Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League: Difference between revisions

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{{EngvarB|date=March 2022}}
{{Short description|Sole ruling party of Bangladesh (Jan–Aug 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{For|the party established in 1983 with the same name|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (1983–1991)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox political party
{{Infobox political party
| name            = Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
| name            = Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
| native_name      = বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ <br> Bangladesh Peasants' Workers' People's League
| native_name      = বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ
| native_name_lang = bn
| native_name_lang = bn
| colorcode        = {{party color|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League}}
| colorcode        = {{party color|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League}}
| logo            = Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| logo            =  
| abbreviation    = BaKSAL
| leader          = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| leader          = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| headquarters    = [[Dhaka]]
| headquarters    = [[Dacca]], Bangladesh
| foundation      = 24 February 1975
| foundation      = 24 February 1975
| founder          = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| founder          = Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
| dissolution      = 15 August 1975
| banned          = 30 August 1975
| merger          = [[Awami League|AL]]<br>[[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]]<br>[[Bangladesh National Awami Party|BNAP]]<br>[[Bangladesh Jatiya League|BJL]]
| merger          = [[Awami League|AL]]<br/>[[Communist Party of Bangladesh|CPB]]<br/>[[National Awami Party (Muzaffar)|NAP(M)]]<br/>[[Jatiya League|BNL]]<br/>[[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti|PCJSS]]<br/>[[Jatiya Ganamukti Union|JGU]]
| ideology        = [[Mujibism]]<br>[[Bengali nationalism]]<br>[[Socialism]]
| successor        = AL<br/>CPB<br/>NAP(M)<br/>BNL<br/>PCJSS<br/>JGU
| student_wing    = [[Bangladesh Chhatra League|Jatiya Chhatra League]]
| youth_wing      = [[Jubo League|Jatiya Jubo League]]
| womens_wing      = [[Bangladesh Mohila Awami League|Jatiya Mohila League]]
| wing1_title      = Peasants wing
| wing1            = [[Bangladesh Krishak League|Jatiya Krishak League]]
| wing2_title      = [[Trade union]]
| wing2            = [[Bangladesh Jatiya Sramik League|Jatiya Sramik League]]
| wing3_title      = [[Paramilitary|Armed wing]]
| wing3            = [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]] (''[[de facto]]'')
| ideology        = {{Tree list}}
*[[Mujibism]]
*[[Second Revolution (Bangladesh)|Second Revolution]]
**[[Economic nationalism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| blank1_title    = Opponents
| blank1          = {{ubl
| {{flagicon image|জাসদের পতাকা.svg}} [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal|JaSaD]]
| {{flagicon image|PBSP-Flag.png}} [[Proletarian Party of East Bengal|PBSP]]
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[National Awami Party (Bhashani)|NAP(B)]]
}}
| country          = Bangladesh
| country          = Bangladesh
}}
}}
The '''Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ|lit=Bangladesh Peasants' Workers' People's League}}), abbreviated as '''BaKSAL''', was the [[One-party state|sole legal]] [[ruling party]] of [[Bangladesh]] from January to August 1975. The party comprised politicians from the [[Awami League]], the [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]], the [[National Awami Party (Muzaffar)]], [[Jatiya League|Bangladesh National League]], [[Jatiya Ganamukti Union]] and [[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rono|first=Haider Akbar Khan|date=2010|script-title=bn:শতাব্দী পেরিয়ে|title=Śatābdī pēriẏē|language=bn|publisher=Taraphadara prakashani|page=335|isbn=978-984-779-027-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manabendra Narayan Larma|url=https://www.pcjss.org/manabendra-narayan-larma/|access-date=2025-03-13|website=Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Danesh, Haji Mohammad - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Danesh,_Haji_Mohammad|access-date=2025-08-14|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en}}</ref> The party advocated for [[economic nationalism]] as a part of reforms under the theory of the [[Second Revolution (Bangladesh)|Second Revolution]], which BaKSAL worked to achieve the objectives of.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Bangladesh: The Second Revolution|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912808,00.html|magazine=Time|date=10 February 1975|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=15 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515202420/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912808,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


'''Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BaKSAL)''' ({{lang-bn|বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ}} "Bangladesh Worker-Peasant's People's League"; বাকশাল) was a political front comprising [[Bangladesh Awami League]], [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]], [[National Awami Party (Muzaffar)]] and Jatiyo League.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rono |first=Haider Akbar Khan |date=2010 |script-title=bn:শতাব্দী পেরিয়ে |title=Śatābdī pēriẏē |language=bn |publisher=Taraphadara prakashani |page=335 |isbn=978-984-779-027-5}}</ref>
The party was founded on 25 January 1975 by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] following the [[Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh#Fourth amendment|Fourth Amendment to the constitution]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Moudud|author-link=Moudud Ahmed|year=1984|orig-year=First published 1983|title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|page=245|isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref> A presidential order also outlawed all political parties other than BaKSAL, creating a [[state of emergency]] and obligating other parties to join the front.<ref>{{cite news|title=SHEIK MUJIB GETS TOTAL AUTHORITY OVER BANGLADESH|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/sheik-mujib-gets-total-authority-over-bangladesh-a-strong.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 January 1975|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926133238/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/sheik-mujib-gets-total-authority-over-bangladesh-a-strong.html|archive-date=26 September 2023}}</ref> After the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 August 2016|title=Bangabandhu: a forbidden name for 16yrs|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/bangabandhu-forbidden-name-16yrs-1270564|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=27 September 2016|archive-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927124829/http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/bangabandhu-forbidden-name-16yrs-1270564|url-status=live}}</ref> BaKSAL was banned on 30 August 1975.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sheik Mujib's Single Party Is Banned by Bangladesh|date=31 August 1975|page=31|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
 
Following the [[Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh#Fourth amendment|Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh]], enacted on 25&nbsp;January 1975, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] formed BaKSAL on 24&nbsp;February.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Moudud |author-link=Moudud Ahmed |year=1984 |orig-year=First published 1983 |title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |page=245 |isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref> In addition, with the presidential order, all other political parties were outlawed with the formation of BaKSAL.
 
