Bankim Chandra Chatterjee: Difference between revisions

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Native name	বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায়
Born	26 June 1838<ref name="Library">Library, S.T.N.Y.P.; Skillion, A. (2001). The New York Public Library Literature Companion. Free Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4391-3721-5.</ref><ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica, I.; Encyclopaedia Britannica, I. (2008). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-59339-492-9.</ref><ref>"Remembering Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, writer of the national song Vande Mataram". 27 June 2016.</ref>; Naihati, Bengal, British India
Died	8 April 1894 (aged 55); Calcutta, Bengal, British India
Pen name	Kamalakanta
Occupation	Writer, poet, novelist, essayist, journalist, government official
Language	Bengali, English
Alma mater	University of Calcutta
Literary movement	Bengal Renaissance
Notable works	Durgeshnandini<br />Kapalkundala<br />Devi Chaudhurani<br />Anandamath<br />Bishabriksha
Signature
Website
	Bankim-Rachanabali administrated by eduliture

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Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay CIE (anglicised as Bankim Chandra Chatterjee; 26 June 1838<ref>"History & Heritage". north24parganas.gov.in. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.</ref> – 8 April 1894<ref name="Merriam-WebsterInc1995">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-87779-042-6.</ref>) was an Indian Bengali novelist, poet, essayist<ref>Bhabatosh Chatterjee (1994). Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay: Essays In Perspective. Public Resource.</ref> and journalist.<ref name="star">Staff writer. "Bankim Chandra: The First Prominent Bengali Novelist", The Daily Star, 30 June 2011</ref><ref>Khan, Fatima (8 April 2019). "Bankim Chandra — the man who wrote Vande Mataram, capturing colonial India's imagination". ThePrint. Retrieved 1 September 2021.</ref>

Noted for his pro-British stance, he accepted the legitimacy of the British rule and supported English education.<ref name="r557">Saikia, Yasmin; Rahman, M. Raisur (21 March 2019). The Cambridge Companion to Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-108-48387-2.</ref><ref name="m795">Urban, Hugh B. (1 January 2012). Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-208-2932-9.</ref><ref name="n342">Ghosh, Oroon K. (1976). The Changing Indian Civilization: A Perspective on India. Minerva Associates (Publications). p. 201. ISBN 978-0-88386-836-2.</ref>

He was the author of the 1882 Bengali language novel Anandamath, which is one of the landmarks of modern Bengali and Indian literature. He was the composer of Vande Mataram, written in highly Sanskritised Bengali, personifying India as a mother goddess. Chattopadhayay wrote fourteen novels and many serious, serio-comic, satirical, scientific and critical treatises in Bengali. He is known as Sahitya Samrat (Emperor of Literature) in Bengali.<ref>Chakraborty, Dr. Dulal (2007). History of Bengali Literature (in Bengali). Bani Bitan.</ref><ref>"Remembering Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, the face of Bengal renaissance, on his birth anniversary". The Indian Express. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2021.</ref><ref>"'Harbinger of Indian renaissance': Indians remember 'Sahitya Samrat' Bankim Chandra Chatterjee on his 183rd birth anniversary". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 1 September 2021.</ref><ref>Chattopadhyay, Sachis Chandra (1952). Bankim's Biography (in Bengali). Calcutta. p. 9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</ref><ref>Bhattacharya, Amitrasudana (1991). Bankima-chandra-jibani (in Bengali). Calcutta: Anand Publishers. p. 25.</ref>

Biography

Chattopadhayay is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as the broader Indian subcontinent.<ref name=star/> Some of his writings, including novels, essays and commentaries, broke away from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings, and provided an inspiration for authors across India.<ref name=star/>

Bankim Chandra Chatttapadhyay in his early age

Chattopadhayay was born in the village of Kanthalpara in the town of North 24 Parganas, Naihati, in an orthodox Bengali Brahmin family, the youngest of three brothers, to Yadav Chandra Chattopadhayay and Durgadebi. His Grandfather Shiv Narayan Chatterjee. His ancestors hailed from Deshmukho village in Hooghly District.<ref name = "Chattopadhyay9">Chattopadhyay, Sachishchandra, Bankim-Jibani, 1952, Pustak Bipani, p 9</ref> His father, a government official, went on to become the Deputy Collector of Midnapur. One of his brothers, Sanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay was also a novelist and is known for his book "Palamau". Bankim Chandra and his elder brother both went to Hooghly Collegiate School (then Governmental Zilla School), where he wrote his first poem. He was educated at the Hooghly Mohsin College and later at Presidency College, Kolkata, graduating with a degree in arts in 1859. He later attended the University of Calcutta and was one of two candidates who passed the final exam to become the school's first graduates.<ref name="banglapedia">"Shri Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay". West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. West Bengal Council for Higher Secondary Education.</ref> He later obtained a degree in law in 1869. Following his father's footsteps, Bankimchandra joined the Subordinate Executive Service. In 1858, he was appointed a Deputy Magistrate (the same type of position held by his father) of Jessore. After merging of the services in 1863, he went on to become Deputy Magistrate & Deputy Collector, retiring from government service in 1891. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was the first in-charge (Sub-divisional magistrate) of the Arambag subdivision in its earlier days. The ruins of a fort at Gar Mandaran provided the setting for Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel Durgeshnandini, published in 1865. His years at work were replete with incidents that brought him into conflict with the colonial government. He was, however, made a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (CMEOIE) in 1894.<ref>"Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay – Penguin Books India". Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</ref> He also received the title of Rai Bahadur in 1891.^{[citation needed]}

