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| {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Chand dynasty#List of rulers]] |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
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| [[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]] | |
| The '''Chand Kings''' were Hindu ruling clan of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], which ruled the region after the decline of [[Katyuri Kings]] in 11th century AD.
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| ==History==
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| ===Inception===
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| The Chand kingdom was established by ''Som Chand'' in the 10th century,<ref name=Chand/> by displacing the Katyuri Kings, who had been ruling the area from the 7th century AD. He continued to call his state Kurmanchal, and established its capital in [[Champawat]] in Kali Kumaon, called so, due to its vicinity to [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|river Kali]].
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| Many temples built in this former capital city, during the 11th and 12th century exist today, this include the Baleshwar and Nagnath temples.<ref name="handa">O.C.Handa, 2002, History of Uttaranchal, Indus Publishing Company. {{ISBN|8173871345}}, {{ISBN|9788173871344}}.</ref>
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| Later their capital was shifted to [[Almora]] by ''Raja Kalyan Chand'' in 1563, when he laid the foundation of a town name 'Alam Nagar', which was also called, 'Rajapur',<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexcity.html?history.html History of Almora city] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425091847/http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexcity.html?history.html |date=25 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Champa>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000004471U00000000 Champawat] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012129/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000004471U00000000 |date=9 February 2012 }} British Library.</ref> a name that still used and has been found inscribed on a number of copper plates of the time.<ref>[http://almora.nic.in/kumaun.htm Kumaon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513183439/http://almora.nic.in/kumaun.htm |date=13 May 2008 }} Official website of [[Almora district]].</ref>
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| In 1581, the Chand King, ''Rudra Chand'' (1565–1597), son of Raja Kalyan Chand seized Sira defeating Raika king Hari Malla and attacked the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] for the first time, though this attack was repulsed by then king, Dularam Sah,<ref>[http://www.garhwalhimalayas.com/feel_garhwal/rajas.html Garhwal history] www.garhwalhimalayas.com.</ref> and so were his subsequent attacks. Rudra Chandra was a contemporary of [[Akbar]], and even paid him a visit in [[Lahore]] in 1587, as a mark of his obeisance. [[Akbarnama]] mentions him as "one of the great landlords of India", and further talks about his initial hesitation in approaching the court of Akbar, it was only [[Raja Todar Mal]] himself, sent his son Kalyan Das to assure him, did his proceed to meet Akbar. Subsequently, the two met and agreed on a concord,<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701023%26ct%3D195%26rqs%3D410 Rudra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209041217/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile=00701023&ct=195&rqs=410 |date=9 February 2012 }} [[Akbarnama]] of Abu Fazl, Volume 3, chpt. 196.p807, "On 9 Āẓar he received the felcity..."1588</ref> and thus [[Ain-e-Akbari]], written during period of Akbar, also mentions the ''Sarkar of Kumaon'', containing 21 Mahals (a geographical unit of the times) and the revenue collected.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702052%26ct%3D191 Sarkár of Kumáon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209041143/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile=00702052&ct=191 |date=9 February 2012 }} [[Ain-e-Akbari]] Vol II, pp. 289.</ref>
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| After death of Rudra Chand in 1597, his son, ''Lakshmi Chand'', also continued attacks of Garhwal for many years, though he too was repulsed. He also constructed the ‘[[Bagnath Temple|Bagnath temple]]’ at [[Bageshwar]] in 1602.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
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| ===Peak===
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| One of most powerful rulers of the Chand dynasty was Baz Bahadur (1638–78), who met [[Shahjahan]] in Delhi, and in 1655 joined forces with him to attack Garhwal, which was under its king, Pirthi Sah, and subsequently captured the [[Terai]] region including [[Dehradun]], which was hence separated from the Garhwal kingdom. Baz Bahadur extended his territory east to Karnali river.
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| In 1672, Baz Bahadur started a poll tax, and its revenue was sent to Delhi as a tribute. Baz Bahadur also built the [[Golu Devata]] Temple, at Ghorakhal, near [[Bhimtal]],<ref name=Chand>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_330.gif History of Nainital District] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 18, p. 324-325.</ref> after Lord Golu, a general in his army, who died valiantly at war.<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html Chitai Temple] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413011854/http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html |date=13 April 2009 }}</ref> He also built the Bhimeshwara Mahadev Temple at Bhimtal.<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000000883U00007000 Bhimtal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618174145/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000000883U00007000 |date=18 June 2008 }} British Library.</ref>
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| Towards the end of 17th century, Chand Rajas again attacked the Garhwal kingdom, and in 1688 Udyot Chand erected several temples at Almora, including Tripur Sundari, Udyot Chandeshwer and Parbateshwer, to mark his victory over Garhwal and Doti. The Pabateshwar temple was renamed twice, to become the present Nanda Devi temple.<ref name=Temple>[http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/almoratemples.php Almora Temples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225503/http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/almoratemples.php |date=4 March 2016 }} www.uttaranchal.org.</ref> Later, ''Jagat Chand'' (1708–20), defeated the Raja of Garhwal and pushed him away from [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], and his kingdom was given to a Brahmin.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_171.gif History of Garhwal District] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 12, p. 165-166.</ref> However, a subsequent king of Garhwal, Pradip Shah (1717–72), regained control over Garhwal and retained Doon till 1757, when [[Rohilla]] leader [[Najib-ul-Daula]] established himself there, though he was ousted soon by Pradip Shah.
