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| {{other uses|Ritu (disambiguation){{!}}Ritu}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Ritu (season)]] |
| {{More citations needed|date=September 2014}}
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| '''Rutu''' ({{lang-sa|ऋतु}}) or '''Paruvanelai'''({{lang-ta|தமிழ்}}) defines "[[season]]" in different ancient Indian calendars used in countries , India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, and there are six '''rutus''' (also transliterated '''rutu''') or '''seasons'''. The word is derived from the [[Vedic Sanskrit]] word [[Ṛtú]], a fixed or appointed time, especially the proper time for sacrifice ([[yajna]]) or ritual in [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]]; this in turn comes from the word [[Ṛta]] (ऋत), as used in [[Vedic Sanskrit]] literally means the "order or course of things". This word is used in nearly all Indian languages.
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| == North, West and Central Indian calendars ==
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| Nepal and India observes six [[Seasons|ecological seasons]].<ref>http://www.mypanchang.com/ritus.php</ref><ref>http://www.drikpanchang.com/seasons/season-tropical-timings.html</ref> Southern parts of [[South India|India]] experiences the seasons on a different schedule than the one depicted here.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:; border;1px"ritu | |
| !No.
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| !Ritu
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| ![[Season]]
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| ![[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar months]]
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| ![[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian month]]
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| !Characteristics
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| !Seasonal festivals
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| |-
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| |1
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| |[[Basant (season)|Vasanta]] <br> वसन्त
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| |[[Spring (season)|Spring]]
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| |[[Chaitra]] and [[Vaishakha]]
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| | March & April
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| |Temperature around 20-30 degrees Celsius; [[March equinox|vernal equinox]] occurs in the middle of this season. First spring harvest along with harvest festivals.
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| |[[Vasant panchami]], [[Ugadi]], [[Gudhi Padwa]], [[Holi]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Tamil Puthandu]] [[Vishu]]/[[Rongali Bihu]]/[[Baisakhi]]/[[Hindu]] [[New Year]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]]
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| |-
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| |2
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| |[[Grishma|Grīṣma]]<br> ग्रीष्म
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| |[[Summer]]/Hot Season
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| |[[Jyeshtha]] and [[Ashadha]]
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| |~ May & June
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| |Very hot, temperatures up to 45-50 degrees Celsius; [[summer solstice]] occurs. This is one of the two typical Indian/ Hindu Marriage Seasons.
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| |[[Vat Pournima]], [[Rath Yatra]], [[Guru Purnima]]
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| |-
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| |3
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| |[[Monsoon of India|Varṣā]]<br> वर्षा
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| |[[Monsoon]]/Rainy Season
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| |[[Shravana]] (Sawan) and [[Bhadrapada]] (Bhado)
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| |~ July & August
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| |Very hot, very humid and heavy monsoon rains; begins with the lunar month AFTER the [[summer solstice]].
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| |[[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Krishna Janmaashtami]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Nuakhai]] , [[Onam]], Gurujonar Tithi, [[Mahalaya]] [[Amavasya]]
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| |-
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| |4
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| |[[Sharad]]<br> शरद्
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| |[[Autumn]]
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| |[[Ashwin]]a or Ashvayuja (Kwar, Asauj) and [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]
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| |~ Late- September, October & mid-November
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| |Mild temperatures; 19-25 degrees Celsius; [[September equinox|autumnal equinox]] occurs in the middle of this season. First autumn harvest occurs along with harvest festivals. Some trees in the Himalayas or upper elevations change colors much like in northern latitudes across the world.
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| |[[Navaratri]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Kati Bihu]], [[Diwali|Deepavali]], [[Dhanatrayodashi]], [[Kartik Purnima]]
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| |-
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| |5
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| |[[Hemant]]a
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| हेमन्त <br>
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| |Pre-[[Winter]]/Cool Season
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| |[[Margashirsha]] ([[Agrahayana]], Agahan) and [[Pausha]] (Pus)
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| |~ Late November & December
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| |Very pleasant temperatures; generally, 19-25 degrees Celsius; ends with the [[winter solstice]]. Some trees in the Himalayas and other hills complete shedding their leaves much like in northern latitudes across the world.
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| | (mid-Winter celebration)
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| Margashira Mahotsavam. Music Season with a number of Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical music and dance concerts.