He held pro-British and anti-Muslim stance. Having accepted the legitimacy of the British rule, he supported English education.<ref name="r557"/><ref name="n342"/><ref name="m795"/> In his writings, he used fictional characters to represent Muslims as oppressive and Hindus as victims. He concluded that Muslims will rule over Hindus if the British left South Asia.<ref name="l736">Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006). Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism. Algora Publishing. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-87586-439-6. Retrieved 10 December 2025.</ref>

Literary career

Chattopadhyay's earliest publications were in Ishwar Chandra Gupta's weekly newspaper Sangbad Prabhakar.<ref name="bankim">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (Chattopadhyay), from BengalOnline.</ref> He began his literary career as a writer of verse before turning to fiction. His first attempt was a novel in Bengali submitted for a declared prize. He did not win and the novelette was never published. His first fiction to appear in print was the English novel Rajmohan's Wife.<ref>Mukherjee, Meenakshi (1 January 2002). Early Novels in India. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126013425.</ref> Durgeshnandini, his first Bengali romance and the first ever novel in Bengali, was published in 1865.<ref>"Literary lion - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: The Statesman Notebook". The Statesman. 8 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</ref> His essay 'Shakuntala, Miranda ebong Desdemona' (1873) is considered as the first attempt of comparative analysis of different literatures in Bengali and is studied closely in school of comparative literature of Jadavpur University.<ref>"Jadavpur University B.A Syllabus - Comparative Literature" (PDF). Jadavpur University.</ref>

File:আনন্দমঠ (দ্বিতীয় সংস্করণ, ১৮৮৩).djvu

One of the many novels of Chattopadhyay that are entitled to be termed as historical fiction is Rajsimha (1881, rewritten and enlarged 1893). Anandamath (The Abbey of Bliss, 1882) is a political novel which depicts a Sannyasi (Hindu ascetic) army fighting a British force. The book calls for the rise of Indian nationalism. The novel was also the source of the song Vande Mataram (I worship my Motherland for she truly is my mother) which, set to music by Rabindranath Tagore, was taken up by many Indian nationalists, and is now the National Song ; ultimately, however, he accepted that the British Empire could not be defeated.<ref>"किसकी वंदना है वंदे मातरम – Navbharat Times". Navbharat Times. 28 January 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2018.</ref> The novel first appeared in serial form in Bangadarshan, the literary magazine that Chattopadhyay founded in 1872. Vande Mataram became prominent during the Swadeshi movement, which was sparked by Lord Curzon's attempt to partition Bengal into a Hindu majority West and Muslim majority East. Drawing from the Shakti tradition of Bengali Hindus, Chattopadhyay personified India as a Mother Goddess known as Bharat Mata, which gave the song a Hindu undertone.<ref>Mazumdar, Aurobindo (2007). Vande Mataram and Islam. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788183241595.</ref>

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee on a 1969 stamp of India

Bankim was particularly impressed by the historical Gaudiya Vaishnava cultural efflorescence of the 14th and 15th centuries in Bengal. Chattopadhyay's commentary on the Bhagavad Gita was published eight years after his death and contained his comments up to the 19th Verse of Chapter 4.<ref>Minor, Robert (1986) Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita. State University of NY press. ISBN 0-88706-298-9</ref> In a long essay on Sankhya philosophy, he argues that the central philosophical foundation of the overwhelming part of religious beliefs in India, including even Buddhism, lies in the philosophy of Sankhya. He was a critique of the philosophy in the sense of its emphasis on personal vairagya (renunciation) rather than political and social power.<ref>Partha Chatterjee, "Chapter 3 The Moment of Departure: Culture and Power in the Thought of Bankimchandra" in National Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1986), 54-84.</ref>

Meeting with Ramakrishna

Bankim was highly educated and influenced by Oriental thoughts and ideas. Ramakrishna in contrast, did not have knowledge of English. Yet, they had a nice relationship.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Tagore penned in the memory of his mentor: "Bankim Chandra had equal strength in both his hands, he was a true sabyasachi (ambidextrous). With one hand, he created literary works of excellence; and with the other, he guided young and aspiring authors. With one hand, he ignited the light of literary enlightenment; and with the other, he blew away the smoke and ash of ignorance and ill conceived notions"

Sri Aurobindo wrote in his memory: "The earlier Bankim was only a poet and stylist, the later Bankim was a seer and nation-builder"

After the Vishabriksha (The Poison Tree) was published in 1873, the magazine, Punch wrote:

"You ought to read the Poison Tree

of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay."<ref>Lemon, Mark; Mayhew, Henry; Taylor, Tom; Brooks, Shirley; Burnand, Sir Francis Cowley; Seaman, Sir Owen (1885). "London Charivari". Punch Publications Limited.</ref>

His novel Anushilan-Tattva inspired Pramathanath Mitra to start Anushilan Samiti. Bankim Puraskar (Bankim Memorial Award) is the highest award given by the Government of West Bengal for contribution to Bengali fiction.^{[citation needed]}

Works

Fiction

Durgeshnandini (March 1865)
Kapalkundala (1866)
Mrinalini (1869)
Bishabriksha (The Poison Tree, 1873)
Indira (1873, revised 1893)
Jugalanguriya (1874)
Radharani (1876, enlarged 1893)
Chandrasekhar (1875)
Kamalakanter Daptar (From the Desk of Kamlakanta, 1875)
Rajani(1877)
Krishnakanter Uil (Krishnakanta's Will, 1878)
Rajsimha (1882)
Anandamath (1882), Orient Paperbacks, ISBN 978-81-222013-0-7
Devi Chaudhurani (1884)
Kamalakanta (1885)
Sitaram (March 1887)
Muchiram Gurer Jivancharita (The Life of Muchiram Gur)

Religious Commentaries

Krishna Charitra (Life of Krishna, 1886)
Dharmatattva (Principles of Religion, 1888)
Devatattva (Principles of Divinity, Published Posthumously)
Srimadvagavat Gita, a Commentary on the Bhagavad Gita (1902 – Published Posthumously)

Poetry Collections

Lalita O Manas (1858)

Essays

Lok Rahasya (Essays on Society, 1874, enlarged 1888)
Bijnan Rahasya (Essays on Science, 1875)
Bichitra Prabandha (Assorted Essays), Vol 1 (1876) and Vol 2 (1892)
Samya (Equality, 1879)

Chattopadhyay's debut novel was an English one, Rajmohan's Wife (1864) and he also started writing his religious and philosophical essays in English.