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| The Chand kings also defeated the [[Rajbar|Rajwar]]s of [[Askot]], though the latter were allowed to hold their land on the payment of a tribute.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_020.gif Askot] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 6, p. 14.</ref>
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| The hill station of [[Binsar]], 30 km from Almora was a summer retreat of the Chand kings.<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html Almora] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413011854/http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html |date=13 April 2009 }} [[Almora]] city official website.</ref>
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| In the coming years, Jagat Chand's successor, ''Debi Chand'' (1720-6) took part in the wars of [[Rohilla]]s of [[Rohilkhand]], and was defeated by the British troops.<ref name=Chand/>
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| ===Decline===
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| In 1744, [[Ali Mohammed Khan]], the Rohilla leader, sent a force into the Chand territory and penetrated through Bhimtal in the Nainital district to [[Almora]]; the resistance of Chand army, under its ruler, ''Kalyan Chand'', was weak and ineffective, and Almora fell to the Rohillas, who stayed here for seven short months, though they were ultimately driven out, an exit made possible by paying them a sum of three lakh rupees, and hastened by the harsh terrain of the region.
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| This peace didn't last long as after just three months, unhappy over his lieutenants, Ali Mohammed Khan attacked again, though this time, he was stopped right at the entrance to the hills, at ''Barakheri'', and defeated; and he made no further attempts to conquer the Kumaon kingdom, nor did the Muslim rulers of Delhi, and this remained the first and the last attack by Muslim rulers on the region. Reconciliation subsequently came into effected; troops from the hills, under ''Dip Chand'', fought side by side with the Rohillas at [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761.<ref name=Chand/>
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| In 1760, he renamed the old Parbateshwer temple as Dipchandeshwar temple <ref name=Temple/>
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| During British rule, then divisional commissioner of Kumaon, George William Trail, got the statue of the Nanda Devi, which had been relocated to the Udyot Chandeshwar temple, from the 'Malla Mahal' (Upper Court) of Chand kings, where the present collectorate exists, and in time, the temple started being called the ‘Nanda Devi temple’. The 'Talla Mahal' (Lower Court) of Chand rulers now houses the District Hospital.<ref>. [http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/29worship.html#Nanda Devi Temple Nanda Devi Temple] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625030520/http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/29worship.html#Nanda |date=25 June 2008 }} website of Almora city.</ref>
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| Due to internal strife, in the coming thirty years the kings lost most of the land they had previously ruled in the plains, and retained only the [[Bhabar|Bhabhar]] region.
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| In early 1790, the [[Gurkhas]] invaded the Kumaon hills and Almora, they advanced by crossing [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|River Kali]], through Gangoli; and the Chands, under the titular Chand Raja, were driven to the Bhabhar and finally expelled.
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| The [[Terai]] and [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] were ceded to the [[United Kingdom|British]] by the [[Nawab of Awadh]] in 1801, along with the rest of [[Rohilkhand]].
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| Nepalese rule lasted for<ref>[http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/coinhistory.php Cruel Gurkha Regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907185020/http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/coinhistory.php |date=7 September 2017 }} www.uttaranchal.org.</ref> twenty-four years. The end came because of their repeated intrusion into British territories in the [[Terai]] from 1800 onwards. [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Moira]], the [[Governor-General of India]], decided to attack Almora in December 1814, marking the beginning of the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]].<ref name=Champa/> After the war, the old Lal Mandi fort, near Almora (present cantonment), was renamed ‘Fort Moira’.<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000004473U00000000 Almora] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012135/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000004473U00000000 |date=9 February 2012 }} British Library.</ref>
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| ''Harak Deo Joshi'', the minister of the last Chand Raja,<ref>[http://kashipur.in/content/ancestors Chand Rajas in Kashipur] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416052727/http://kashipur.in/content/ancestors |date=16 April 2009 }}</ref> took the side of the British, a force of 4500 men marched from [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] in February, 1815. Champawat was first taken in March from [[Pilibhit]], through the Kali River. Within two months, a strong British army under Colonel Nichols attacked and captured Almora, on 26 April 1815.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_253.gif History of Almora District] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] 1909, v. 5, p. 245-246.</ref> A truce was called the same day, and with the ratification of [[Sugauli Treaty|Treaty of Sugauli]] on 4 March 1816, Kumaon and Garhwal became a part of the [[British Raj]].