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| |-
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| |6
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| |[[Shishira]] <br> शिशिर
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| |[[Winter]]/Cold Season
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| |[[Magha (month)|Magha]] and [[Phalguna]]
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| |~ January & February
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| |Moderately cold, but pleasant during occasional sunshine; temperatures may decrease below 10 degrees Celsius. This season is typical to tropical and subtropical regions because trees actually shed their leaves in this season in tropical areas; starts with the [[winter solstice]].
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| |[[Shivaratri]], [[Magh Bihu]] [[Shigmo]], [[Thai Pongal]], [[Sankranthi]]
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==East Indian calendars==
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| East Indian calendars (Bengali, Assamese, Odia and Mithila) start their new year on Mesh Sankranti. The season names corresponds to the Sanskrit Vasanta, Grishma, Varsha, Sharada, Hemanta, Shishira order.
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| The [[Bengali Calendar]] is similar to the Sanskrit calendar above, but differs in start and end times which moves certain dates/days around (i.e., Vasant Panchami occurs here in Vasant ritu but in the calendar above, it occurs in Shishir as that is the Magha Shukla Panchami). The East Indian Calendar has the following seasons or ritus:
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| ===Bengali Calendar===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! Bengali season
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| ! Start
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| ! End
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| ! Bengali months
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| ! English
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| |-
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| | Grishmo
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| (গ্রীষ্মকাল)
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| | Mid-April
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| | Mid-June
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| | [[Boishakh]], [[Joishtho]]
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| | [[Summer]]
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| |-
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| | Borsha
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| (বর্ষাকাল)
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| | Mid-June
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| | Mid-August
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| | [[Asharh]], [[Srabon]]
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| | [[Monsoon]]
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| |-
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| | Shorot
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| (শরৎকাল)
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| | Mid-August
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| | Mid-October
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| | [[Bhadro]], [[Ashwin]]
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| | Early [[Autumn]]
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| |-
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| | Hemonto
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| (হেমন্তকাল)
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| | mid-October
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| | mid-December
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| | [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]], [[Ogrohayon]]
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| | Late Autumn
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| |-
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| | Sheeth
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| (শীতকাল)
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| | mid-December
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| | mid-February
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| | [[Paush]], [[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]]
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| | [[Winter]]
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| |-
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| | Bosonto
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| (বসন্তকাল)
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| | mid-February
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| | mid-April
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| | [[Phalgun]], [[Choitro]]
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| | [[Spring (Season)|Spring]]
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| |}
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| ===Odia Calendar===
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| Seasons in the [[Odia calendar]]:
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| {| class="wikitable" | |
| ! Odia Ritu
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| ! Season
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| ! Odia months
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| ! Gregorian
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| |-
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| | ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ<br>Grisma
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| | [[Summer]]
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| | Baiśākha–Jyeṣṭha
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| | April–June
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| |-
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| | ବର୍ଷା<br>Barsā
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| | [[Monsoon]]
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| | Āṣāṛha–Śrābaṇa
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| | June–August
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| |-
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| | ଶରତ<br>Sarata
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| | [[Autumn]]
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| | Bhādraba–Āświna
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| | August–October
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| |-
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| | ହେମନ୍ତ<br>Hemanta
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| | Pre-[[Winter]]
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| | Kārttika–Mārgaśira
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| | October–December
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| |-
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| | ଶୀତ<br>Sita
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| | [[Winter]]
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| | Pauṣa–Māgha
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| | December–February
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| |-
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| | ବସନ୍ତ<br>Basanta
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| | [[Spring (season)|Spring]]
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| | Phālguna–Chaitra
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| | February–April
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==South Indian calendars==
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| ===Malayalam Telugu and kannada calendar ===
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| The [[Malayalam calendar]] or Kollam Era, a [[Solar calendar|solar]] and [[Sidereal time|sidereal]] [[Hindu calendar]] used in [[Kerala]], and in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka they follows a pattern of six seasons slightly different from North Indian Calendars.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:; border;1px"ritu
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| !
