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{{distinguish|Kavach (train protection system)}} | |||
{{Infobox weapon | {{Infobox weapon | ||
| name = Kavach | | name = Kavach | ||
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| type = [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Decoy system]] | | type = [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Decoy system]] | ||
| origin = [[India]] | | origin = [[India]] | ||
<!-- Type selection --> | |||
| is_missile = yes | | is_missile = yes | ||
| is_UK = yes | | is_UK = yes | ||
<!-- Service history --> | |||
| service = May 2012−present | | service = May 2012−present | ||
| used_by = {{navy|India}} | | used_by = {{navy|India}} | ||
| wars = | | wars = | ||
<!-- Production history --> | |||
| designer = [[Ordnance Factory Board]] | | designer = [[Ordnance Factory Board]] | ||
| design_date = | | design_date = | ||
| manufacturer = Machine Tool Prototype Factory, Ambernath | | manufacturer = | ||
| unit_cost = {{INR}}6–7 lakh | * '''Rocket launcher:''' Machine Tool Prototype Factory, Ambernath under [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam]] | ||
* '''Rockets:''' Ammunition Factory Khadki under [[Munitions India]] | |||
| unit_cost = {{INR}}6–7 lakh<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" /> | |||
| production_date = 2012−present | | production_date = 2012−present | ||
| number = 4,000+ | | number = 4,000+<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" /> | ||
| variants = Long Range, Medium Range, Short Range | | variants = Long Range, Medium Range, Short Range | ||
<!-- General specifications --> | |||
| spec_label = | | spec_label = | ||
| mass = | | mass = | ||
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| height = | | height = | ||
| diameter = | | diameter = | ||
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> | |||
| armour = | | armour = | ||
| primary_armament = | | primary_armament = | ||
| Line 47: | Line 50: | ||
| guidance = | | guidance = | ||
| steering = | | steering = | ||
<!-- Missiles only --> | |||
| wingspan = | | wingspan = | ||
| propellant = | | propellant = | ||
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| launch_platform = | | launch_platform = | ||
| transport = | | transport = | ||
<!-- For all --> | |||
| ref = | | ref = | ||
}} | }} | ||
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== Development == | == Development == | ||
The [[Indian Navy]] previously procured [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] rocket systems from the [[Soviet Union]]. Supplies came to a halt following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in the early 1990s. The [[Ordnance Factory Board]] (OFB) took up the challenge to design and develop a chaff rocket system to achieve self-reliance in this field. | The [[Indian Navy]] previously procured [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] rocket systems from the [[Soviet Union]]. Supplies came to a halt following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in the early 1990s. The [[Ordnance Factory Board]] (OFB) took up the challenge to design and develop a chaff rocket system to achieve self-reliance in this field.<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-25 |title=AFK hands over indigenous RGB versions,Kavach system to Navy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/afk-hands-over-indigenous-rgb-versions-kavach-system-to-navy/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2012 |title=Navy now has indigenous 'Kavach' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/navy-now-has-indigenous-kavach/articleshow/13460008.cms |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> OFB Director General and Chairman, D.M. Gupta, stated in May 2011 that the company had created two [[Prototype|prototypes]], successfully conducted the first trial, and would conduct a second and final trial later that year before the system was inducted into the Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-21 |title=Kavach Rockets For Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kavach-rockets-for-indian-navy-8025.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== Design == | == Design == | ||