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| ==List of Chand Kings==
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| [[Badri Datt Pandey]], in his book ''Kumaun Ka Itihaas'' lists the Chand kings as following:<ref>Pandey(1993) pg197-332</ref>
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| {|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 11pt"
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| !width="150" rowspan="1"| King
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| !rowspan="1"|Reign
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| !rowspan="1"|Notes
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| |-
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| | Som Chand
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| | 700-721
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| |-
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| | Atm Chand
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| | 721-740
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| |-
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| | Purn Chand
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| | 740-758
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| |-
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| | Indra Chand
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| | 758-778
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| | Opened Silk Factories
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| |-
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| | Sansar Chand
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| | 778-813
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| |-
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| | Sudha Chand
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| | 813-833
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| |-
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| | Hamir Chand
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| | 833-856
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| |-
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| | Vina Chand
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| | 856-869
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| | Lost to Khas Kings
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| |-
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| | Vir Chand
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| | 1065-1080
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| |-
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| | Rup Chand
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| | 1080-1093
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| |-
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| | Laxmi Chand
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| | 1093-1113
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| |-
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| | Dharm Chand
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| | 1113-1121
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| |-
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| | Karm Chand
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| | 1121-1140
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| |-
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| | Ballal Chand
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| | 1140-1149
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| |-
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| | Nami Chand
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| | 1149-1170
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| |-
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| | Nar Chand
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| | 1170-1177
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| |-
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| | Nanaki Chand
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| | 1177-1195
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| |-
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| | Ram Chand
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| | 1195-1205
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| |-
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| | Bhishm Chand
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| | 1205-1226
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| |-
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| | Megh Chand
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| | 1226-1233
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| |-
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| | Dhyan Chand
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| | 1233-1251
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| |-
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| | Parvat Chand
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| | 1251-1261
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| |-
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| | Thor Chand
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| | 1261-1275
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| |-
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| | Kalyan Chand II
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| | 1275-1296
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| |-
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| | Trilok Chand
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| | 1296-1303
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| | Conquered Chhakhata<br />Built a fort at [[Bhimtal]]
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| |-
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| | Damaru Chand
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| | 1303-1321
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| |-
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| | Dharm Chand
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| | 1321-1344
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| |-
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| | Abhay Chand
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| | 1344-1374
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| |-
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| | Garur Gyan Chand
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| | 1374-1419
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| | Established authority over [[Bhabar]] and [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Terai]]; later lost them to nawab of [[Sambhal]] , Recaptured it by defeating Turkish Nawab of [[Sambhal]] under General Nilu Kathait
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| |-
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| | Harihar Chand
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| | 1419-1420
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| |-
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| | Udyan Chand
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| | 1420-1421
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| | built [[Baleshwar Temple]] at [[Champawat]]<br />Captured Chaugarkha
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| |-
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| | Atma Chand II
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| | 1421-1422
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| |-
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| | Hari Chand II
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| | 1422-1423
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| |-
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| | Vikram Chand
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| | 1423-1437
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| | Completed [[Baleshwar Temple]]
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| |-
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| | Bharati Chand
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| | 1437-1450
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| | Defeated [[Doti]]
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| |-
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| | Ratna Chand
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| | 1450-1488
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| | Defeated Bams of [[Pithoragarh|Sor]]<br />Defeated [[Doti]] again
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| |-
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| | Kirti Chand
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| | 1488-1503
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| | annexed [[Almora district|Barahmandal]], [[Dwarahat|Pali]] and Faldakot, Conquered [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] by defeating Ajaypal and made it vassal state of Kumaon
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| |-
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| | Pratap Chand
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| | 1503-1517
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| |-
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| | Tara Chand
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| | 1517-1533
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| |-
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| | Manik Chand
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| | 1533-1542
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| |-
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| | Kalyan Chand III
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| | 1542-1551
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| |-
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| | Purna Chand