References

External links

Works by Bankim Chandra Chatterji at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Bankim Chandra Chatterjee at Internet Archive
Works by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Chattopadhyay,_Bankimchandra

Template:Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Indian writer, poet and journalist from Bengal}}
+{{Short description|Indian Bengali writer, poet and journalist (1838–1894)}}
-<noinclude>{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}} </noinclude>
+&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;
 {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
-{{More citations needed|date=June 2017}}
 {{Infobox writer
-| name = Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
+| name             = Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
-| native_name = বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায়
+| native_name      = বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায়
 | native_name_lang = bn
-| image = File:Bankimchandra Chattapadhay.jpg
+| image            = Bankim Chattapadhyay.jpg
-| image_size =
+| image_size       =
-| birth_date = {{birth date|1838|6|27|df=y}}
+| birth_date       = 26 June 1838&lt;ref name="Library"&gt;{{cite book | last1=Library | first1=S.T.N.Y.P. | last2=Skillion | first2=A. | title=The New York Public Library Literature Companion | publisher=Free Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-4391-3721-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BD2P-Yb-m3wC&amp;pg=PT160| page=160}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Encyclopaedia Britannica | first1=I. | last2=Encyclopaedia Britannica | first2=I. | title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-59339-492-9 | page=380}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/bankim-chandra-chattopadhyay-16443-2016-06-27|title = Remembering Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, writer of the national song Vande Mataram| date=27 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
-| birth_place = [[Naihati]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
+| birth_place      = [[Naihati]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
-| death_date = {{death date and age|1894|4|8|1838|6|27|df=y}}
+| death_date       = {{death date and age|1894|4|8|1838|6|27|df=y}}
-| occupation = Writer, poet, novelist, essayist, journalist, government official
+| pseudonym        = Kamalakanta
-| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
+| occupation       = Writer, poet, novelist, essayist, journalist, government official
-| genre =
+| death_place      = [[Calcutta]], Bengal, [[British Raj|British India]]
-| movement = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
+| genre            =
-| language = Bengali, English
+| movement         = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
-| subject =
+| language         = Bengali, English
-| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
+| subject          =
-| notableworks = ''[[Durgeshnandini]]''<br />''[[Kapalkundala]]''<br />''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]''<br />''[[Ananda Math]]''<br />"[[Vishabriksha]]"<br />''[[Vande Mataram]]"
+| alma_mater       = [[University of Calcutta]]
-| signature = Sign of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.svg
+| notableworks     = ''[[Durgeshnandini]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Kapalkundala]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Anandamath]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Bishabriksha]]''
-| website = [http://bankim.eduliture.com/  Bankim-Rachanabali administrated by eduliture]
+| signature        = Sign of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.svg
-| honorific_prefix =
+| website          = [http://bankim.eduliture.com/  Bankim-Rachanabali administrated by eduliture]
+| honorific_prefix =
 }}
-'''Bankim Chandra Chatterjee''' or '''Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (27 June 1838<ref>{{cite web |title=History & Heritage |url=http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=History_Heritage |website=north24parganas.gov.in |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101110803/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=History_Heritage |archive-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> – 8 April 1894<ref name="Merriam-WebsterInc1995">{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-042-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr/page/231 231]}}</ref>) was an Indian novelist, poet and journalist.<ref name="star">[[Staff writer]]. [http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=192109 "Bankim Chandra: The First Prominent Bengali Novelist"], ''The Daily Star'', 30 June 2011</ref> He was the composer of ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', originally in [[Sanskrit]], [[National personification|personifying]] India as a [[mother goddess]] and inspiring activists during the [[Indian Freedom Movement|Indian Independence Movement]]. Chattopadhyay wrote fourteen novels and many serious, serio-comic, satirical, scientific and critical treatises in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. He is known as ''Sahitya Samrat'' (Emperor of Literature) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].
+'''Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (anglicised as '''Bankim Chandra Chatterjee'''; 26 June 1838&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History &amp; Heritage |url=http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=History_Heritage |website=north24parganas.gov.in |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101110803/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=History_Heritage |archive-date=1 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; – 8 April 1894&lt;ref name="Merriam-WebsterInc1995"&gt;{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-042-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr/page/231 231]}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was an Indian Bengali novelist, poet, essayist&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bhabatosh Chatterjee |url=http://archive.org/details/bankimchandracha00bhab |title=Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay: Essays In Perspective |date=1994 |others=Public Resource}}&lt;/ref&gt; and journalist.&lt;ref name="star"&gt;[[Staff writer]]. [http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=192109 "Bankim Chandra: The First Prominent Bengali Novelist"], ''The Daily Star'', 30 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Fatima|title=Bankim Chandra — the man who wrote Vande Mataram, capturing colonial India's imagination|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/bankim-chandra-the-man-who-wrote-vande-mataram-capturing-colonial-indias-imagination/217506/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=ThePrint|date=8 April 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+Noted for his pro-British stance, he accepted the legitimacy of the [[British Raj|British rule]] and supported English education.&lt;ref name="r557"&gt;{{cite book | last1=Saikia | first1=Yasmin | last2=Rahman | first2=M. Raisur | title=The Cambridge Companion to Sayyid Ahmad Khan | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2019-03-21 | isbn=978-1-108-48387-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLWQDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA191 | page=191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="m795"&gt;{{cite book | last=Urban | first=Hugh B. | title=Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House | date=2012-01-01 | isbn=978-81-208-2932-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&amp;pg=PA124 | page=124}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="n342"&gt;{{cite book | last=Ghosh | first=Oroon K. | title=The Changing Indian Civilization: A Perspective on India | publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications) | date=1976 | isbn=978-0-88386-836-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_UtAAAAMAAJ | page=201}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+He was the author of the 1882 [[Bengali language]] novel ''[[Anandamath]]'', which is one of the landmarks of modern Bengali and Indian literature. He was the composer of ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', written in highly [[Sanskritisation (language)|Sanskritised]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[National personification|personifying]] [[India]] as a [[mother goddess]]. Chattopadhayay wrote fourteen novels and many serious, serio-comic, satirical, scientific and critical treatises in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. He is known as '''''Sahitya Samrat''''' (Emperor of Literature) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Chakraborty|first=Dr. Dulal|title=History of Bengali Literature (in Bengali)|publisher=Bani Bitan|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Remembering Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, the face of Bengal renaissance, on his birth anniversary|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/bankim-chandra-chattopadhyay-the-face-of-bengal-renaissance-on-his-178th-birth-anniversary-2879527/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Indian Express|date=27 June 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Harbinger of Indian renaissance': Indians remember 'Sahitya Samrat' Bankim Chandra Chatterjee on his 183rd birth anniversary|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/harbinger-of-indian-renaissance-indians-remember-sahitya-samrat-bankim-chandra-chatterjee-on-his-183rd-birth-anniversary|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Sachis Chandra |title=Bankim's Biography |date=1952|location=Calcutta |page=9|language=Bengali}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Amitrasudana |title=Bankima-chandra-jibani |date=1991 |publisher=Anand Publishers |location=Calcutta |page=25|language=Bengali}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 == Biography ==