The party advocated [[state socialism]] as a part of the group of reforms under the theory of the [[Second Revolution (Bangladesh)|Second Revolution]]. BaKSAL was the decision-making council to achieve the objectives of the Second Revolution.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Bangladesh: The Second Revolution |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912808,00.html |magazine=Time |date=10 February 1975 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>
 
BaKSAL was dissolved after the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in August 1975.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2016 |title=Bangabandhu: a forbidden name for 16yrs |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/bangabandhu-forbidden-name-16yrs-1270564 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> With the end of BaKSAL, all the political parties who had merged with BaKSAL, including the Awami League, again became independent political parties.
 
== Background ==
 
[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (aka Mujibur) and his [[Awami League]] won a landslide victory in the [[1973 Bangladeshi general election]]. Backing for the government waned, however, as supporters became disillusioned by widespread corruption.<ref name="Khan2001">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Zillur R. |chapter=From Mujib to Zia, Elite Politics in Bangladesh |date=2001 |editor-last=Ahmed |editor-first=Rafiuddin |title=Religion, Identity & Politics: Essays on Bangladesh |publisher=International Academic Publishers |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-1-58868-081-5 |quote="... landslide victory of the Awami League in the 1973 elections ... [those] who were earlier inspired by the charisma of Sheikh Mujib grew increasingly restive in view of what they viewed as widespread corruption ... making it mandatory for members of parliament to join the single national party, called the ''Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League'' (BaKSAL), if they wanted to retain their seats ... most Awami Leaguers, and many others from the other parties, decided to join the BaKSAL. Between Mujib's BaKSAL and total political oblivion, few were left with any choice ... All higher bureaucrats, professional people and trade union leaders were urged to join."}}</ref> In the face of growing unrest, on 28 December 1974 Mujibur declared a state of emergency, which gave him the power to ban any political group.<ref>{{cite news |title=State of emergency announced in Dacca |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19741229&id=BXg0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5657,6676905&hl=en |newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News |agency=Associated Press |date=29 December 1974 |page=6A |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> He pushed the [[Constitution of Bangladesh#Fourth Amendment|Fourth Amendment]] to the constitution through parliament on 25 January 1975. It dissolved all political parties and gave him the authority to institute [[One-party state|one-party rule]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheikh Assumes Absolute Rule in Bangladesh |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19750126&id=bNJOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6584,1305689&hl=en |newspaper=The Blade |location=Toledo, Ohio |agency=Associated Press |date=26 January 1975 |page=1 |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mujib names his Govt |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19750128&id=-5wpAAAAIBAJ&pg=3297,6805491&hl=en |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |agency=Australian Associated Press-Reuter |date=28 January 1975 |page=4 |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh President Takes Over |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3965271/bangladesh_president_takes_over/ |newspaper=The Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah |agency=United Press International |date=24 February 1975 |page=8 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=4 January 2022}} {{Open access}}</ref>
 
== Formation ==


On 24 February 1975, Mujibur formed a new party, the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BaKSAL), which all MPs were required to join.<ref name="Khan2001" /><ref>{{cite news |title='Second Revolution' Is Sham: No Real Change Seen in Bangladesh |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/Worldbruce%20Bharatpedia/clipnumber/24116/ |newspaper=The Capital Times |location=Madison, Wisconsin |agency=Los Angeles Times News Service |date=28 February 1975 |page=6 |access-date=4 January 2016 |via=newspaperarchive.com}} {{open access}}</ref> Any MP who missed a parliamentary session, abstained, or failed to vote with the party would lose their seat.<ref name="smh28Jan1975">{{cite news |title=One man, one party govern Bangladesh |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19750127&id=-pwpAAAAIBAJ&pg=6000,6671315&hl=en |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=27 January 1975 |page=1 |access-date=4 January 2016 |via=news.google.com}}</ref> All civilian government employees, professionals, and trade union leaders were pressed to join the party.<ref name="Khan2001" /> All other political organisations were banned.<ref name="smh28Jan1975" /> Most Awami League politicians and many from other parties joined BaKSAL, seeing no other way to retain any political power.<ref name="Khan2001" /> The [[Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal]], [[Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party]], Purbo Bangla Sammobadi Dal-Marxbadi-Leninbadi ([[East Bengal Communist Party Marxist–Leninist]]), [[East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)|East Pakistan Communist Party]], and [[Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist)]] did not join BaKSAL. According to political science professor Talukder Maniruzzaman, BaKSAL was in practice "the Awami League under a different name".<ref name="Maniruzzaman1976">{{cite journal |last=Maniruzzaman |first=Talukder |date=February 1976 |title=Bangladesh in 1975: The Fall of the Mujib Regime and Its Aftermath |journal=Asian Survey |publisher=University of California Press |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=119–129 |jstor=2643140 |doi=10.2307/2643140}}</ref>
==Background==
{{Main|1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency|Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh#Fourth amendment}}
Awami League under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won a landslide victory in the [[1973 Bangladeshi general election|1973 general election]]. However, Mujibur had difficulties with fighting [[corruption]] in his own government and the increase in [[Left-wing politics|leftism]] caused by the [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]]. In the face of [[1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency|growing unrest]], on 28 December 1974, Rahman declared a state of emergency.<ref>{{cite news|title=State of emergency announced in Dacca|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19741229&id=BXg0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5657,6676905&hl=en|newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News|agency=Associated Press|date=29 December 1974|page=6A|access-date=4 January 2016|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314073218/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19741229&id=BXg0AAAAIBAJ&pg=5657,6676905&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 January 1975, he pushed the Fourth Amendment to the constitution through [[Jatiya Sangsad]], which was passed in the Parliament unanimously. It dissolved all political parties, including the ruling party, the Awami League, and gave Rahman the exclusive authority to form BaKSAL, which would become the "national party" of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mujib names his Govt|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19750128&id=-5wpAAAAIBAJ&pg=3297,6805491&hl=en|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|agency=Australian Associated Press-Reuter|date=28 January 1975|page=4|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref>