The Kavach decoy system releases chaff made up of [[silver]] coated [[glass fiber]]. The chaff forms a clutter which remains suspended in the air, causing the incoming radar-guided missile to mistake the chaff for the actual target, and get [[Radar lock-on|locked]] onto the chaff instead of the actual target. | The Kavach decoy system releases chaff made up of [[silver]] coated [[glass fiber]]. The chaff forms a clutter which remains suspended in the air, causing the incoming radar-guided missile to mistake the chaff for the actual target, and get [[Radar lock-on|locked]] onto the chaff instead of the actual target.<ref name="TOI" /> Each Kavach rocket costs around {{INRConvert|6|l}}–{{INRConvert|7|l}}.<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" /> | ||
The Kavach system has chaff rockets of three different versions based on the range: | The Kavach system has chaff rockets of three different versions based on the range:<ref name = "TOI"/> | ||
* Long Range: {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} | * Long Range: {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} | ||
* Medium Range: {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | * Medium Range: {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | ||
* Short Range: {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} | * Short Range: {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} | ||
These versions are fired in different situations based on incoming threats. | These versions are fired in different situations based on incoming threats.<ref name="TOI" /> | ||
The Kavach Mod II is a three-layered "[[soft-kill]]" system. The launch tube configuration is 4×4 launch tube in two variants: Long-Range and Short-Range. The LR and SR variant weighs 1680 kg and 1350 kg, has a height of 269 cm and 246 cm, and bore of barrel measurement of 106 mm and 98.4 mm, respectively. Length and width of both the systems measures 1300 mm each. According to official sources, 9 such systems are installed on [[Kolkata-class destroyer|Kolkata-class]], [[Kamorta-class corvette|Kamorta-class]] and [[Deepak-class fleet tanker|Deepak-class]] naval ships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kavach Launcher MOD II Chaff Decoy Launcher |url=https://avnl.co.in/products/kavach-launcher-mod-ii-chaff-decoy-launcher |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=avnl.co.in}}</ref> It has a rotation speed of 60° per second. The Fire Control System (FCS) for the Kavach Mod II includes a Main Fire Control System (MFCS), 4 Launcher Control Unit (LCU) and a Remote Fire Control System (RMFCS). It can detect, track and engage upto 5 threats.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=FCS FOR KAVACH MOD II |url=https://bel-india.in/product/fcs-for-kavach-mod-ii/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
There are different operational modes<ref name=":0" /> | |||
* '''Confusion Mode''': Used against enemy search radar at a distance of 30 km or more. The mode launches Long-Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR I/LRCR II) to deliver chaff at 5-12 km away and 800 meters height from launcher to prevent the enemy from locating the ship. | |||
* '''Distraction Mode''': Used against incoming missile at 20 km or more before opening its homing head, Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) launched to deliver chaff 2-4 km away and 800-1000 meters height from launcher. | |||
* '''Centroid Mode''': To protect against a “Locked on” missile at a distance of 10 KMS or less launch Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR) to deliver chaff at 50-150 meters height from launcher. | |||
== Production == | == Production == | ||
The first batch of Kavach rockets were formally handed over to the Navy on 25 May 2012 by the Ammunition Factory Khadki (AFK), [[Pune]] which manufactures the rockets | The first batch of Kavach rockets were formally handed over to the Navy on 25 May 2012 by the Ammunition Factory Khadki (AFK), [[Pune]] which manufactures the rockets.<ref name="TOI" /> The Kavach MOD II multi-barrel rocket launchers are manufactured by the Machine Tool Prototype Factory (MTPF), [[Mumbai]] of [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavach Mod II |url=https://avnl.co.in/machine-tool-prototype-factory |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=avnl.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Machine Tool Prototype Factory |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=mpf&page=products&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622035738/http://ofbindia.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=mpf&page=products&lang=en |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> The [[Fire-control system|Fire Control System]] (FCS) is manufactured by [[Bharat Electronics|Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL).<ref name=":1" /> | ||
