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| {{short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Bangladesh}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Bishnupriya Manipuri]] |
| {{Distinguish| Meitei language}}
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| {{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
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| {{Infobox language
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| |name=Bishnupriya Manipuri
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| |nativename=বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
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| |image=Bishnupriya Manipuri language in Bishnupriya Manipuri.svg
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| |region=Primarily Northeast [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]
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| |ethnicity=[[Bishnupriya Manipuri people|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]
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| |speakers= 120,000
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| |date= 2001–2003
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| |ref= Census of India 2001
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| |familycolor=Indo-European
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| |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
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| |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
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| |fam4=[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
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| |fam5=[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
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| |script=[[Bengali-Assamese Script]]<ref name="bpy">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bpy|title=Bishnupuriya|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Amy |last2=Kim |first2=Seung |title=Bishnupriya (Manipuri) speakers in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey |publisher=SIL INTERNATIONAL |page=11 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/74/05/96/74059695388257055076108658933060858639/silesr2008_003.pdf |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref>
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| |iso3=bpy
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| |glotto=bish1244
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| |glottorefname=Bishnupriya Manipuri
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| |notice=Indic
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| }} | | }} |
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| The '''Manipuri Bishnupriya'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210004955/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archive-date=10 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> or '''Bishnupriya Manipuri''' (BPM) ({{lang|bpy|বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm|title=FAMILY-WISE GROUPING OF THE 122 SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES – 2001|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150415/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm|archive-date=24 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| spoken in parts of the [[Indian state]]s of [[Manipur]], [[Assam]], [[Tripura]] and others, as well as in the [[Sylhet Division]] of [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]], and other countries. It uses the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] as its [[writing system]].
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| ==History and development==
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| Bishnupriya Manipuri is spoken in parts of [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] in [[India]], in the [[Sylhet]] region of [[Bangladesh]], and in several other countries. It is different from many Indo-Aryan languages like [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]], etc. The language originated and developed in [[Manipur]] and was originally confined to the surroundings of the [[Loktak Lake]] and is similar to the [[Assamese language]].<ref>"Mayang, one of the languages spoken in the polyglot state of Manipur, may, however, be classed as a dialect of this language." – Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol I, 1907</ref> Other authorities such as ''An account of the valley of Manipore'' by [[Col. McCullock]],<ref>"They (Mayangs) amongst themselves speak their own language, which is a dialect of Hindee" – An Account of the Valley of Manipore by McCullock, 1849.</ref> ''Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal'' by [[E. T. Dalton]]<ref>"The present population of Manipur includes a tribe called Meiun who speak a language of Sanskrit derivation. They are now in a servile condition performing the duties of grass-cutters to their conquerors." – Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal by T.T. Dalton, 1872, page 48,49.</ref> and the ''Linguistic Survey of India'' by [[George Abraham Grierson]]<ref>"A tribe known as Mayang speaks a mongrel form of Assamese known by the same name… They are also known as 'Bishnupuriya Manipuris' or 'Kalisa Manipuris' " – Linguistic Survey of India, 1891. Compiled by Sir [[George Abraham Grierson]], Vol V, page 419.</ref> mention that the language was in existence in Manipur before the 19th century. Grierson refers to the language as "Bishnupuriya Manipuri", while some other writers call it simply "Bishnupriya".
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| The language slowly started losing its ground in Manipur against a vast majority of [[Meiteis]] and is slowly facing its decay in Cachar and Bangladesh against a vast majority of Bengali-speakers. This language is still being spoken in Jiribam (a sub-division of Manipur),<ref>[http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..130907.sep07 E-pao.net]</ref> Cachar (a district of Assam) and in some pockets in Bangladesh and Tripura.