-Chattopadhyay is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as the broader Indian subcontinent.<ref name=star/> Some of his writings, including novels, essays, and commentaries, were a breakaway from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings,
+Chattopadhayay is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as the broader [[Indian subcontinent]].&lt;ref name=star/&gt; Some of his writings, including novels, essays and commentaries, broke away from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings,
-and provided an inspiration for authors across India.<ref name=star/>
+and provided an inspiration for authors across India.&lt;ref name=star/&gt;
+[[File:BankimChandra Chatttapadhyay in his early age.jpg|thumb|Bankim Chandra Chatttapadhyay in his early age]]
+&lt;span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"&gt;&lt;span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"&gt;Chattopadhayay was born in the village of Kanthalpara in the town of [[Naihati|North 24 Parganas, Naihati]], in an orthodox [[Bengali Brahmins|Bengali Brahmin]] family, the youngest of three brothers, to Yadav Chandra Chattopadhayay and Durgadebi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; His Grandfather Shiv Narayan Chatterjee. &lt;span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"&gt;&lt;span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"&gt;His ancestors hailed from Deshmukho village in [[Hooghly District]].&lt;ref name = "Chattopadhyay9"&gt;Chattopadhyay, Sachishchandra, ''Bankim-Jibani'', 1952, Pustak Bipani, p 9&lt;/ref&gt; His father, a government official, went on to become the Deputy Collector of [[Midnapur]].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"&gt;&lt;span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"&gt;One of his brothers, [[Sanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay]] was also a novelist and is known for his book "Palamau".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"&gt;&lt;span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"&gt;Bankim Chandra and his elder brother both went to [[Hooghly Collegiate School]] (then Governmental Zilla School), where he wrote his first poem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"&gt;&lt;span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"&gt;He was educated at the [[Hooghly Mohsin College]] and later at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]], graduating with a degree in arts in 1859. He later attended the [[University of Calcutta]] and was one of two candidates who passed the final exam to become the school's first graduates.&lt;ref name="banglapedia"&gt;{{cite book |last= |first= |title=West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education |publisher=[[West Bengal Council for Higher Secondary Education]] |year= |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |edition= |chapter=Shri Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |chapter-url=https://wbchse.nic.in/html/bankim_chandra.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later obtained a degree in law in 1869. Following his father's footsteps, Bankimchandra joined the Subordinate Executive Service. In 1858, he was appointed a Deputy Magistrate (the same type of position held by his father) of [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; After merging of the services in 1863, h&lt;span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"&gt;&lt;span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"&gt;e went on to become Deputy Magistrate &amp; Deputy Collector, retiring from government service in 1891. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was the first in-charge ([[Sub-divisional magistrate]]) of the [[Arambag subdivision]] in its earlier days. The ruins of a fort at [[Gar Mandaran]] provided the setting for Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel [[Durgeshnandini]], published in 1865. His years at work were replete with incidents that brought him into conflict with the colonial government.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"&gt;&lt;span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left"&gt;He was, however, made a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (CMEOIE) in 1894.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Bankimchandra_Chattopadhyay.aspx |title=Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay – Penguin Books India |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128084214/http://penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Bankimchandra_Chattopadhyay.aspx |archive-date=28 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; He also received the title of Rai Bahadur in 1891.{{cn|date=January 2026}}
-<span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Chattopadhyay was born in the village of Kanthalpara in the town of [[Naihati|North 24 Parganas, Naihati]], in an orthodox [[Bengali Brahmins|Bengali Brahmin]] family, the youngest of three brothers, to Yadav Chandra Chattopadhyaya and Durgadebi.</span></span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">His ancestors hailed from Deshmukho village in [[Hooghly District]].<ref name = "Chattopadhyay9">Chattopadhyay, Sachishchandra, ''Bankim-Jibani'', 1952, Pustak Bipani, p 9</ref> His father, a government official, went on to become the [[Deputy Collector]] of [[Midnapur]].</span></span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">One of his brothers, [[Sanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay]] was also a novelist and is known for his book "Palamau".</span></span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Bankim Chandra and his elder brother both went to Hooghly Collegiate School (then Governmental Zilla School), where he wrote his first poem.</span></span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">He was educated at the [[Hooghly Mohsin College]] and later at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]], graduating with a degree in Arts in 1858. He later attended the [[University of Calcutta]] and was one of two candidates who passed the final exam to become the school's first graduates.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Chattopadhyay, Bankimchandra |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chattopadhyay,_Bankimchandra |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> He later obtained a degree in Law in 1869. Following his father's footsteps, Bankimchandra joined the Subordinate Executive Service. In 1858, he was appointed a Deputy Magistrate (the same type of position held by his father) of [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]].</span></span> After merging of the services in 1863, h<span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">e went on to become Deputy Magistrate & Deputy Collector, retiring from government service in 1891. His years at work were replete with incidents that brought him into conflict with the colonial government.</span></span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">He was, however, made a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (CMEOIE) in 1894.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Bankimchandra_Chattopadhyay.aspx |title=Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay – Penguin Books India |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128084214/http://penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Bankimchandra_Chattopadhyay.aspx |archive-date=28 November 2011}}</ref></span></span> He also received the title of Rai Bahadur in 1891.
+He held pro-British and anti-Muslim stance. Having accepted the legitimacy of the [[British Raj|British rule]], he supported English education.&lt;ref name="r557"/&gt;&lt;ref name="n342"/&gt;&lt;ref name="m795"/&gt; In his writings, he used fictional characters to represent Muslims as oppressive and Hindus as victims. He concluded that Muslims will rule over Hindus if the British left South Asia.&lt;ref name="l736"&gt;{{cite book | last=Khan | first=Abdul Jamil | title=Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture &amp; Britiah Colonialism | publisher=Algora Publishing | date=2006 | isbn=978-0-87586-439-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zINY5Dpa_-kC&amp;pg=PA244&amp;dq= | access-date=2025-12-10 | page=244}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 ==Literary career==
 {{more citations needed section|date=April 2017}}