AFK was contracted to deliver around 4,000 Kavach variants to the Indian Navy by 2015. | AFK was contracted to deliver around 4,000 Kavach variants to the Indian Navy by 2015.<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" /><ref name="NavTechKavach20120525">{{cite web | title=Indian Navy receives RGBs and Kavach decoy systems | url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindian-navy-receives-rgbs-kavach-decoy-systems | publisher=Naval Technology Market and Customer Insight | date=28 May 2012 | accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref> | ||
==Operators== | ==Operators== | ||
The first ship to be equipped with Kavach was the [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] [[corvette]] [[INS Kamorta (P28)|INS ''Kamorta'' (P28)]]. | The first ship to be equipped with Kavach was the [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] [[corvette]] [[INS Kamorta (P28)|INS ''Kamorta'' (P28)]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Navy to get first indigenous anti-submarine warship, INS Kamorta tomorrow |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/navy-to-get-first-indigenous-anti-submarine-warship-ins-kamorta-tomorrow/articleshow/38219174.cms |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref> Ship classes fitted with Kavach include: | ||
*{{navy|India}} | *{{navy|India}} | ||
**[[Kamorta-class corvette|Kamorta-class corvettes]] | **[[Kamorta-class corvette|Kamorta-class corvettes]]<ref name=":0" /> | ||
**[[Kolkata-class destroyer]]s | **[[Kolkata-class destroyer]]s<ref name=":0" /> | ||
**[[Shivalik-class frigate]]s | **[[Shivalik-class frigate]]s<ref name="swnr13">{{cite book |last1=Waters |first1=Conrad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63muCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |title=Seaforth World Naval Review 2013: pdf |date=2015 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=9781473817999 |page=159 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201954/https://books.google.com/books?id=63muCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | ||
**[[Visakhapatnam-class destroyer]]s | **[[Visakhapatnam-class destroyer]]s<ref>{{Cite web |last=office_zzam |date=2023-12-28 |title=India Navy commissions 3rd Visakhapatnam-class destroyer INS Imphal |url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2023/india-navy-commissions-3rd-visakhapatnam-class-destroyer-ins-imphal |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> | ||
**[[Deepak-class fleet tanker]]<ref name=":0" /> | |||
**[[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]]<ref name="theprint01">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2022-09-02 |title=Floating airfield — PM Modi commissions INS Vikrant, India's first indigenous aircraft carrier |url=https://theprint.in/defence/floating-airfield-pm-modi-commissions-ins-vikrant-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/1112678/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204055059/https://theprint.in/defence/floating-airfield-pm-modi-commissions-ins-vikrant-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/1112678/ |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Missile countermeasures]] | ||
[[Category:Indian Navy]] | [[Category:Indian Navy]] | ||
[[Category:Military equipment of India]] | |||
{{weapon-stub}} | {{weapon-stub}} | ||
Revision as of 18:32, 25 August 2024
| Kavach | |
|---|---|
 INS Chennai (D65) launching a Kavach rocket. | |
| Type | Decoy system |
| Place of origin | India <!-- Type selection --> |
| Service history | |
| In service | May 2012−present |
| Used by |  Indian Navy |
| Wars | <!-- Production history --> |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Ordnance Factory Board |
| Manufacturer |
|
| Unit cost | ₹6–7 lakh<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" /> |
| Produced | 2012−present |
| No. built | 4,000+<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" /> |
| Variants | Long Range, Medium Range, Short Range <!-- General specifications --> |
| Specifications | |
| Diameter | <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |
Steering system | <!-- Missiles only --> |
| Transport | <!-- For all --> |
Kavach (lit. 'Armour') is an anti-missile naval decoy system to distract radar-guided missiles from their targets and act as a system for self-defence. It was designed and developed by the Ordnance Factory Board for the Indian Navy.
