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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian nationalist and prominent leader of the Ghadar Party and Hindu Mahasabha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Bhai Parmanand 1979 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Bhai Parmanand on a 1979 stamp of India]]
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
'''Bhai Parmanand''' (4 November 1876 – 8 December 1947) was an [[indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] and a prominent leader of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]].
{{Infobox person
[[File:Bhai Parmanand.jpg|thumb|Bhai Parmanand]]
| name              = Bhai Parmanand
| image              = Bhai Parmanand 1979 stamp of India.jpg
| caption            = Bhai Parmanand on a 1979 stamp of India
| birth_date        = 4 November 1876
| birth_place        = Karyala, [[Jhelum District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]<br>{{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]])}}
| death_date        = 8 December 1947
| death_place        = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_cause        =
| occupation        = [[Revolutionary]] • [[Freedom Fighter]]
| organization          = [[Ghadar Party]]
| known_for          = • Founding member of [[Ghadar Party]]<br />• [[Ghadar Conspiracy]]
| movement          = [[Indian Independence Movement]] • [[Ghadar Movement]]
| notable_works      = ''Tarikh-i-Hind''
| monuments          = [[Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies]]
| children          = [[Bhai Mahavir]]
| other_names        =
| website            =
}}
'''Bhai Parmanand''' (4 November 1876 – 8 December 1947) was an [[indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] and a prominent leader of the [[Ghadar Party]] and [[Hindu Mahasabha]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Parmanand was born into a prominent family of the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], Mohyal Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab |last=Singh |first=Fauja |publisher=Punjabi University, Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies |year=1972}}</ref> His father, Tara Chand Mohyal, came from [[Kariala]], [[Jhelum District]] and was an active religious missionary with the [[Arya Samaj]] movement.
Parmanand was born on 4 November 1876 in [[Karyala]] ([[Punjab, Pakistan]]) to Bhai Tara Chand Chibber in a prominent Punjabi [[Mohyal Brahmin]] family and his father was an active religious missionary within the [[Arya Samaj]] movement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab |last=Singh |first=Fauja |publisher=Punjabi University, Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies |year=1972}}</ref>


==Views on partition==
==Views on partition==
While reading letters of Lala Lajpat Rai to him in 1909, he had jotted an idea that 'the territory beyond [[Sindh]] could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great [[Musulman]] Kingdom. The [[Hindu]]s of the region should come away, while at the same time the [[Muslim|Musulmans]] in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory'.<ref>{{cite book|author=Parmanand, Bhai |title=The Story of my Life|url=https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life/page/n73 41]–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jaffrelot, Christophe |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA193|date= 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|pages=193–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4819117|title=Hindus- Muslims in 1857 & Emergence of 2 Nation Theory|access-date=19 May 2007|publisher=Shamsul Islam}}</ref>
While reading letters of Lala Lajpat Rai to him in 1909, he had jotted an idea that 'the territory beyond [[Sindh]] could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great [[Musulman]] Kingdom. The [[Hindu]]s of the region should come away, while at the same time the [[Muslim|Musulmans]] in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory'.<ref>{{cite book|author=Parmanand, Bhai |title=The Story of my Life|url=https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life/page/n73 41]–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jaffrelot, Christophe |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA193|date= 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|pages=193–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4819117|title=Hindus- Muslims in 1857 & Emergence of 2 Nation Theory|access-date=19 May 2007|publisher=Shamsul Islam|last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul }}</ref>


