| 1222 | |||||||||||
| 1292 | |||||||||||
| Currency | Native gold and silver coins | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||||
Singhasari (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. or Karaton Singosari, Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.), also known as Tumapel, was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as the dominant kingdom in eastern Java. The kingdom's name is cognate to the Singosari district of Malang Regency, located several kilometres north of Malang City.
Etymology
Singhasari (alternate spelling: Singosari) was mentioned in several Javanese manuscripts, including Pararaton. According to tradition, the name was given by Ken Arok during the foundation of the new kingdom to replace its old name, Tumapel, located in a fertile highland valley which today corresponds to the area in and around Malang city. It derives from Sanskrit word singha which means "lion" and sari which in Old Javanese could mean either "essence" or "to sleep". Thus Singhasari could be translated as "essence of lion" or "sleeping lion". Although the lion is not an endemic animal of Java, the symbolic depiction of lions is common in Indonesian culture, attributed to the influence of Hindu-Buddhist symbolism.
Foundation
Singhasari was founded by Ken Arok (1182–1227/1247), whose story is a popular folktale in Central and East Java. Most of Ken Arok's life story and the early history of Singhasari were taken from the Pararaton account, which also incorporates some mythical aspects. Ken Arok was an orphan born of a mother named Ken Endok and an unknown father (some tales stated he was a son of the god Brahma) in the Kediri kingdom's territory.
Ken Arok rose from being a servant of Tunggul Ametung, a regional ruler in Tumapel (present-day Malang) to becoming a ruler of Java from Kediri. He is considered the founder of the Rajasa dynasty of both the Singhasari and later the Majapahit line of monarchs.<ref>Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781576077702. Retrieved 25 July 2010.</ref> He killed Tunggul Ametung and was later assassinated by Anusapati, in revenge for killing his father, Tunggul Ametung.<ref name="Coedes">Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824803681.</ref>:185–187 Ken Arok's son Panji Tohjaya assassinated Anusapati, but he in turn reigned only a few months in 1248 before his nephews revolted. These two, Ranga Wuni and Mahisha Champaka, ruled together under the names Vishnuvardhana and Narasimhamurti.<ref name="Coedes" />:188
Expansion
In the year 1275, King Kertanegara, the fifth ruler of Singhasari who had been reigning since 1254, launched a naval campaign northward towards the weak remains of the Srivijaya<ref name=Coedes/>:198 in response to continuous Ceylon pirate raids and Chola kingdom's invasion from India which conquered Srivijaya's Kedah in 1025. The strongest of these Malaya kingdoms was Jambi, which captured the Srivijaya capital in 1088, followed by the Dharmasraya Kingdom, and the Temasek Kingdom of Singapore.
The military force known as the Pamalayu expedition was led by Admiral Mahesa Anabrang (a.k.a. Adwaya Brahman) to the Malaya region, and was also intended to secure the Malayan strait, the ‘Maritime Silk Road’, against potential Mongol invasion and ferocious sea pirates. These Malayan kingdoms then pledged allegiance to the king. King Kertanegara had long wished to surpass Srivijaya as a regional maritime empire, controlling sea trade routes from China to India.
The Pamalayu expedition from 1275 to 1292, from the time of Singhasari to Majapahit, is chronicled in the Javanese scroll Nagarakrtagama. Singhasari's territory thus became Majapahit territory. In the year 1284, King Kertanegara led a hostile Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari kingdom's territory. The king also sent troops, expeditions, and envoys to other nearby kingdoms such as the Sunda-Galuh Kingdom, Pahang Kingdom, Balakana Kingdom (Kalimantan/Borneo), and Gurun Kingdom (Maluku). He also established an alliance with the king of Champa (Vietnam).
King Kertanegara erased any Srivijayan influence from Java and Bali in 1290. However, the expansive campaigns exhausted most of the Kingdom's military forces and in the future would stir a murderous plot against the unsuspecting King Kertanegara.
Conflict with the Mongols
Singhasari, and its successor kingdom, Majapahit, were among the few kingdoms in Asia that were able to thwart an invasion by the Mongol horde by repelling a Mongol force in 1293. As the centre of the Malayan peninsula trade winds, the rising power, influence, and wealth of the Javanese Singhasari empire came to the attention of Kublai Khan of the Mongol Yuan dynasty based in China. Moreover, Singhasari had allied with Champa, another powerful state in the region. Both Java (Singhasari) and Champa were worried about Mongol expansion and raids against neighbouring states, such as their raid of Bagan in Burma.