-Chattopadhyay's earliest publications were in [[Ishwar Chandra Gupta]]'s weekly newspaper ''[[Sangbad Prabhakar]]''.<ref name="bankim">[http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bankimchandra.asp Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (Chatterjee)], from BengalOnline.</ref> He began his literary career as a writer of verse before turning to fiction. His first attempt was a novel in Bengali submitted for a declared prize. He did not win and the [[Novella|novelette]] was never published. His first fiction to appear in print was the English novel ''Rajmohan's Wife''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Meenakshi|title=Early Novels in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPJ7jqVSl34C&q=rajmohan%3Bs+wife&pg=PA143|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en|date=1 January 2002|isbn=9788126013425}}</ref> ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'', his first Bengali romance and the first ever novel in Bengali, was published in 1865.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-07-08|title=Literary lion - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: The Statesman Notebook|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/notebook/literary-lion-1502775019.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-29|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Chattopadhyay's earliest publications were in [[Ishwar Chandra Gupta]]'s weekly newspaper ''[[Sangbad Prabhakar]]''.&lt;ref name="bankim"&gt;[http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bankimchandra.asp Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (Chattopadhyay)], from BengalOnline.&lt;/ref&gt; He began his literary career as a writer of verse before turning to fiction. His first attempt was a novel in Bengali submitted for a declared prize. He did not win and the [[Novella|novelette]] was never published. His first fiction to appear in print was the English novel ''Rajmohan's Wife''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Meenakshi|title=Early Novels in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPJ7jqVSl34C&amp;q=rajmohan%3Bs+wife&amp;pg=PA143|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en|date=1 January 2002|isbn=9788126013425}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'', his first Bengali romance and the first ever novel in Bengali, was published in 1865.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-07-08|title=Literary lion - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: The Statesman Notebook|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/notebook/literary-lion-1502775019.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722114309/https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/notebook/literary-lion-1502775019.html |archive-date=22 July 2019 |access-date=2021-01-29|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; His essay 'Shakuntala, Miranda ebong Desdemona' (1873) is considered as the first attempt of comparative analysis of different literatures in Bengali and is studied closely in school of comparative literature of Jadavpur University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jadavpur University B.A Syllabus - Comparative Literature |url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/upload_files/dept_file/1462953396-1.pdf |website=Jadavpur University}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 [[File:আনন্দমঠ (দ্বিতীয় সংস্করণ, ১৮৮৩).djvu|thumb|right|Second edition of [[Anandamath]] (1883)]]
-One of the many novels of Chattopadhyay that are entitled to be termed as historical fiction is ''Rajsimha'' (1881, rewritten and enlarged 1893). ''[[Anandamath]]'' (The Abbey of Bliss, 1882) is a [[political fiction|political novel]] which depicts a Sannyasi (Hindu ascetic) army fighting a British force. The book calls for the rise of Indian nationalism. The novel was also the source of the song [[Vande Mataram]] (I worship my Motherland for she truly is my mother) which, set to music by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], was taken up by many Indian nationalists, and is now the National Song of India. The plot of the novel is loosely set on the [[Sannyasi Rebellion]]. He imagined untrained Sannyasi soldiers fighting and defeated the highly experienced [[British Army]]; ultimately, however, he accepted that the British could not be defeated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/what-is-vandana-vande-mataram/articleshow/11652292.cms|title=किसकी वंदना है वंदे मातरम – Navbharat Times|date=28 January 2012|work=Navbharat Times|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> The novel first appeared in serial form in [[Bangadarshan]], the literary magazine that Chattopadhyay founded in 1872. Vande Mataram became prominent during the Swadeshi movement, which was sparked by Lord Curzon's attempt to partition Bengal into a Hindu majority West and Muslim majority East. Drawing from the Shakti tradition of Bengali Hindus, Chattopadhyay personified India as a Mother Goddess known as [[Bharat Mata]], which gave the song a Hindu undertone.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Aurobindo|title=Vande Mataram and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YBhMfAgxIkC&pg=PA9|publisher=Mittal Publications|date=2007|isbn=9788183241595}}</ref>
+One of the many novels of Chattopadhyay that are entitled to be termed as historical fiction is ''Rajsimha'' (1881, rewritten and enlarged 1893). ''[[Anandamath]]'' (The Abbey of Bliss, 1882) is a [[political fiction|political novel]] which depicts a Sannyasi (Hindu ascetic) army fighting a British force. The book calls for the rise of Indian nationalism. The novel was also the source of the song ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' (I worship my Motherland for she truly is my mother) which, set to music by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], was taken up by many Indian nationalists, and is now the National Song ; ultimately, however, he accepted that the British Empire could not be defeated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/what-is-vandana-vande-mataram/articleshow/11652292.cms|title=किसकी वंदना है वंदे मातरम – Navbharat Times|date=28 January 2012|work=Navbharat Times|access-date=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The novel first appeared in serial form in ''[[Bangadarshan]]'', the literary magazine that Chattopadhyay founded in 1872. ''Vande Mataram'' became prominent during the Swadeshi movement, which was sparked by Lord Curzon's attempt to partition Bengal into a Hindu majority West and Muslim majority East. Drawing from the Shakti tradition of Bengali Hindus, Chattopadhyay personified India as a Mother Goddess known as [[Bharat Mata]], which gave the song a Hindu undertone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Aurobindo|title=Vande Mataram and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YBhMfAgxIkC&amp;pg=PA9|publisher=Mittal Publications|date=2007|isbn=9788183241595}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 [[File:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 1969 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Bankim Chandra Chatterjee on a 1969 stamp of India]]
-Bankim was particularly impressed by the historical [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] cultural efflorescence of the 14th and 15th centuries in Bengal. Chattopadhyay's commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] was published eight years after his death and contained his comments up to the 19th Verse of Chapter 4.<ref>Minor, Robert (1986) ''Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita''. State University of NY press. {{ISBN|0-88706-298-9}}</ref>
+Bankim was particularly impressed by the historical [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] cultural efflorescence of the 14th and 15th centuries in Bengal. Chattopadhyay's commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] was published eight years after his death and contained his comments up to the 19th Verse of Chapter 4.&lt;ref&gt;Minor, Robert (1986) ''Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita''. State University of NY press. {{ISBN|0-88706-298-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
-In a long essay on [[Samkhya|Sankhya]] philosophy, he argues that the central philosophical foundation of the overwhelming part of religious beliefs in India, including even Buddhism, lies in the philosophy of Sankhya. He was a critique of the philosophy in the sense of its emphasis on personal ''vairagya'' (renunciation) rather than political and social power.<ref>Partha Chatterjee, “Chapter 3 The Moment of Departure: Culture and Power in the Thought of Bankimchandra” in National Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1986), 54-84.</ref>
+In a long essay on [[Samkhya|Sankhya]] philosophy, he argues that the central philosophical foundation of the overwhelming part of religious beliefs in India, including even Buddhism, lies in the philosophy of Sankhya. He was a critique of the philosophy in the sense of its emphasis on personal ''vairagya'' (renunciation) rather than political and social power.&lt;ref&gt;Partha Chatterjee, "Chapter 3 The Moment of Departure: Culture and Power in the Thought of Bankimchandra" in National Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1986), 54-84.&lt;/ref&gt;
 ==Meeting with Ramakrishna==