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| !Ritu
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| ![[Season]]
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| ![[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam solar months]]
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| ![[Hindu calendar|Sanskrit solar months]]
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| ![[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian months]]
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| !Seasonal festivals
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| |-
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| |1
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| |Vasantam <br> വസന്തം వసంతం ವಸಂತ ಋತು
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| |[[Spring (season)|Spring]]
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| |Makaram (second half)-Kumbham-Meenam (first half)
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| |[[Makara (month)|Makara]] (second half)-[[Kumbha (month)|Kumbha]]-[[Mīna]] (first half)
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| |February & March
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| |[[Vasant Panchami|Vasantha Panchami]], [[Holi]]
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| |-
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| |2
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| |Grishmam <br> ഗ്രീഷ്മം గ్రీష్మం
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| ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮಋತು
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| |[[Summer]]
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| |Meenam (second half)-Medam-Idavam (first half)
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| |[[Mīna]] (second half)-[[Meṣa]]-[[Vṛṣabha]] (first half)
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| |April & May
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| |[[Vishu]]
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| |-
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| |3
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| |[[Monsoon of India|Varsham]] <br> വർഷം వర్షాకాలం ವರ್ಷ ಋತು
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| |[[Monsoon]] or Rain
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| |Idavam (second half)-Mithunam-Karkatakam (first half)
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| |[[Vṛṣabha]] (second half)-[[Mithuna (month)|Mithuna]]-[[Karkaṭa]]ka (first half)
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| |June & July
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| |[[Karkataka Vavu]] (marks the beginning of Sharad season)
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| |-
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| |4
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| |Sarath <br> ശരത്ത് శరదృతువు ಶರದ್ಋತು
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| |Early [[Autumn]]
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| |Karkitakam (second half)-Chingam-Kanni (first half)
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| |[[Karkaṭa]]ka (second half)-[[Siṃha]]-[[Kanyā]] (first half)
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| |August & September
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| |[[Raksha Bandhan|Rakshabandhanam]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]] (Sri Krishna Jayanti), [[Onam]]
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| |-
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| |5
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| |Hemantham <br> ഹേമന്തം హేమంతం ಹೇಮಂತ ಋತು
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| |Late Autumn
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| |Kanni (second half)-Thulam-Vrischikam (first half)
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| |[[Kanyā]] (second half)-[[Tulā]]-[[Vṛścika]]m (first half)
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| |October & November
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| |-
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| |6
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| |Sisiram <br> ശിശിരം శిశిరం
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| ಶಿಶಿರ ಋತು
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| |[[Winter]]
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| |Vrischikam (second half)-Dhanu-Makaram (first half)
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| |[[Vṛścika]]m (second half)-[[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]]-[[Makara (month)|Makara]] (first half)
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| |December & January
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Tamil calendar===
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| The [[Tamil Calendar]] follows a similar pattern of six seasons as described for north Indian Hindu calendars which in fact need adjustment as taking new year from Grishma like that Bengali calendar....
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| !Tamil season Names
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| !English Meaning
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| !Gregorian Months
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| !Tamil Months
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| |-
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| |Muthuvenil (Summer) முதுவேனில்
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| |Matured heat / warmth
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| |April 15 to June 14
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| |Chithirai and Vaikasi
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| |-
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| |Kar (Monsoon) கார்
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| |Dark Clouds
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| |June 15 to August 14
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| |Ani and Adi
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| |-
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| |Kutir (Autumn) கூதிர்
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| |Cold / Chill
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| |August 15 to October 14
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| |Avani and Purattasi
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| |-
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| |Munpani (Winter) முன்பனி
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| |Early (Frontal) Dew / Mist
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| |October 15 to December 14
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| |Aipasi and Karthikai
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| |-
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| |Pinpani (Prevernal / Early Spring) பின்பனி
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| |Late (Rear) Dew / Mist
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| |December 15 to February 14
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| |Margazhi and Thai
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| |-
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| |Ilavenil (Spring) இளவேனில்
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| |Tender heat / warmth
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| |February 15 to April 14
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| |Masi and Panguni
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| |}
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| ==In culture==
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| The seasons are described in literature such as the [[Sanskrit]] poem ''[[Ṛtusaṃhāra]]'' written by the legendary Sanskrit poet [[Kālidāsa]].
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| Names of the ritu are commonly used for persons: typically, Vasant, Sharad, Hemant, Shishir and Varsh are "male" names; "female" names include Vasanti, Sharada, Hemanti, Grishma and Varsha.
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Vedic timekeeping]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| *Feller, Danielle. ''The Seasons in Mahākāvya Literature'', Eastern Book Linkers, Delhi, 1995, {{ISBN|8186339248}}
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| *Raghavan, V. ''Ṛtu in Sanskrit literature'', Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Delhi, 1972
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| *Renou, Louis. ''Sanskrit et culture'', Payot, 1950
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| *Selby, Martha Ann (translator). ''The Circle of Six Seasons'', Penguin, New Delhi, 2003, {{ISBN|0-14-100772-9}}
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| [[Category:Hindu calendar]]
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| [[Category:Seasons]]
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| {{hindu-stub}}
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| [[hi:ऋतु]]
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| [[ru:Риту]]
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