==Overseas missions==
==Overseas missions==


In October 1905, Parmanand visited South Africa and stayed with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as a [[Vedas|Vedic]] missionary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|title=Pakistan : Past Future Solutions Policy: 1|publisher=Hindustan Network|access-date=5 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033550/http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|archive-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> Parmanand visited [[Guyana]] in 1910 which was the centre of the Arya Samaj movement in the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|title=Arya Spiritual Center|last=Lal|first=Prita|date=1 May 2005|publisher=Hinduism Here|access-date=30 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214081924/http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|archive-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> His lectures increased their following there. In 1911, he visited [[Lala Hardayal]] when he was on retreat in [[Martinique]]. Parmanand persuaded Hardayal to go to the United States to found a centre for the propagation of the ancient culture of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan people]]. Hardayal left for America, but soon located himself in Hawaii, where he again went on retreat on [[Waikiki Beach]]. A letter from Parmanand prompted his departure for San Francisco where he became an activist in the [[Anarchism|anarchist movement]].
In October 1905, Parmanand visited South Africa and stayed with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as a [[Vedas|Vedic]] missionary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|title=Pakistan : Past Future Solutions Policy: 1|publisher=Hindustan Network|access-date=5 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033550/http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Parmanand visited [[Guyana]] in 1910 which was the centre of the Arya Samaj movement in the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|title=Arya Spiritual Center|last=Lal|first=Prita|date=1 May 2005|publisher=Hinduism Here|access-date=30 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214081924/http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|archive-date=14 February 2006}}</ref> His lectures increased their following there. In 1911, he visited [[Lala Hardayal]] when he was on retreat in [[Martinique]]. Parmanand persuaded Hardayal to go to the United States to found a centre for the propagation of the ancient culture of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan people]]. Hardayal left for America, but soon located himself in Hawaii, where he again went on retreat on [[Waikiki Beach]]. A letter from Parmanand prompted his departure for San Francisco where he became an activist in the [[Anarchism|anarchist movement]].


Parmanand toured several [[British Empire|British]] colonies in South America before re-joining Hardayal in San Francisco. He was a founder member of the [[Ghadar Party]]. He accompanied Hardayal on a speaking tour to [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] in 1914 and wrote a book for the Ghadar Party called ''Tarikh-I-Hind''. He returned to India as part of the [[Ghadar Conspiracy]] claiming he was accompanied by 5,000 [[Ghadar Party|Ghadarites]]. He was part of the leadership of the revolt, and was sent to promote the revolt in [[Peshawar]]. He was arrested in connection with the [[First Lahore Conspiracy Case]] and was sentenced to death in 1915. The sentence was later commuted to one of transportation for life: he was imprisoned in the [[Andaman Islands]] until 1920 and subjected to hard labour. In protest against such harsh treatment of political prisoners, Bhai Parmanand went on hunger strike for two months. The King-Emperor, [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], released him in 1920 as the result of a general amnesty order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/historical-sikh-events-history-of-the-ghadar-movement-part-32.html |title=Historical Sikh Events: History of the Ghadar Movement part 3 – Return to India |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |publisher=All About Sikhs |access-date=5 August 2022}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
Parmanand toured several [[British Empire|British]] colonies in South America before re-joining Hardayal in San Francisco. He was a founder member of the [[Ghadar Party]]. He accompanied Hardayal on a speaking tour to [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] in 1914 and wrote a book for the Ghadar Party called ''Tarikh-I-Hind''. He returned to India as part of the [[Ghadar Conspiracy]] claiming he was accompanied by 5,000 [[Ghadar Party|Ghadarites]]. He was part of the leadership of the revolt, and was sent to promote the revolt in [[Peshawar]]. He was arrested in connection with the [[First Lahore Conspiracy Case]] and was sentenced to death in 1915. The sentence was later commuted to one of transportation for life: he was imprisoned in the [[Andaman Islands]] until 1920 and subjected to hard labour. In protest against such harsh treatment of political prisoners, Bhai Parmanand went on hunger strike for two months. The King-Emperor, [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], released him in 1920 as the result of a general amnesty order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/historical-sikh-events-history-of-the-ghadar-movement-part-32.html |title=Historical Sikh Events: History of the Ghadar Movement part 3 – Return to India |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |publisher=All About Sikhs |access-date=5 August 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
Parmanand died on 8 December 1947 of a heart attack. He was survived by his son Dr. [[Bhai Mahavir]], a prominent member of the [[Jana Sangh]] and BJP.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
Parmanand died on 8 December 1947 of a heart attack. He was survived by his son Dr. [[Bhai Mahavir]], a prominent member of the [[Jana Sangh]] and BJP.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
An Institute of Business Studies was named after him in New Delhi,<ref>[http://examcrazy.com/colleges/india/delhi/BHAI-PARMANAND-INSTITUTE-OF-BUSINESS.ASP Bhai Parmanand]. Institute of Business Studies</ref> a Public School in East Delhi and a hospital also in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhai Parmanand Vidya Mandir|url=http://www.bvmschool.in/ProgramFiles/Login/HomePageNew.aspx|access-date=2021-03-30|website=www.bvmschool.in}}</ref>
Named after him are the [[Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies]] in New Delhi,<ref>[http://examcrazy.com/colleges/india/delhi/BHAI-PARMANAND-INSTITUTE-OF-BUSINESS.ASP Bhai Parmanand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223203/http://examcrazy.com/colleges/india/delhi/BHAI-PARMANAND-INSTITUTE-OF-BUSINESS.ASP |date=15 December 2018 }}. Institute of Business Studies</ref> a Public School in East Delhi and a hospital also in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhai Parmanand Vidya Mandir|url=http://www.bvmschool.in/ProgramFiles/Login/HomePageNew.aspx|access-date=2021-03-30|website=www.bvmschool.in|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131816/http://bvmschool.in/ProgramFiles/Login/HomePageNew.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
== Books ==
 