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| ==Source and origin==
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| The language is known to its speakers as ''Imar Thar'' ({{lang|bpy|ইমার ঠার}}), meaning "Language of my Mother." They call themselves and their language ''Manipuri'', and use the term ''Bishnupriya'' to distinguish them from other ethnic groups of [[Manipur]]. The term ''Bishnupriya'' is most probably derived from ''[[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]'' along with the suffix ''-iya'', meaning "people of Bishnupur".<ref>Dr. K. P. Sinha. The Bishnupriya Manipuris and Their Language, Assam 1977,page 5,6</ref>
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| Orthodox Bishnupriyas hold that the language was carried over to Bishnupriya Manipuri by some immigrants from [[Dvārakā]] and [[Hastinapura]] just after the [[Mahabharata]] war. It is further said that these immigrants were led by [[Babhruvahana]], the son of [[Chitrāngadā|Chitrangada]] and [[Arjuna]], the third Pandava. Some scholars and history writers came to support the [[Mahabharata Theory of Bishnupriya Language|Mahabharata origin of Bishnupriya Manipuri]] from observation of the [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], the [[vocables]], and the [[phonology]] of the Bishnupriya Manipuri language.<ref>Singha, Jagat Mohan & Singha, Birendra. The Bishnupriya Manipuris & Their Language. [[Silchar]], 1976</ref> They hold that BPM is highly influenced by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Marathi language|Maharastri]] as well as Sauraseni [[Prakrit]]s. KP Sinha, who has done considerable research on Bishnupriya Manipuri, disagrees with the theory and is of the opinion that the language was originated through [[Magadhi]] Prakrita. It is found from his observations that the language has retained dominant characteristics of Magadhi. According to Sinha, pronouns and declensional and conjugational endings seem to be same as or closely related to those of [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. These forms of Oriya, Bengali are, on their parts, derived from Magadhi Apabhramsa coming from the Magadhi Prakrita.<ref>Dr. KP Sinha, An Etymological Dictionary of Bishnupriya Manipuri, Silchar, 1982</ref>
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| However, the Bishnupriya Manipuri language is certainly not one of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]], but is closer to the Indo-Aryan group of languages with remarkable influence from [[Meitei language|Meitei]] both grammatically and phonetically. At a different stage of development of the language the Sauraseni, Maharashtri and Magadhi languages and the Tibeto-Burman languages exerted influence on it as well. So it was probably developed from Sanskrit, [[Sauraseni]]-[[Maharashtri]] [[Prakrit]] and [[Magadhi]] Prakrita. The Sauraseni-Maharastri relation can be traced by observing some characteristics of pronouns. The Magadhi element is also remarkable, as the language retains many characteristics of Magadhi. It can further be noted that Bishnupriya Manipuri retains much of the old (15th century to 17th century A.D.) Meitei sound vocabulary, as the majority of speakers of the language, left Manipur during the first part of the 19th century.<ref>Tribals and their Culture in Manipur and Nagaland by G. K. Ghose. Page 167.</ref>
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| ==Dialects==
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| Bishnupriya Manipuri has two dialects, namely Rajar Gang ("King's village") and Madai Gang ("Queen's village"). Unlike the dialects of other tribes, these dialects of Bishnupriya are not confined to distinct geographical areas. In Manipur, however, these two dialects were confined to well-defined territories. From the viewpoint of phonetics, Madai Gang is more akin to Assamese and Meitei, whereas Rajar Gang is more akin to Bengali. In vocabulary, Madai Gang is more influenced by Meitei and Assamese while Rajar Gang is more akin to Bengali. The morphological differences between the two dialects are negligible.
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| Like other Indic languages, the core vocabulary of Bishnupriya Manipuri is made up of ''tadbhava'' words (i.e. words inherited over time from older Indic languages, including Sanskrit, including many historical changes in grammar and pronunciation), although thousands of ''tatsama'' words (i.e. words that were re-borrowed directly from Sanskrit with little phonetic or grammatical change) augment the vocabulary greatly. In addition, many other words were borrowed from languages spoken in the region either natively or as a colonial language, including Meitei, English, and Perso-Arabic.