-*Bankim was highly educated and influenced by Oriental thoughts and ideas. Ramakrishna in contrast, did not have a formal education. Yet they had a nice relation between them. Once [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa]], playing on the meaning of Bankim (''Bent A Little''), asked him what it was that had bent him. Bankim Chandra jokingly replied that it was the kick from the Englishman's shoe for he was a well-known critic of the British government.
+Bankim was highly educated and influenced by Oriental thoughts and ideas. Ramakrishna in contrast, did not have knowledge of English. Yet, they had a nice relationship.{{cn|date=January 2026}}
 ==Legacy==
-*[[Tagore]] penned in the memory of his mentor:
+[[Tagore]] penned in the memory of his mentor:
-"Bankim Chandra had equal strength in both his hands, he was a true ''sabyasachi'' (ambidextrous). With one hand, he created literary works of excellence; and with the other, he guided young and aspiring authors. With one hand, he ignited the light of literary enlightenment ; and with the other, he blew away the smoke and ash of ignorance and ill conceived notions”
+"Bankim Chandra had equal strength in both his hands, he was a true ''sabyasachi'' (ambidextrous). With one hand, he created literary works of excellence; and with the other, he guided young and aspiring authors. With one hand, he ignited the light of literary enlightenment; and with the other, he blew away the smoke and ash of ignorance and ill conceived notions"
-*[[Sri Aurobindo]] wrote in his memory:
+[[Sri Aurobindo]] wrote in his memory:
 "The earlier Bankim was only a poet and stylist, the later Bankim was a seer and nation-builder"
-*After the ''Vishabriksha'' (''The Poison Tree'') was published in 1873, the magazine, Punch wrote:
+After the ''Vishabriksha'' (''The Poison Tree'') was published in 1873, the magazine, [[Punch (magazine)|Punch]] wrote:
+::"You ought to read the Poison Tree
+::of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay."&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lemon|first1=Mark|last2=Mayhew|first2=Henry|last3=Taylor|first3=Tom|last4=Brooks|first4=Shirley|last5=Burnand|first5=Sir Francis Cowley|last6=Seaman|first6=Sir Owen|title=London Charivari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnhIAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA2|publisher=Punch Publications Limited|date=1885}}&lt;/ref&gt;
+::
+::
+::
+::
+::
+::
-::"You ought to read the Poison Tree
+His novel ''Anushilan-Tattva'' inspired Pramathanath Mitra to start [[Anushilan Samiti]].
-::of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lemon|first1=Mark|last2=Mayhew|first2=Henry|last3=Taylor|first3=Tom|last4=Brooks|first4=Shirley|last5=Burnand|first5=Sir Francis Cowley|last6=Seaman|first6=Sir Owen|title=London Charivari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnhIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2|publisher=Punch Publications Limited|date=1885}}</ref>
+Bankim Puraskar (Bankim Memorial Award) is the highest award given by the Government of West Bengal for contribution to Bengali fiction.{{cn|date=January 2026}}
-==Bibliography==
+==Works==
 {{div col}}
 ;Fiction
-*''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' (March 1865)
+* ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' (March 1865)
-*''[[Kapalkundala]]'' (1866)
+* ''[[Kapalkundala]]'' (1866)
-*''Mrinalini'' (1869)
+* ''Mrinalini'' (1869)
-*''Vishabriksha'' (The Poison Tree, 1873)
+* ''[[Bishabriksha]]'' (The Poison Tree, 1873)
-*''Indira'' (1873, revised 1893)
+* ''Indira'' (1873, revised 1893)
-*''Jugalanguriya'' (1874)
+* ''Jugalanguriya'' (1874)
-*''Radharani'' (1876, enlarged 1893)
+* ''Radharani'' (1876, enlarged 1893)
-*''Chandrasekhar'' (1875)
+* ''Chandrasekhar'' (1875)
-*''Kamalakanter Daptar'' (From the Desk of Kamlakanta, 1875)
+* ''Kamalakanter Daptar'' (From the Desk of Kamlakanta, 1875)
-*''Rajani''(1877)
+* ''Rajani''(1877)
-*''Krishnakanter Uil'' (Krishnakanta's Will, 1878)
+* ''Krishnakanter Uil'' (Krishnakanta's Will, 1878)
-*''Rajsimha'' (1882)
+* ''Rajsimha'' (1882)
-*''[[Anandamath]]'' (1882), [[Orient Paperbacks]], {{ISBN|978-81-222013-0-7}}
+* ''[[Anandamath]]'' (1882), [[Orient Paperbacks]], {{ISBN|978-81-222013-0-7}}
-*''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]'' (1884)
+* ''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]'' (1884)
-*''Kamalakanta'' (1885)
+* ''Kamalakanta'' (1885)
-*''Sitaram'' (March 1887)
+* ''Sitaram'' (March 1887)
-*''Muchiram Gurer Jivancharita'' (The Life of Muchiram Gur)
+* ''Muchiram Gurer Jivancharita'' (The Life of Muchiram Gur)
 ;Religious Commentaries
-*''Krishna Charitra'' (Life of Krishna, 1886)
+* ''Krishna Charitra'' (Life of Krishna, 1886)
-*''Dharmatattva'' (Principles of Religion, 1888)
+* ''Dharmatattva'' (Principles of Religion, 1888)
-*''Devatattva'' (Principles of Divinity, Published Posthumously)
+* ''Devatattva'' (Principles of Divinity, Published Posthumously)
-*''Srimadvagavat Gita'', a Commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] (1902 – Published Posthumously)
+* ''Srimadvagavat Gita'', a Commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] (1902 – Published Posthumously)
 ;Poetry Collections
-*''Lalita O Manas'' (1858)
+* ''Lalita O Manas'' (1858)
 ;Essays
-*''Lok Rahasya'' (Essays on Society, 1874, enlarged 1888)
+* ''Lok Rahasya'' (Essays on Society, 1874, enlarged 1888)
-*''Bijnan Rahasya'' (Essays on Science, 1875)
+* ''Bijnan Rahasya'' (Essays on Science, 1875)
-*''Bichitra Prabandha'' (Assorted Essays), Vol 1 (1876) and Vol 2 (1892)
+* ''Bichitra Prabandha'' (Assorted Essays), Vol 1 (1876) and Vol 2 (1892)
-*''Samya'' (Equality, 1879)
+* ''Samya'' (Equality, 1879)
 {{div col end}}
-Chattopadhyay's first novel was an English one, ''Rajmohan's Wife'' (1864) and he also started writing his religious and philosophical essays in English.
+Chattopadhyay's [[debut novel]] was an English one, ''[[Rajmohan's Wife]]'' (1864) and he also started writing his religious and philosophical essays in English.
+==See also==
+* [[List of Indian writers]]
+* {{anl|Sadhu Bhasha}}
 == References ==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{reflist}}
 == Further reading ==
@@ Line 107: / Line 127: @@
 ==External links==
 {{Wikisource|Author:Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}
-*{{commons category-inline|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}
+* {{commons category-inline|Bankim Chandra Chatterjee}}
-*{{wikiquote inline}}
+* {{wikiquote-inline}}
 {{EB1911 poster|Chatterji, Bankim Chandra}}
-* {{Gutenberg author |id=Chatterji,+Bankim+Chandra | name=Bankim Chandra Chatterji}}
+* {{Gutenberg author |id=7399| name=Bankim Chandra Chatterji}}
 * {{Internet Archive author |search=("Bankim Chandra Chatterji" OR "Chatterji, Bankim Chandra" OR "Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay" OR "Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra")}}
+* {{Librivox author |id=16794}}
+* https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Chattopadhyay,_Bankimchandra
 {{Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}
 {{Hindu reform movements}}
 {{Bengal Renaissance}}
+{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Poetry|Education}}
-{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra}}
 [[Category:1838 births]]
 [[Category:1894 deaths]]
+[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
+[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
+[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
+[[Category:Bengali-language lyricists]]
 [[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
-[[Category:Bengali writers]]
+[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
-[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
+[[Category:Hooghly Mohsin College alumni]]
 [[Category:Indian civil servants]]
-[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
+[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
+[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
+[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
+[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
+[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
+[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
 [[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
-[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
+[[Category:Journalists from Kolkata]]
-[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
 [[Category:Writers of historical romances]]
-[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
-[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
 [[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
-[[Category:19th-century male writers]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian composers]]
+[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
 [[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
-[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
+[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
-[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
+[[Category:Poets from British India]]
-[[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]
+[[Category:Journalists from British India]]
-[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
 [[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
-[[Category:Hooghly Mohsin College alumni]]
+[[Category:Novelists from British India]]
-{{West Bengal}}