* Mera Antim Ashraya<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxrjYTr6zt0C&pg=PA5 |title=Mera Antim Ashraya : Srimadbhagwadgita: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Mera Antim Ashraya : Srimadbhagwadgita |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhai Permanand |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.478339 |title=Mera Antim Asharya Srimadbhagvat Geeta |date=2003}}</ref>
* The Story of My Life<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CHMoCHJl98C&q=bhai+parmanand+books |title=The Story of My Life: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: The Story of My Life |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-87100-38-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Bhai Parmanand - Prabhat Prakashan |url=https://www.prabhatbooks.com/author/bhai-parmanand.htm |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=www.prabhatbooks.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238019 |title=The Story Of My Life (1934) |date=1934 |publisher=The Central Hindu Yuvak Sabha, Lahore}}</ref>
* Kāle pānī kī kārāvāsa kahānī āpabītī<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpYaSxQYXXIC&q=bhai+parmanand+books |title=Kale Pani Ki Karawas Kahani : Aapbeeti: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Kale Pani Ki Karawas Kahani : Aapbeeti |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-381-5 |language=hi}}</ref>
* Jeevan Rahasya<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoR_lJSRp6EC |title=Jivana rahasya: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Jivana rahasya |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-88139-99-6 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhai Parmanand |url=http://archive.org/details/bhai-parmanand |title=हिन्दू जीवन का रहस्य (Bhai Parmanand) |date=1985}}</ref>
* Veer Vairagi<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3T5gOpzTooC |title=Veer Vairagi: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Veer Vairagi |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-382-2 |language=hi}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==


* [[Arya Samaj|Arya Samajis]]
* [[Arya Samaj]]is
* [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reformists]]
* [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reformists]]


Line 41: Line 67:
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjab, India politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
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[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Latest revision as of 11:30, 6 February 2026


Bhai Parmanand
Bhai Parmanand on a 1979 stamp of India
Born4 November 1876
Karyala, Jhelum District, Punjab Province, British India
(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died8 December 1947
New Delhi, India
MonumentsBhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies
OccupationRevolutionary • Freedom Fighter
OrganizationGhadar Party
Known for• Founding member of Ghadar Party
• Ghadar Conspiracy
Notable work
Tarikh-i-Hind
MovementIndian Independence Movement • Ghadar Movement
ChildrenBhai Mahavir

Bhai Parmanand (4 November 1876 – 8 December 1947) was an Indian nationalist and a prominent leader of the Ghadar Party and Hindu Mahasabha.

Early life[edit | edit source]

Parmanand was born on 4 November 1876 in Karyala (Punjab, Pakistan) to Bhai Tara Chand Chibber in a prominent Punjabi Mohyal Brahmin family and his father was an active religious missionary within the Arya Samaj movement.[1]

Views on partition[edit | edit source]

While reading letters of Lala Lajpat Rai to him in 1909, he had jotted an idea that 'the territory beyond Sindh could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great Musulman Kingdom. The Hindus of the region should come away, while at the same time the Musulmans in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory'.[2][3][4]

Overseas missions[edit | edit source]

In October 1905, Parmanand visited South Africa and stayed with Mahatma Gandhi as a Vedic missionary.[5] Parmanand visited Guyana in 1910 which was the centre of the Arya Samaj movement in the Caribbean.[6] His lectures increased their following there. In 1911, he visited Lala Hardayal when he was on retreat in Martinique. Parmanand persuaded Hardayal to go to the United States to found a centre for the propagation of the ancient culture of the Aryan people. Hardayal left for America, but soon located himself in Hawaii, where he again went on retreat on Waikiki Beach. A letter from Parmanand prompted his departure for San Francisco where he became an activist in the anarchist movement.