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| | 1551-1555
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| |-
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| | Bhishm Chand
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| | 1555-1560
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| | laid foundation stone of [[Almora|Alamnagar]]<br />lost [[Almora district|Barahmandal]] to Khas Sardar ''Gajuwathinga''
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| |-
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| | Balo Kalyan Chand
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| | 1560-1568
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| | recaptured [[Almora district|Barahmandal]]<br />moved capital to Alamnagar and renamed it [[Almora]]<br />Annexed [[Mankot]] and [[Bageshwar district|Danpur]]
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| |-
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| | Rudra Chand
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| | 1568-1597
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| | Successfully defended [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Terai]] from nawab of [[Shahjahanpur|Kath and Gola]]<br />founded the city of [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]<br />Annexed [[Didihat|Sira]]
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| |-
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| | Laxmi Chand
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| | 1597-1621
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| | built Laxmeswar and [[Bagnath Temple]] at [[Almora]] and [[Bageshwar]] respectively<br />Invaded [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] 7 times without any Success
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| |-
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| | Dilip Chand
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| | 1621-1624
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| |-
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| | Vijay Chand
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| | 1624-1625
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| |
| |
| |-
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| | Trimal Chand
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| | 1625-1638
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| |
| |
| |-
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| | Baz Bahadur Chand
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| | 1638-1678
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| | Captured [[Dehradun]] and Hindu Pilgrimage [[Kailash Mansarovar]] defeated [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and [[Tibet]] , has his kingdom from ton river till karnali
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| |-
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| | Udyot Chand
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| | 1678-1698
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| | Defeated combined armies of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and Doti
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| |-
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| | Gyan Chand
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| | 1698-1708
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| | Defeated [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and expelled fateh shah from Srinagar
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| |-
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| | Jagat Chand
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| | 1708-1720
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| | Invaded [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and captured its capital [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]]
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| |-
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| | Devi Chand
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| | 1720-1726
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| | Made Afghani Daud Khan General of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] , looted [[Moradabad]] , [[Mughal Empire]] and captured villages of Mughals
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| |-
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| | Ajit Chand
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| | 1726-1729
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| |
| |
| |-
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| | Kalyan Chand V
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| | 1729-1747
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| | Defeated [[Rohilla]]s
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| |-
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| | Deep Chand
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| | 1747-1777
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| | Defeated [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] King Pradip Shah left him embarrassed
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| |-
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| | Mohan Chand
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| | 1777-1779
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| | Defeated by King Lalit Shah of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]]
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| |-
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| | Pradyumn Chand
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| | 1779-1786
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| | Son of king Lalit Shah of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]]
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| |-
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| | Mohan Chand
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| | 1786-1788
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| | Overthrew Pradyumn Shah; Became king for second time
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| |-
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| | Shiv Chand
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| | 1788
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| |
| |
| |-
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| | Mahendra Chand
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| | 1788-1790
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| | Defeated by [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkhas]]
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| |}
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| '''Panchpurviya'''
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| Five Clans namely ''Deopa''(Village Roba, [[Garkha]] Paspa), ''Serari''(Village Sangor, Sorari Talli Malli), ''Puruchuda''(Village Rundakot, Garkha Puruchudi), ''Chiral''(Village Chhawati Chiral) and ''Paderu''(Garkha Paderu) were known as Panch-purviyas. They were brought from [[Doti]] and settled in Kumaon by King Ratan Chand(1450-1488) after granting them jagirs. These Five clans were relatives of the Chand kings. After some time the Chiral family went back to Doti but other clans stayed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pande|first1=Badri Datt|author-link=Badri Datt Pandey|title=History of Kumaun : English version of "Kumaun ka itihas"|date=1993|publisher=Shyam Prakashan|location=[[Almora]]|isbn=81-85865-01-9}}</ref>
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| ==Legacy==
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| The first capital of Chand rulers, [[Champawat]], in the stronghold popularly known as Kali Kumaon, is now a district headquarters town, and hold many remnants of once powerful Chand reign, including a medieval fort, [[Baleshwar temple]], [[Nagnath Temple]], etc. Other temples of their reign are [[Golu Devata]] Temple, at [[Ghorakhal]], near Bhimtal, and Bhimeshwara Mahadev Temple at Bhimtal.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Kumauni people]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| * ''History of Kumaun : English version of "Kumaun ka itihas"''. by [[Badri Datt Pandey|B. D. Pandey]]. 1993. Almora, India: Shyam Prakashan : Shree Almora Book Depot.
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| * ''Source Materials of Kumauni History'', by Nityananda Misra. Published by Shree Almora Book Depot, 1994. {{ISBN|81-85865-24-8}}.
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| * ''Administrative History of Uttarakhand (Kumaon and Garhwal), During the Rule of the East India Company, 1815-1857'', by Ajay Arora. Published by Eastern Book Linkers, 1996. {{ISBN|81-86339-33-7}}.
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| * ''History of Uttaranchal'', by Umachand Handa. Published by Indus Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|81-7387-134-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=Chand+Kings&source=bl&ots=fXguhq_GiR&sig=hvmlol5N9pWd1eR8rrb--LfIiPI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result Excerpts]
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| {{Uttarakhand}}
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| [[Category:History of Uttarakhand]]
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| [[Category:Dynasties of India]]
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| [[Category:Rajput rulers]]
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| [[Category:Kumaoni Rajputs]]
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| [[Category:Champawat]]
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| [[Category:Almora]]
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