BaKSAL was scheduled to officially replace the nation's other political organisations, whether those political parties agreed or not, and associations, on 1 September 1975.
==Formation==
BaKSAL was formed on 24 February 1975. All MPs and political parties were required to join the party;<ref name="Khan2001">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Zillur R.|title=Religion, Identity & Politics: Essays on Bangladesh|date=2001|publisher=International Academic Publishers|isbn=978-1-58868-081-5|editor-last=Ahmed|editor-first=Rafiuddin|pages=54–55|chapter=From Mujib to Zia, Elite Politics in Bangladesh|quote="... landslide victory of the Awami League in the 1973 elections ... [those] who were earlier inspired by the charisma of Sheikh Mujib grew increasingly restive in view of what they viewed as widespread corruption ... making it mandatory for members of parliament to join the single national party, called the ''Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League'' (BaKSAL), if they wanted to retain their seats ... most Awami Leaguers, and many others from the other parties, decided to join the BaKSAL. Between Mujib's BaKSAL and total political oblivion, few were left with any choice ... All higher bureaucrats, professional people and trade union leaders were urged to join."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=28 February 1975|title='Second Revolution' Is Sham: No Real Change Seen in Bangladesh|page=6|newspaper=The Capital Times|agency=Los Angeles Times News Service|location=Madison, Wisconsin|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-feb-28-1975-4685238/|access-date=4 January 2016|via=newspaperarchive.com}} {{open access}}</ref> any MP who missed a parliamentary session, abstained, or failed to vote with the party would lose their seat.<ref name="smh28Jan1975">{{cite news|date=27 January 1975|title=One man, one party govern Bangladesh|page=1|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19750127&id=-pwpAAAAIBAJ&pg=6000,6671315&hl=en|access-date=4 January 2016|via=news.google.com}}</ref> As a result, most Awami League politicians and others from different parties joined BaKSAL; however, the [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]], [[Proletarian Party of East Bengal]], [[Purbo Banglar Communist Party|Communist Party of East Bengal (Marxist–Leninist)]], [[East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)|East Pakistan Communist Party]], and [[Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist)]] did not join.<ref name="Khan2001"/> Civilian government employees, professionals, and trade union leaders were also compelled to join the party.<ref name="Khan2001"/>


Organizationally, President Mujibur Rahman, BaKSAL chairman, appointed for the national party a fifteen-member executive committee, a 120-member central committee, and five front organisations, namely, Jatiya Krishak League, Jatiya Sramik League, Jatiya Mahila League, Jatiya Juba League and Jatiya Chhatra League (peasants, workers, women, youth, and students respectively).<ref name="Maniruzzaman1976" /> All members of the executive committee and central committee were to enjoy the status of ministers. BaKSAL was also designed to overhaul the administrative system of the country to make it people-oriented.
President Mujibur Rahman, BaKSAL's chairman, appointed a fifteen-member executive committee, a 120-member central committee, and five front organizations, namely, Jatiya Krishak League, Jatiya Sramik League, Jatiya Mahila League, Jatiya Juba League, and Jatiya Chhatra League for peasants, workers, women, youth, and students, respectively, for the party.<ref name="Maniruzzaman1976">{{cite journal|last=Maniruzzaman|first=Talukder|date=February 1976|title=Bangladesh in 1975: The Fall of the Mujib Regime and Its Aftermath|journal=Asian Survey|publisher=University of California Press|volume=16|issue=2|pages=119–129|doi=10.2307/2643140|jstor=2643140}}</ref> All members of the executive committee and central committee were appointed as ministers.