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| *Inherited/native Indic words (''tadbhava''): 10,000 (Of these, 2,000 are only found in Bishnupriya Manipuri, and have not been inherited by other Indic languages)
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| *Words re-borrowed from Sanskrit (''tatsama''): 10,000
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| *Words re-borrowed from Sanskrit, partially modified (''ardhatatsama''): 1,500
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| *Words borrowed from Meitei: 3,500
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| *Words borrowed from other indigenous non-Indic languages (''desi''): 1,500
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| *Words borrowed from Perso-Arabic: 2,000
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| *Words borrowed from English: 700
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| *Hybrid words: 1,000
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| *Words of obscure origin: 1,300
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| ==Meitei elements in Bishnupriya Manipuri==
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| Bishnupriya Manipuri retains the old eighteen sounds of Meitei. Of them, there were three vowels, such as ''ɑ'', ''i'' and ''u'', thirteen consonants such as p, t, k, pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, c͡ʃ, m, n, ŋ, l, ʃ, h and two semi-vowels, such as ''w'' and ''j''. In later stage nine more sounds added to Meitei but Bishnupriya is not concerned with them, because the Bishnupriyas left Manipur during 1st part of 19th century. That is why Bishnupriya Manipuri retains the older sounds of Meitei, whereas in Meitei itself the sound system has under-gone various changes.<ref>Dr. K.P. Sinha, The Bishnupriya Manipuri Language, Calcutta, 1981</ref>
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| The most distinctive influence of Maitei language over Bishnupriya manipuri is formation of words starting with vowel soung {{lang|bpy|ঙ}} 'aung' such as {{lang|bpy|ঙা}}, {{lang|bpy|ঙৌবা}}, {{lang|bpy|ঙারল}}.
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| ==Connection with Assamese language==
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| Although there are numerous dissimilarities between Assamese and BPM, Dr. [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], a recognised Bengali phonetician, listed the BPM language to be a dialect of Bengali, whereas Dr. [[Maheswar Neog]] and Dr. [[Banikanta Kakati]] claimed it as a dialect of Assamese instead. Their assumptions later caused contradiction about the origin of Bishnupriya Manipuri language. But the assumptions were proven incorrect by scientific research and observation of morphology, vocabulary, and phonology of BPM.
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| ==Script==
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| The orthodox Bishnupriyas claim that they have their own script, that is, the [[Devanagari]] script, which was used to write in the Bishnupriya language in its early years.
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| However, on introduction of modern education during the British period through the Bengali language the Bishnupriya Manipuri writers began to use the [[Bengali–Assamese script]]. This alphabet has consonant letters with dependent vowel signs (matras) as well as independent vowel letters. Punctuation marks and numerals are also used. Bishnupriya Manipuri is written from left to right and top to bottom, in the same manner as in English. Some of the consonants can combine with one another to make orthographic clusters (named [[Conjunct consonant|conjuncts]]).
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| * '''Vowel Signs''': {{lang|bpy|া ি ী ু ূ ৃ ে ৈ ো ৌ}}
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| * '''Other diacritics''': {{lang|bpy|ৼ ং ঃ ঁ}}
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| * '''Independent vowels''': {{lang|bpy|অ আ ই ঈ উ ঊ এ ঐ ও ঔ}}
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| * '''Consonants''': {{lang|bpy|ক খ গ ঘ ঙ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন প ফ ব ম য র ল শ ষ স হ ড় ঢ় য় ৱ}}
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| * '''Numbers''': {{lang|bpy|০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯}}
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| ===Vowels===
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| * অ - ô - [ɔ]
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| * আ া - ā - [a]
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| * ই ি - i - [i]
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| * ঈ ী - ī - [i]
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| * উ ু - u - [u]
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| * ঊ ূ - ū - [u]
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| * ঋ ৃ - ri - [ɹi]
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| * এ ে - e - [e/ɛ]
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| * ঐ ৈ - oi - [oi]
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| * ও ো - o - [ʊ]
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| * ঔ ৌ - ou - [ou/ɔu]
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| * ং - an - [ŋ]
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| * ঁ - ã - [̃-]
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| * ঃ - ah - [h]
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| ===Consonants===
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| * ক - kô - [kɔ]
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| * খ - khô - [kʰɔ]
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| * গ - gô - [gɔ]
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| * ঘ - ghô - [gʱɔ/g'o]
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| * ঙ - ṅô - [ŋɔ]
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| * চ - sô - [sɔ]
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| * ছ - shô - [ʃɔ]
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| * জ - jô - [d͡ʒɔ]
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| * ঝ - zô - [z'ɔ]
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| * ঞ - nyô - [ɲɔ]
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| * ট - ṭô - [ʈɔ]
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| * ঠ - ṭhô - [tʰɔ/ʈɔ]
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| * ড - ḍô - [ðɔ]
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| * ঢ - ḍhô - [d'ɔ]
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| * ণ - ṇô - [nɔ]