Parmanand toured several British colonies in South America before re-joining Hardayal in San Francisco. He was a founder member of the Ghadar Party. He accompanied Hardayal on a speaking tour to Portland in 1914 and wrote a book for the Ghadar Party called Tarikh-I-Hind. He returned to India as part of the Ghadar Conspiracy claiming he was accompanied by 5,000 Ghadarites. He was part of the leadership of the revolt, and was sent to promote the revolt in Peshawar. He was arrested in connection with the First Lahore Conspiracy Case and was sentenced to death in 1915. The sentence was later commuted to one of transportation for life: he was imprisoned in the Andaman Islands until 1920 and subjected to hard labour. In protest against such harsh treatment of political prisoners, Bhai Parmanand went on hunger strike for two months. The King-Emperor, George V, released him in 1920 as the result of a general amnesty order.[7]

Death[edit | edit source]

Parmanand died on 8 December 1947 of a heart attack. He was survived by his son Dr. Bhai Mahavir, a prominent member of the Jana Sangh and BJP.[citation needed]

Legacy[edit | edit source]

Named after him are the Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies in New Delhi,[8] a Public School in East Delhi and a hospital also in Delhi.[9]

Books[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Singh, Fauja (1972). Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab. Punjabi University, Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies.
  2. ↑ Parmanand, Bhai. The Story of my Life. pp. 41–.
  3. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2009). Hindu Nationalism: A Reader. Princeton University Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-1-4008-2803-6.
  4. ↑ Islam, Shamsul. "Hindus- Muslims in 1857 & Emergence of 2 Nation Theory". Shamsul Islam. Retrieved 19 May 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ↑ "Pakistan : Past Future Solutions Policy: 1". Hindustan Network. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
  6. ↑ Lal, Prita (1 May 2005). "Arya Spiritual Center". Hinduism Here. Archived from the original on 14 February 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  7. ↑ Singh, Jaspal. "Historical Sikh Events: History of the Ghadar Movement part 3 – Return to India". All About Sikhs. Retrieved 5 August 2008. [dead link]
  8. ↑ Bhai Parmanand Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Institute of Business Studies
  9. ↑ "Bhai Parmanand Vidya Mandir". www.bvmschool.in. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  10. ↑ Parmanand, Bhai (1 January 2009). Mera Antim Ashraya : Srimadbhagwadgita: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Mera Antim Ashraya : Srimadbhagwadgita (in हिन्दी). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7315-380-8.
  11. ↑ Bhai Permanand (2003). Mera Antim Asharya Srimadbhagvat Geeta.
  12. ↑ Parmanand, Bhai (1 January 2003). The Story of My Life: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: The Story of My Life. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-87100-38-6.
  13. ↑ "Books by Bhai Parmanand - Prabhat Prakashan". www.prabhatbooks.com. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  14. ↑ Parmanand, Bhai (1934). The Story Of My Life (1934). The Central Hindu Yuvak Sabha, Lahore.
  15. ↑ Parmanand, Bhai (1 January 2002). Kale Pani Ki Karawas Kahani : Aapbeeti: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Kale Pani Ki Karawas Kahani : Aapbeeti (in हिन्दी). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7315-381-5.
  16. ↑ Parmanand, Bhai (1 January 2008). Jivana rahasya: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Jivana rahasya (in हिन्दी). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-88139-99-6.
  17. ↑ Bhai Parmanand (1985). हिन्दू जीवन का रहस्य (Bhai Parmanand).
  18. ↑ Parmanand, Bhai (1 January 2002). Veer Vairagi: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Veer Vairagi (in हिन्दी). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7315-382-2.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • The Story of My Life by Bhai Parmanand, translated by N. Sundra Iyer and Lal Chand, The Central Hindu Yuvak Sabha, Lahore, 1934

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