Kublai Khan then sent emissaries demanding submission and tribute from Java. In 1280, Kublai Khan sent the first emissary to King Kertanegara, demanding Singhasari's submission and tribute to the great Khan. The demand was refused. The next year in 1281, the Khan sent another envoy, demanding the same, which was refused again. Eight years later, in 1289, the last envoy was sent to demand the same, and King Kertanegara refused to pay tribute.<ref name=Coedes/>:198
In the audition throne room of the Singhasari court, King Kertanegara humiliated the Khan's envoy by cutting and scarring the face of Meng Ki, one of the Mongols' envoys (some sources even state that the king cut the envoy's ear himself). The envoy returned to China with the answer – the scar – of the Javan king written on his face.
Enraged by this humiliation and the disgrace committed against his envoy and his patience, in late 1292 Kublai Khan sent 1,000 war junks for a punitive expedition that arrived off the coast of Tuban, Java in early 1293.
King Kertanegara, whose troops were now spread thin and located elsewhere, did not realize that a coup was being prepared by the former Kediri royal lineage.
Fall of Singhasari
In 1292, Regent Jayakatwang, a vassal king from the Kingdom of Daha (also known as Kediri or Gelang-gelang), prepared his army to conquer Singhasari and kill its king if possible, assisted by Arya Viraraja,<ref name=Coedes/>:199 a regent from Sumenep on the island of Madura.
The Kediri (Gelang-gelang) army attacked Singhasari simultaneously from both north and south. The king only realized the invasion from the north and sent his son-in-law, Nararya Sanggramawijaya, informally known as 'Raden Wijaya', northward to vanquish the rebellion. The northern attack was put at bay, but the southern attackers successfully remained undetected until they reached and sacked the unprepared capital city of Kutaraja. Jayakatwang usurped and killed Kertanagara during the Tantra sacred ceremony, thus bringing an end to the Singhasari kingdom.
Having learned of the fall of the Singhasari capital of Kutaraja due to Kediri's treachery, Raden Wijaya tried to defend Singhasari but failed. He and his three colleagues, Ranggalawe, Sora, and Nambi, went to exile in favour of the same regent (Bupati) Arya Wiraraja of Madura, Nambi's father, who then turned his back to Jayakatwang. With Arya Wiraraja's patronage, Raden Wijaya, pretending to submit to King Jayakatwang, won favour from the new monarch of Kediri, who permitted him to open a new settlement north of Mount Arjuna, the Tarik forest. In this wilderness, Wijaya found many bitter Maja fruits, so it was called Majapahit (literally meaning “bitter Maja”), the future capital of the empire.
The beginning of Majapahit empire
In early 1293, the Mongol naval forces arrived on the north coast of Java (near Tuban) and on the Brantas River mouth to flank what they thought was Singhasari. Raden Wijaya found the opportunity to use the unsuspecting Mongols to overthrow Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya's army allied with the Mongols in March 1293 and a battle ensued between Mongol forces against Daha forces in the creek bed of Kali Mas River, a distributary of Brantas River, which was followed by the battle of Mongol forces against Daha forces that attacked the Majapahit regional army led by Raden Wijaya. The Mongols then stormed Daha and Jayakatwang finally surrendered and was executed.
Once Jayakatwang was eliminated, Raden Vijaya then turned his troops on his former Mongol allies, forcing them to withdraw from the island of Java on 31 May 1293.<ref name=Coedes/>:200–201
The victor, Prince Wijaya, son-in-law of Kertanegara, the last Singhasari king, then ascended the throne as Kertajasa Jayawardhana, the first king of the great Majapahit Empire, on 12 November 1293.
Rulers of Singhasari
- Ken Arok 1222–1227<ref name=Coedes/>:185–187
- Anusapati 1227–1248<ref name=Coedes/>:187–188
- Panji Tohjaya 1248<ref name=Coedes/>:188
- Vishnuvardhana-Narasimhamurti 1248–1268<ref name=Coedes/>:188
- Kertanegara 1268–1292<ref name=Coedes/>:188
Family Tree
| Family Tree of Singhasari Kings |
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Contemporary inscriptions
Gondang inscription
The Gondang Inscription is an in-situ inscription dating back to the era of the Singhasari Kingdom which was only discovered in 2017 in the middle of rice fields in Rejoso Hamlet, Gondang Village, Gondang District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java. The inscription was founded by local residents and was written in the Old Javanese language bearing the date 1197 Saka or 1275 AD.<ref>Enggran Eko Budianto. "Prasasti Gondang, Bukti Kekuasaan Kerajaan Singasari di Mojokerto" (in Indonesian).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)</ref>
See also
References
Further reading
- Saidihardjo, Dr. M. Pd., A.M, Sardiman, Drs., Sejarah untuk SMP, Tiga Serangkai, Solo, 1987, 4th reprint edition in 1990
External links
- The Origins of Rajasa Dynasty
- Beginnings to 1500: The Old Kingdoms and the Coming of Islam, a timeline of Indonesian history
Template:Precolonial states in Indonesia Template:Family trees