=== Executive committee ===
===Executive committee===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
 
#[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (Chairman)
# [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (Chairman)
#[[Syed Nazrul Islam]] (Vice-Chairman)
# [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] (Vice-Chairman)
#[[Muhammad Mansur Ali]] (Secretary General)
# [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]] (Secretary General)
#[[Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman]]
# [[Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman]]
#[[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)|Abdul Mannan]]
# [[Abdul Mannan (politician)|Abdul Mannan]]
#[[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
# [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
#[[Abdul Malek Ukil]]
# [[Abdul Malek Ukil]]
#Prof.[[M. Yousuf Ali]]
# Professor [[M. Yousuf Ali]]
#[[Manaranjan Dhar]]
# [[Manaranjan Dhar]]
#[[Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury]]
# [[Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury]]
#[[Sheikh Abdul Aziz (Bangladeshi politician)|Sheikh Abdul Aziz]]
# [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz (Bangladeshi politician)|Sheikh Abdul Aziz]]
#[[Mohiuddin Ahmed]]
# [[Mohiuddin Ahmed]]
#[[Gazi Golam Mostafa]]
# [[Gazi Golam Mostafa]]
#[[Zillur Rahman]]
# [[Zillur Rahman]]
#[[Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani]]
# [[Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani]]
#[[Abdur Razzaq (politician, born 1942)|Abdur Razzaq]]
# [[Abdur Razzaq (politician)|Abdur Razzaq]]


{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


=== Central Committee ===
===Central Committee===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}