v t e Hindu reform movements
Adi Dharm/Brahmoism Brahmo Samaj Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Advait Mat Divine Light Mission American Meditation Institute Ananda Ananda Ashrama Ananda Marga Anandamayee Sangha Art of Living Arya Samaj Ayyavazhi Brahma Kumaris Chinmaya Mission Datta Yoga Divine Life Society Hanuman Foundation Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy Hindu nationalism Hindutva Hindu Janajagruti Samiti Hindu Mahasabha Hindu Munnani Hindu Sena Hindu Yuva Vahini Sanatan Sanstha Sangh Parivar Vishva Hindu Parishad Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh International Vedanta ISKCON ISKCON Revival Isha Foundation Kriya Yoga Mahima Dharma Mata Amritanandamayi Math Matua Mahasangha Narayana Dharma Prarthana Samaj Radha Soami RSSB RSSS RSSD SOS Ramakrishna Mission / Vedanta Societies Ravidassia Sahaja Yoga Sathya Sai Satsang Satya Dharma Satyashodhak Samaj Science of Identity Self-Realization Fellowship / Yogoda Satsanga Siddha Yoga Sivananda yoga Sri Aurobindo Ashram Sri Ramana Ashram Abidance in Truth Swadhyay Parivar NNDYM Transcendental Meditation
Topics	Bhakti Brahmacharya Caste Neo-Vedanta Persecution of Hindus Shuddhi Women in Hinduism
Gurus and revivalist writers	Amritanandamayi Ananda Yogi Anandamayi Ma Anukulchandra Chakravarty Arumuka Navalar Athavale Aurobindo Boro Maa Chatterjee Chinmayananda Saraswati Chinmoy Dayananda Saraswati Daya Mata Ganapathi Sachchidananda Haidakhan Babaji Hariharananda Giri Jaggi Vasudev Jyotirao Phule Kalki Bhagawan Kelkar, N. C. Kriyananda Lekhraj Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Mahatma Gandhi Mirra Alfassa Narayana Guru Neem Karoli Nirmala Paramananda Prem Rawat Ram Chandra Ram Dass Ram Mohan Roy Ramakrishna Ramana Maharshi Ravi Shankar Sarkar Sathya Sai Baba Savarkar Sen, K. C. Shraddhanand Sister Nivedita Sivananda Swami Rama Tagore, D. Tilak Vaswani Vipulananda Vishnudevananda Vivekananda Yogananda more