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| * ত - tô - [tɔ]
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| * থ - thô - [tʰɔ]
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| * দ - dô - [dɔ]
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| * ধ - dhô - [d'ɔ]
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| * ন - nô - [nɔ]
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| * প - pô - [pɔ]
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| * ফ - phô - [ɸɔ]
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| * ব - bô - [bɔ]
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| * ভ - bhô - [b'ɔ]
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| * ম - mô - [mɔ]
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| * য - jô - [d͡ʒɔ]
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| * র - rô - [ɹɔ]
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| * ৱ - wô - [ɰɔ]
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| * ল - lô - [lɔ]
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| * শ - śô - [ʃɔ]
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| * ষ - șô - [ʃɔ]
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| * স - sô - [ʃɔ]
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| * হ - hô - [hɔ/ħɔ]
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| * ক্ষ - kșô - [xɔ]
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| * ড় - ŗô - [ɹɔ]
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| * ঢ় - ŗhô - [ɹɔ]
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| * য় - yô - [jɔ]
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| * ৎ - half t - [t̪]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bishnupriya Manipuri language, alphabet, and pronunciation |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bishnupriyamanipuri.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>
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| ==Speakers==
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| === Distribution ===
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| In [[Manipur]] the language is still spoken in the [[Jiribam]] subdivision. A large number of Bishnupriya Manipuri people settled in Assam ages ago, particularly in the [[Barak Valley]]. These people are counted as one of the major groups of people in the Cachar and Karimganj districts of Barak Valley. In [[Tripura]], the Bishnupriya Manipuri population localities may be divided into a Dharmanagar sub-area, a Kailasahar sub-area, a Kamalpur sub-area, and a West Tripura sub-area. In [[Meghalaya]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Mizoram]], there is a scattered Bishnupriya Manipuri population.
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| Outside of India, Bangladesh has the largest Bishnupriya Manipuri population. The main localities are Sylhet, Moulbivazar, Habiganj and the Sunamganj district. As per records, there were also a considerable number of the Bishnupriyas Manipuris living in local cities like Mymensingh, Rangamati of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and also at Tezgaon, Manipuri-para in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh.
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| In Burma, the Bishnupriya Manipuri areas are probably [[Mandalay]], Amarpura, etc. In case of the United States of America, Canada, Germany, Middle East, and Austria, there are a considerable number of Bishnupriya Manipuris settled there.
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| === Statistics ===
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| *295,000 in [[Assam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://borakvalley.com/2009/07/416-lakh-bishnupriya-manipuris-in-ne.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812193418/http://borakvalley.com/2009/07/416-lakh-bishnupriya-manipuris-in-ne.html |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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| *121,000 in [[Tripura]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Mizoram]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lakhipuronline.blogspot.com/2009/07/mahasabha-census-indicates-416-lakh.html |title = Mahasabha census indicates 4.16 lakh Bishnupriya Manipuris in NE}}</ref>
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| *1,457 in Manipur ([[Imphal]], [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]], [[Ningthoukhong]])<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm | title=Census of India - Language tools}}</ref>
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| *5,000 in Manipur ([[Jiribam]] Subdivision)<ref>Cultural Heritage of North-East India/ Bidhan Singha,1999</ref>
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| *5,000 in New Delhi, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Sikkim and other Indian states
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| *40,000 in Bangladesh<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Bangladesh |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705075628/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Bangladesh |archive-date=5 July 2011 }}</ref>
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| ==Literature==
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| ===Ancient literature===
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| A good stock of folk literatures of Bishnupriya Manipuri, which are older in origin, are handed down to this day through [[oral tradition]]. The ancient literature of Bishnupriya Manipuri is represented by folk stories, folk-songs, folk-poems, rhymes and proverbs. A rain-invoking song called ''Boron-dahanir Ela'' ({{lang|bpy|বরন ডাহানির এলা}}, 1450–1600 A.D.<ref>http://manipuri.itgo.com/archives/boron_dahanir_ela.htm {{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) and a song relating to the conjugal life of Madai and Soralel known as ''Madai Soralel Ela'' ({{lang|bpy|মাদই সরারেলর এলা}}, 1500–1600 [http://manipuri.itgo.com/archives/madoi_soralel_ela.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502055855/http://manipuri.itgo.com/archives/madoi_soralel_ela.html |date=2 May 2015 }}) are sometimes considered the most important. The language of the songs are archaic and are replete with words of Tibeto-Burman origin. These two songs are very important for the study of the cultural and linguistic history of Bishnupriya Manipuri. Besides these, there are songs which are sung by women who work in the fields. Proverbs form another important part of BPM folk literature.