# [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
#[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
# [[Syed Nazrul Islam]]
#[[Syed Nazrul Islam]]
# [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]
#[[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]
# [[Abdul Mannan (politician)|Abdul Mannan]]
#[[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)|Abdul Mannan]]
# [[Abdul Malek Ukil|Abdul Malik Ukil]]
#[[Abdul Malek Ukil|Abdul Malik Ukil]]
# [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
#[[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
# [[A H M Qamaruzzaman|A.H.M Kamaruzzaman]]
#[[A H M Qamaruzzaman|A.H.M Kamaruzzaman]]
# [[Kazi Linchon]]
#[[Kazi Linchon]]
# [[Mahmudullah (politician)|Mahmudullah]]
#[[Mahmudullah (politician)|Mahmudullah]]
# [[Abdus Samad Azad]]
#[[Abdus Samad Azad]]
# [[M. Yousuf Ali]]
#[[M. Yousuf Ali]]
# [[Phani Bhushan Majumder]]
#[[Phani Bhushan Majumder]]
# [[Kamal Hossain]]
#[[Kamal Hossain]]
# [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]]
#[[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]]
# [[Abdur Rab Serniabat]]
#[[Abdur Rab Serniabat]]
# [[Manaranjan Dhar]]
#[[Manaranjan Dhar]]
# Abdul Matin
#Abdul Matin
# Asaduzzanan
#Asaduzzanan
# [[Md Korban Ali]]
#[[Md Korban Ali]]
# Dr. [[Azizul Rahman Mallik]]
#Dr. [[Azizul Rahman Mallik]]
# Dr. [[Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury]]
#Dr. [[Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury]]
# [[Tofael Ahmed]]
#[[Tofael Ahmed]]
# [[Shah Moazzam Hossain]]
#[[Shah Moazzam Hossain]]
# [[Abdul Momin Talukdar]]
#[[Abdul Momin Talukdar]]
# [[Dewan Farid Gazi]]
#[[Dewan Farid Gazi]]
# Professor [[Nurul Islam Choudhry]]
#Professor [[Nurul Islam Choudhry]]
# [[Taheruddin Thakur]]
#[[Taheruddin Thakur]]
# [[Moslemuddin Khan]]
#[[Moslemuddin Khan]]
# [[Abu Sayeed|Professor Abu Sayeed]]
#[[Abu Sayeed (politician)|Professor Abu Sayeed]]
# [[Nurul Islam Manzur]]
#[[Nurul Islam Manzur]]
# [[KM Obaidur Rahman]]
#[[KM Obaidur Rahman]]
# Dr. [[Khitish Chandra Mandal]]
#Dr. [[Khitish Chandra Mandal]]
# [[Reazuddin Ahmad]]
#[[Reazuddin Ahmad]]
# [[Mohammad Baitullah|M. Baitullah]]
#[[Mohammad Baitullah|M. Baitullah]]
# [[Rahul Quddus]] (Secretary)
#[[Rahul Quddus]] (Secretary)
# [[Zillur Rahman]]
#[[Zillur Rahman]]
# [[Mohiuddin Ahmed (politician)|Mohiuddin Ahmad]] MP
#[[Mohiuddin Ahmed (politician, born 1925)|Mohiuddin Ahmad]] MP
# [[Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani]]
#[[Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani]]
# [[Abdur Razzaq (politician)|Abdur Razzaq]]
#[[Abdur Razzaq (politician, born 1942)|Abdur Razzaq]]
# [[Sheikh Shahidul Islam]]
#[[Sheikh Shahidul Islam]]
# Anwar Choudhry
#Anwar Choudhry
# [[Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury]]
#[[Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury]]
# [[Taslima Abed]]
#[[Taslima Abed]]
# Abdur Rahim
#Abdur Rahim
# [[Abdul Awal]]
#Abdul Awal
# Lutfur Rahman
#Lutfur Rahman
# [[A.K. Muzibur Rahman]]
#[[A.K. Muzibur Rahman]]
# Dr. [[Mofiz Choudhry]]
#Dr. [[Mofiz Choudhry]]
# Dr. [[Alauddin Ahammad]]
#Dr. [[Alauddin Ahammad]]
# Dr. Ahsanul Haq
#Dr. Ahsanul Haq
# [[Raushan Ali]]
#[[Raushan Ali]]
# [[Azizur Rahman Akkas]]
#[[Azizur Rahman Akkas]]
# [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz (Bangladeshi politician)|Sheikh Abdul Aziz]]
#[[Sheikh Abdul Aziz (Bangladeshi politician)|Sheikh Abdul Aziz]]
# [[Salahuddin Yusuf]]
#[[Salahuddin Yusuf]]
# [[Michael Sushil Adhikari]]
#[[Michael Sushil Adhikari]]
# [[Kazi Abdul Hakim]]
#[[Kazi Abdul Hakim]]
# [[Mollah Jalaluddin Ahmed|Mollah Jalaluddin]]
#[[Mollah Jalaluddin Ahmed|Mollah Jalaluddin]]
# [[Shamsuddin Mollah]]
#[[Shamsuddin Mollah]]
# [[Gour Chandra Bala]]
#[[Gour Chandra Bala]]
# [[Gazi Ghulam Mustafa]]
#[[Gazi Ghulam Mustafa]]
# Shamsul Haq
#Shamsul Haq
# Shamsuzzoha
#Shamsuzzoha
# [[Rafiqueuddin Bhuiya]]
#[[Rafiqueuddin Bhuiya]]
# Syed Ahmad
#Syed Ahmad
# [[Shamsur Rahman Khan Shahjahan]]
#[[Shamsur Rahman Khan Shahjahan]]
# Nurul Haq
#Nurul Haq
# [[Kazi Zahirul Qayyum]]
#[[Kazi Zahirul Qayyum]]
# Capt.(Retd) [[Sujjat Ali]]
#Capt.(Retd) [[Sujjat Ali]]
# [[M.R. Siddiqui]]
#[[M.R. Siddiqui]]
# [[MA Wahab]]
#[[MA Wahab]]
# [[Chittaranjan Sutar]],
#[[Chittaranjan Sutar]],
# [[Sayeda Razia Banu]]
#[[Sayeda Razia Banu]]
# [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]
#[[Ataur Rahman Khan]]
# [[Khandakar Muhammad Illyas]]
#[[Khandakar Muhammad Illyas]]
# [[Mong Pru Saire]]
#[[Mong Pru Saire]]
# [[Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury|Professor Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury]]
#[[Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury|Professor Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury]]
# Ataur Rahman
#Ataur Rahman
# [[Pir Habibur Rahman]]
#[[Pir Habibur Rahman]]
# [[Syed Altaf Hossain]]
#[[Syed Altaf Hossain]]
# [[Muhammad Farhad]]
#[[Muhammad Farhad]]
# [[Matia Chowdhury]]
#[[Matia Chowdhury]]
# [[Haji Mohammad Danesh|Hazi Danesh]]
#[[Haji Mohammad Danesh|Hazi Danesh]]
# [[Taufiq Inam]] (Secretary)
#[[Taufiq Inam]] (Secretary)
# [[Nurul Islam (economist)|Nurul Islam]] (Secretary)
#[[Nurul Islam (economist)|Nurul Islam]] (Secretary)
# [[Fayezuddin Ahmed]] (Secretary)
#[[Fayezuddin Ahmed]] (Secretary)
# Mahbubur Rahman (Secretary)
#Mahbubur Rahman (Secretary)
# Abdul Khaleque
#Abdul Khaleque
# Muzibul Haq (Secretary)
#Muzibul Haq (Secretary)
# Abdur Rahim (Secretary)
#Abdur Rahim (Secretary)
# Moinul Islam (Secretary)
#Moinul Islam (Secretary)
# [[Sayeeduzzaman]] (Secretary)
#[[Sayeeduzzaman]] (Secretary)
# [[Anisuzzaman]] (Secretary)
#[[Anisuzzaman]] (Secretary)
# Dr. [[A. Sattar]] (Secretary)
#Dr. [[A. Sattar]] (Secretary)
# M.A Samad (Secretary)
#M.A Samad (Secretary)
# Abu Tahir (Secretary)
#Abu Tahir (Secretary)
# Al Hossaini (Secretary)
#Al Hossaini (Secretary)
# Dr [[Tajul Hossain]] (Secretary)
#Dr [[Tajul Hossain]] (Secretary)
# Motiur Rahman. Chairman of [[Trading Corporation of Bangladesh]]
#Motiur Rahman. Chairman of [[Trading Corporation of Bangladesh]]
# Maj. Gen [[K.M Shafiullah|K.M. Safiullah]]
#Maj. Gen [[K.M Shafiullah|K.M. Safiullah]]
# [[A. K. Khandker|Air Vice Marshal Abdul Karim Khandker]]
#[[A. K. Khandker|Air Vice Marshal Abdul Karim Khandker]]
# Commodore [[M. H. Khan|M.H. Khan]]
#Commodore [[M. H. Khan|M.H. Khan]]
# Maj Gen. [[Khalilur Rahman (general)|Khalilur Rahman]]
#Maj Gen. [[Khalilur Rahman (general)|Khalilur Rahman]]
# [[A.K. Naziruddin Ahmed]]
#[[A.K. Naziruddin Ahmed]]
# Dr. [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury]]
#Dr. [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury]]
# Dr. [[Mazharul Islam (poet)|Mazharul Islam]]
#Dr. [[Mazharul Islam (poet)|Mazharul Islam]]
# Dr. Sramul Haq
#Dr. Sramul Haq
# [[Badal Ghosh]]
#[[Badal Ghosh]]
# [[ATM Syed Hossain]]
#[[ATM Syed Hossain]]
# Nurul Islam
#Nurul Islam
# Dr. [[Nilima Ibrahim]]
#Dr. [[Nilima Ibrahim]]
# Dr. [[Nurul Islam (physician)|Nurul Islam]] [[PG Hospital]]
#Dr. [[Nurul Islam (physician)|Nurul Islam]] [[PG Hospital]]
# [[Obaidul Huq]] Editor [[Bangladesh Observer|Observer]]
#[[Obaidul Huq]] Editor [[Bangladesh Observer|Observer]]
# [[Anwar Hossain Manju]] Editor [[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]
#[[Anwar Hossain Manju]] Editor [[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]
# [[Mizanur Rahman (journalist)|Mizanur Rahman]] Editor [[Bangladesh Press International]]  
#[[Mizanur Rahman (journalist)|Mizanur Rahman]] Editor [[Bangladesh Press International]]
# [[Manawarul Islam]]
#[[Manawarul Islam]]
# [[Abu Thaer Bhuiyan]]
#[[Abu Thaer Bhuiyan]]
# Brig. [[A. N. M. Nuruzzaman]] DG [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]]
#[[Auritro Shayel]]
# Kamruzzaman teachers Association
#Brig. [[A. N. M. Nuruzzaman]] DG [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]]
# Dr. [[Mazhar Ali Kadri]]
#Kamruzzaman teachers Association
#Dr. [[Mazhar Ali Kadri]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