Development
The Indian Navy previously procured chaff rocket systems from the Soviet Union. Supplies came to a halt following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. The Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) took up the challenge to design and develop a chaff rocket system to achieve self-reliance in this field.<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525">"AFK hands over indigenous RGB versions,Kavach system to Navy". The Indian Express. 2012-05-25. Retrieved 2022-03-13.</ref><ref name="TOI">"Navy now has indigenous 'Kavach'". The Times of India. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 2022-03-13.</ref> OFB Director General and Chairman, D.M. Gupta, stated in May 2011 that the company had created two prototypes, successfully conducted the first trial, and would conduct a second and final trial later that year before the system was inducted into the Navy.<ref>"Kavach Rockets For Indian Navy". www.indiatvnews.com. 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2022-03-13.</ref>
Design
The Kavach decoy system releases chaff made up of silver coated glass fiber. The chaff forms a clutter which remains suspended in the air, causing the incoming radar-guided missile to mistake the chaff for the actual target, and get locked onto the chaff instead of the actual target.<ref name="TOI" /> Each Kavach rocket costs around ₹6 lakh (US$8,400)–₹7 lakh (US$9,800).<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" />
The Kavach system has chaff rockets of three different versions based on the range:<ref name = "TOI"/>
- Long Range: 12 km (7.5 mi)
- Medium Range: 5 km (3.1 mi)
- Short Range: 1 km (0.62 mi)
These versions are fired in different situations based on incoming threats.<ref name="TOI" />
The Kavach Mod II is a three-layered "soft-kill" system. The launch tube configuration is 4×4 launch tube in two variants: Long-Range and Short-Range. The LR and SR variant weighs 1680 kg and 1350 kg, has a height of 269 cm and 246 cm, and bore of barrel measurement of 106 mm and 98.4 mm, respectively. Length and width of both the systems measures 1300 mm each. According to official sources, 9 such systems are installed on Kolkata-class, Kamorta-class and Deepak-class naval ships.<ref name=":0">"Kavach Launcher MOD II Chaff Decoy Launcher". avnl.co.in. Retrieved 2024-08-25.</ref> It has a rotation speed of 60° per second. The Fire Control System (FCS) for the Kavach Mod II includes a Main Fire Control System (MFCS), 4 Launcher Control Unit (LCU) and a Remote Fire Control System (RMFCS). It can detect, track and engage upto 5 threats.<ref name=":1">"FCS FOR KAVACH MOD II". BEL. Retrieved 2024-08-25.</ref>
There are different operational modes<ref name=":0" />
- Confusion Mode: Used against enemy search radar at a distance of 30 km or more. The mode launches Long-Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR I/LRCR II) to deliver chaff at 5-12 km away and 800 meters height from launcher to prevent the enemy from locating the ship.
- Distraction Mode: Used against incoming missile at 20 km or more before opening its homing head, Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) launched to deliver chaff 2-4 km away and 800-1000 meters height from launcher.
- Centroid Mode: To protect against a “Locked on” missile at a distance of 10 KMS or less launch Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR) to deliver chaff at 50-150 meters height from launcher.
Production
The first batch of Kavach rockets were formally handed over to the Navy on 25 May 2012 by the Ammunition Factory Khadki (AFK), Pune which manufactures the rockets.<ref name="TOI" /> The Kavach MOD II multi-barrel rocket launchers are manufactured by the Machine Tool Prototype Factory (MTPF), Mumbai of Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited.<ref name=":0" /><ref>"Kavach Mod II". avnl.co.in. Retrieved 2024-08-25.</ref><ref>"Indian Ordnance Factories: Machine Tool Prototype Factory". Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2019-07-01.</ref> The Fire Control System (FCS) is manufactured by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).<ref name=":1" />
AFK was contracted to deliver around 4,000 Kavach variants to the Indian Navy by 2015.<ref name="IndExpKavach20120525" /><ref name="NavTechKavach20120525">"Indian Navy receives RGBs and Kavach decoy systems". Naval Technology Market and Customer Insight. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2014.</ref>
Operators
The first ship to be equipped with Kavach was the anti-submarine corvette INS Kamorta (P28).<ref>"Navy to get first indigenous anti-submarine warship, INS Kamorta tomorrow". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2022-03-13.</ref> Ship classes fitted with Kavach include:
- Indian Navy
- Kamorta-class corvettes<ref name=":0" />
- Kolkata-class destroyers<ref name=":0" />
- Shivalik-class frigates<ref name="swnr13">Waters, Conrad (2015). Seaforth World Naval Review 2013: pdf. Seaforth Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 9781473817999. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018.</ref>
- Visakhapatnam-class destroyers<ref>office_zzam (2023-12-28). "India Navy commissions 3rd Visakhapatnam-class destroyer INS Imphal". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2024-08-25.</ref>
- Deepak-class fleet tanker<ref name=":0" />
- INS Vikrant<ref name="theprint01">Philip, Snehesh Alex (2022-09-02). "Floating airfield — PM Modi commissions INS Vikrant, India's first indigenous aircraft carrier". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-04.</ref>