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| ===Modern literature===
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| The Bishnupriya Manipuris have established the apex literary organisation of the community Nikhil Bishnupriya Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (1955), Bishnupriya Manipuri Sahitya Sabha, Bishnupriya Manipuri Sahitya Singlup, Pouri, Manipuri Theatre, and many other organisations to encourage literary activities among the people. Serious literary culture of the BPM language began during the 2nd quarter of 20th century. In fact, the history of Manipuri literature began in 1925 with the literary magazine ''Jagaran'' ({{lang|bpy|জাগরন}}) edited by Falguni Singha who was a Bishnupriya Social worker; this magazine published articles both in Bishnupriya and Meitei. The Manipuris of Surma valley formed their first formal association, Surma Valley Manipuri Society (later called Surma Valley Manipuri Association) in 1934. The members included the Meiteis, the Bishnupriyas and the [[Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslims). From 1933 a number of journals, e.g. ''Manipuri'' (1933), ''Mekhali'' (1938) and ''Kshatryajyoti'' (1944), fostered nationalism as well literary and cultural activities. A branch of modern BPM poetic literature, namely [[Vaishnava]] [[Padavali]], based on Vaishnava philosophy, deserves special mention.
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| ==Notes and references==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==See also==
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| {{InterWiki|code=bpy}}
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| <!-- {{wikibooks|code=bpy}} does not exist -->
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| * [[Bisnupriya Manipuri Society|Bishnupriya Manipuri Society]]
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| * [[List of Indian poets#Bishnupriya Manipuri|List of Bishnupriya Manipuri poets]]
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| ==Further reading==
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| # ''Vasatatvar Ruprekha''/ Dr. K. P. Sinha, Silchar, 1977
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| # ''Manipuri jaatisotta bitorko: ekti niropekkho paath'' /Ashim Kumar Singha, Sylhet, 2001
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| # G. K. Ghose / Tribals and Their Culture in Manipur and Nagaland, 1982
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| # Raj Mohan Nath / The Background of Assamese Culture, 2nd edn, 1978
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| # Sir G. A. Grierson / Linguistic Survey of India, Vol-5, 1903
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| # Dr. K. P. Sinha / An Etymological Dictionary of Bishnupriya Manipuri, 1982
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| # Dr. M. Kirti Singh / Religious developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th centuuy, Imphal, 1980
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| # Singha, Jagat Mohan & Singha, Birendra / The Bishnupriya Manipuris & Their Language, silchar, 1976
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| # Parimal Sinha and Anup Sinha / Bishnupuriya language Development, 2017.
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2002/bishnupriya.html Bishnupriya Manipuri: A brief introduction]
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| * [http://manipuri.freeservers.com/ Details on Bishnupriya Manipuri Language]
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| * [http://manipuriblog.blogspot.com The Manipuri Blog]
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| * [http://Manipuri.htmlplanet.com Archive of Bishnupriya Manipuri Literature]
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| * [http://www.manipuri.org/discus Bishnupriya Manipuri forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328214211/http://www.manipuri.org/discus/ |date=28 March 2009 }}
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| * [http://www.bishnupriya-manipuri.org Bishnupriya Manipuri society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604054712/http://www.bishnupriya-manipuri.org/ |date=4 June 2019 }}
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| * [http://manipuri.wordpress.com A Weblog on Bishnupriya Manipuri people and culture]
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| * [http://www.bishnupriyamanipuri.blogspot.com BishnupriyaManipuri Online Blog]
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| {{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
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| {{Languages of Northeast India}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Bishnupriya Manipuri Language}}
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| [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
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| [[Category:Languages of India]]
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| [[Category:Languages of Northeast India]]
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