== Activities ==
==Legacy==
 
In the 1974 ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]],'' Lawrence Lifschultz wrote how Bangladeshis thought that "the corruption and malpractices and plunder of national wealth" were "unprecedented" during Mujibur's governance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tread Warily to the Dream|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100206/jsp/opinion/story_12065942.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208235410/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100206/jsp/opinion/story_12065942.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2010|location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph|date=6 February 2010}}</ref>
Many restrictive regulations coming from BaKSAL included the promulgation of the Newspaper Ordinance (June 1975; Annulment of Declaration) under which the declarations of all but four state owned newspapers were annulled. The Fourth Amendment was a direct attack on [[press freedom]] which allowed only the ''[[Dainik Bangla]]'', ''[[Bangladesh Observer]]'', ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'', and ''[[Bangladesh Times]]'' to continue their publication and banned the rest of the press and newspaper industries. It brought the whole news media completely under the absolute control of the government.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIhwDQAAQBAJ&q=The+Bangladesh+Times&pg=PA124 |title=The Bangladesh Liberation War, the Sheikh Mujib Regime, and Contemporary Controversies |last=Dowlah |first=Caf |year=2016 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-3419-2 |pages=124 |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Dissolution ==
 
The party contested in 1986 general election using "Boat" symbol and later in 1991 general election using "Bicycle" symbol.The party carried out independently until 1990s, when almost all of its party leaders deserted the organisation to merge with the [[Bangladesh Awami League]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=12 September 1991 |title=Near East & South Asia: Bangladesh |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a336290.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816212423/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a336290.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=16 August 2016 |journal=JPRS Report |volume=1 |page=10 |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
 
== Legacy ==


[[Lawrence Lifschultz]] wrote in the ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'' in 1974 that Bangladeshis thought that "the corruption and malpractices and plunder of national wealth" was "unprecedented".<ref>{{cite news |title=Tread Warily to the Dream |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100206/jsp/opinion/story_12065942.jsp |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Telegraph |date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
Though BaKSAL was dissolved in 1975, another party participated in the [[1986 Bangladeshi general election|1986]] and [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]] general elections [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (1983–1991)|in the same name]]; in 1986, the party's symbol was [[Boat (politics)|boat]], while it was bicycle in 1991. The party acted independently until the 1990s, when almost all of its party leaders left the organization to join the Awami League.<ref>{{cite journal|date=12 September 1991|title=Near East & South Asia: Bangladesh|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a336290.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816212423/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a336290.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=16 August 2016|journal=JPRS Report|volume=1|page=10|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{Ministries of Bangladesh}}
{{Ministries of Bangladesh}}
{{Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
{{Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
{{Authority control}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Baksal}}
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[[Category:1975 disestablishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1975 disestablishments in Bangladesh]]
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[[Category:Bangladesh Awami League]]
[[Category:History of the Awami League]]
[[Category:Defunct left-wing political party alliances]]
[[Category:Defunct left-wing political party alliances]]
[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Banned socialist parties]]
[[Category:Parties of one-party systems]]
[[Category:Parties of one-party systems]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1975]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1975]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1975]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1975]]
[[Category:Popular fronts]]
[[Category:Political career of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
[[Category:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in Bangladesh]]

Latest revision as of 00:01, 17 March 2026


For the party established in 1983 with the same name, see Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (1983–1991).


Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ
AbbreviationBaKSAL
LeaderSheikh Mujibur Rahman
FounderSheikh Mujibur Rahman
Founded24 February 1975
Banned30 August 1975
Merger ofAL
CPB
NAP(M)
BNL
PCJSS
JGU
Succeeded byAL
CPB
NAP(M)
BNL
PCJSS
JGU
HeadquartersDacca, Bangladesh
Student wingJatiya Chhatra League
Youth wingJatiya Jubo League
Women's wingJatiya Mohila League
Peasants wingJatiya Krishak League
Trade unionJatiya Sramik League
Armed wingJatiya Rakkhi Bahini (de facto)
Ideology
Opponents

The Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.), abbreviated as BaKSAL, was the sole legal ruling party of Bangladesh from January to August 1975. The party comprised politicians from the Awami League, the Communist Party of Bangladesh, the National Awami Party (Muzaffar), Bangladesh National League, Jatiya Ganamukti Union and Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti.[1][2][3] The party advocated for economic nationalism as a part of reforms under the theory of the Second Revolution, which BaKSAL worked to achieve the objectives of.[4]

The party was founded on 25 January 1975 by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman following the Fourth Amendment to the constitution.[5] A presidential order also outlawed all political parties other than BaKSAL, creating a state of emergency and obligating other parties to join the front.[6] After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman,[7] BaKSAL was banned on 30 August 1975.[8]

Background[edit | edit source]

Main articles: 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency and Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh § Fourth amendment

Awami League under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won a landslide victory in the 1973 general election. However, Mujibur had difficulties with fighting corruption in his own government and the increase in leftism caused by the Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal. In the face of growing unrest, on 28 December 1974, Rahman declared a state of emergency.[9] On 25 January 1975, he pushed the Fourth Amendment to the constitution through Jatiya Sangsad, which was passed in the Parliament unanimously. It dissolved all political parties, including the ruling party, the Awami League, and gave Rahman the exclusive authority to form BaKSAL, which would become the "national party" of Bangladesh.[10]

Formation[edit | edit source]

BaKSAL was formed on 24 February 1975. All MPs and political parties were required to join the party;[11][12] any MP who missed a parliamentary session, abstained, or failed to vote with the party would lose their seat.[13] As a result, most Awami League politicians and others from different parties joined BaKSAL; however, the Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal, Proletarian Party of East Bengal, Communist Party of East Bengal (Marxist–Leninist), East Pakistan Communist Party, and Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist) did not join.[11] Civilian government employees, professionals, and trade union leaders were also compelled to join the party.[11]

President Mujibur Rahman, BaKSAL's chairman, appointed a fifteen-member executive committee, a 120-member central committee, and five front organizations, namely, Jatiya Krishak League, Jatiya Sramik League, Jatiya Mahila League, Jatiya Juba League, and Jatiya Chhatra League for peasants, workers, women, youth, and students, respectively, for the party.[14] All members of the executive committee and central committee were appointed as ministers.

Executive committee[edit | edit source]

  1. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Chairman)
  2. Syed Nazrul Islam (Vice-Chairman)
  3. Muhammad Mansur Ali (Secretary General)
  4. Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman
  5. Abdul Mannan
  6. Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
  7. Abdul Malek Ukil
  8. Prof.M. Yousuf Ali
  9. Manaranjan Dhar
  10. Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury
  11. Sheikh Abdul Aziz
  12. Mohiuddin Ahmed
  13. Gazi Golam Mostafa
  14. Zillur Rahman
  15. Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani
  16. Abdur Razzaq

Central Committee[edit | edit source]

  1. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
  2. Syed Nazrul Islam
  3. Muhammad Mansur Ali
  4. Abdul Mannan
  5. Abdul Malik Ukil
  6. Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
  7. A.H.M Kamaruzzaman
  8. Kazi Linchon
  9. Mahmudullah
  10. Abdus Samad Azad
  11. M. Yousuf Ali
  12. Phani Bhushan Majumder
  13. Kamal Hossain
  14. Muhammad Sohrab Hossain
  15. Abdur Rab Serniabat
  16. Manaranjan Dhar
  17. Abdul Matin
  18. Asaduzzanan
  19. Md Korban Ali
  20. Dr. Azizul Rahman Mallik
  21. Dr. Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury
  22. Tofael Ahmed
  23. Shah Moazzam Hossain
  24. Abdul Momin Talukdar
  25. Dewan Farid Gazi
  26. Professor Nurul Islam Choudhry
  27. Taheruddin Thakur
  28. Moslemuddin Khan
  29. Professor Abu Sayeed
  30. Nurul Islam Manzur
  31. KM Obaidur Rahman
  32. Dr. Khitish Chandra Mandal
  33. Reazuddin Ahmad
  34. M. Baitullah
  35. Rahul Quddus (Secretary)
  36. Zillur Rahman
  37. Mohiuddin Ahmad MP
  38. Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani
  39. Abdur Razzaq
  40. Sheikh Shahidul Islam
  41. Anwar Choudhry
  42. Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury
  43. Taslima Abed
  44. Abdur Rahim
  45. Abdul Awal
  46. Lutfur Rahman
  47. A.K. Muzibur Rahman
  48. Dr. Mofiz Choudhry
  49. Dr. Alauddin Ahammad
  50. Dr. Ahsanul Haq
  51. Raushan Ali
  52. Azizur Rahman Akkas
  53. Sheikh Abdul Aziz
  54. Salahuddin Yusuf
  55. Michael Sushil Adhikari
  56. Kazi Abdul Hakim
  57. Mollah Jalaluddin
  58. Shamsuddin Mollah
  59. Gour Chandra Bala
  60. Gazi Ghulam Mustafa
  61. Shamsul Haq
  62. Shamsuzzoha
  63. Rafiqueuddin Bhuiya
  64. Syed Ahmad
  65. Shamsur Rahman Khan Shahjahan
  66. Nurul Haq
  67. Kazi Zahirul Qayyum
  68. Capt.(Retd) Sujjat Ali
  69. M.R. Siddiqui
  70. MA Wahab
  71. Chittaranjan Sutar,
  72. Sayeda Razia Banu
  73. Ataur Rahman Khan
  74. Khandakar Muhammad Illyas
  75. Mong Pru Saire
  76. Professor Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury
  77. Ataur Rahman
  78. Pir Habibur Rahman
  79. Syed Altaf Hossain
  80. Muhammad Farhad
  81. Matia Chowdhury
  82. Hazi Danesh
  83. Taufiq Inam (Secretary)
  84. Nurul Islam (Secretary)
  85. Fayezuddin Ahmed (Secretary)
  86. Mahbubur Rahman (Secretary)
  87. Abdul Khaleque
  88. Muzibul Haq (Secretary)
  89. Abdur Rahim (Secretary)
  90. Moinul Islam (Secretary)
  91. Sayeeduzzaman (Secretary)
  92. Anisuzzaman (Secretary)
  93. Dr. A. Sattar (Secretary)
  94. M.A Samad (Secretary)
  95. Abu Tahir (Secretary)
  96. Al Hossaini (Secretary)
  97. Dr Tajul Hossain (Secretary)
  98. Motiur Rahman. Chairman of Trading Corporation of Bangladesh
  99. Maj. Gen K.M. Safiullah
  100. Air Vice Marshal Abdul Karim Khandker
  101. Commodore M.H. Khan
  102. Maj Gen. Khalilur Rahman
  103. A.K. Naziruddin Ahmed
  104. Dr. Abdul Matin Chowdhury
  105. Dr. Mazharul Islam
  106. Dr. Sramul Haq
  107. Badal Ghosh
  108. ATM Syed Hossain
  109. Nurul Islam
  110. Dr. Nilima Ibrahim
  111. Dr. Nurul Islam PG Hospital
  112. Obaidul Huq Editor Observer
  113. Anwar Hossain Manju Editor Ittefaq
  114. Mizanur Rahman Editor Bangladesh Press International
  115. Manawarul Islam
  116. Abu Thaer Bhuiyan
  117. Auritro Shayel
  118. Brig. A. N. M. Nuruzzaman DG Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini
  119. Kamruzzaman teachers Association
  120. Dr. Mazhar Ali Kadri