v t e Bengali Renaissance
People	Sri Aurobindo Atul Prasad Sen Rajnarayan Basu Jagadish Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Madhusudan Gupta Bethune Upendranath Brahmachari Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Akshay Kumar Datta Henry Derozio Alexander Duff Michael Madhusudan Dutt Romesh Chunder Dutt Anil Kumar Gain Kadambini Ganguly Monomohun Ghose Ramgopal Ghosh Aghore Nath Gupta David Hare Kazi Nazrul Islam Eugène Lafont Mahanambrata Brahmachari Ashutosh Mukherjee Kalikrishna Mitra Harish Chandra Mukherjee Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Gour Govinda Ray Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury Raja Ram Mohan Roy Meghnad Saha Akshay Chandra Sarkar Mahendralal Sarkar Brajendra Nath Seal Girish Chandra Sen Keshub Chandra Sen Haraprasad Shastri Debendranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Jnanadanandini Devi Fanindra Nath Gooptu Sitanath Tattwabhushan Brahmabandhav Upadhyay Ram Chandra Vidyabagish Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Swami Vivekananda Paramahansa Yogananda Begum Rokeya
Culture	Bengali literature Bengali poetry Bengali music Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Bhadralok Brahmoism Brahmo Samaj Gaudiya Math Mahanam Sampraday Nazrul geeti Rabindra Nritya Natya Rabindra Sangeet Sambad Prabhakar Satyagraha Self-Realization Fellowship Yogoda Satsanga Swadeshi Tattwabodhini Patrika Young Bengal
Education	Chittagong College Indian Statistical Institute Hindu School Jadavpur University Presidency University University of Calcutta Bethune College University of Dhaka Visva-Bharati University