Legacy[edit | edit source]

In the 1974 Far Eastern Economic Review, Lawrence Lifschultz wrote how Bangladeshis thought that "the corruption and malpractices and plunder of national wealth" were "unprecedented" during Mujibur's governance.[15]

Though BaKSAL was dissolved in 1975, another party participated in the 1986 and 1991 general elections in the same name; in 1986, the party's symbol was boat, while it was bicycle in 1991. The party acted independently until the 1990s, when almost all of its party leaders left the organization to join the Awami League.[16]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Rono, Haider Akbar Khan (2010). Śatābdī pēriẏē শতাব্দী পেরিয়ে (in Bengali). Taraphadara prakashani. p. 335. ISBN 978-984-779-027-5.
  2. ↑ "Manabendra Narayan Larma". Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  3. ↑ "Danesh, Haji Mohammad - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 14 August 2025.
  4. ↑ "Bangladesh: The Second Revolution". Time. 10 February 1975. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  5. ↑ Ahmed, Moudud (1984) [First published 1983]. Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 245. ISBN 3-515-04266-0.
  6. ↑ "SHEIK MUJIB GETS TOTAL AUTHORITY OVER BANGLADESH". The New York Times. 26 January 1975. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023.
  7. ↑ "Bangabandhu: a forbidden name for 16yrs". The Daily Star. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  8. ↑ "Sheik Mujib's Single Party Is Banned by Bangladesh". The New York Times. 31 August 1975. p. 31.
  9. ↑ "State of emergency announced in Dacca". The Tuscaloosa News. Associated Press. 29 December 1974. p. 6A. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  10. ↑ "Mujib names his Govt". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press-Reuter. 28 January 1975. p. 4. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Khan, Zillur R. (2001). "From Mujib to Zia, Elite Politics in Bangladesh". In Ahmed, Rafiuddin (ed.). Religion, Identity & Politics: Essays on Bangladesh. International Academic Publishers. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-58868-081-5. ... landslide victory of the Awami League in the 1973 elections ... [those] who were earlier inspired by the charisma of Sheikh Mujib grew increasingly restive in view of what they viewed as widespread corruption ... making it mandatory for members of parliament to join the single national party, called the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BaKSAL), if they wanted to retain their seats ... most Awami Leaguers, and many others from the other parties, decided to join the BaKSAL. Between Mujib's BaKSAL and total political oblivion, few were left with any choice ... All higher bureaucrats, professional people and trade union leaders were urged to join.
  12. ↑ "'Second Revolution' Is Sham: No Real Change Seen in Bangladesh". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin. Los Angeles Times News Service. 28 February 1975. p. 6. Retrieved 4 January 2016 – via newspaperarchive.com. open access
  13. ↑ "One man, one party govern Bangladesh". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 January 1975. p. 1. Retrieved 4 January 2016 – via news.google.com.
  14. ↑ Maniruzzaman, Talukder (February 1976). "Bangladesh in 1975: The Fall of the Mujib Regime and Its Aftermath". Asian Survey. 16 (2). University of California Press: 119–129. doi:10.2307/2643140. JSTOR 2643140.
  15. ↑ "Tread Warily to the Dream". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 6 February 2010. Archived from the original on 8 February 2010.
  16. ↑ "Near East & South Asia: Bangladesh" (PDF). JPRS Report. 1: 10. 12 September 1991. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.

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