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{{About|the region|other uses|Kalinga (disambiguation){{!}}Kalinga}}
#REDIRECT [[Kalinga (region)]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
 
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
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{{Infobox settlement
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| name              = Kalinga
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|South Asia
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|width  = 290 <!--  DO NOT CHANGE MAP SIZE (290) AS THIS WILL DISPLACE THE LABELS  -->
|caption = Location of Kalinga in eastern India
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{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=19.98|N |long=84.37|E |label=Kalinga|position=bottom |label_size=100|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
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* [[Odisha]] {{small|(central and southern)}}
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] {{small|(northern)}}
}}
| established_title  = <!-- Established -->
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| blank1_name_sec1  = Ancient and Medieval Capitals
| blank1_info_sec1  = [[Tosali]], [[Sisupalgarh]], [[Dantapuram]], [[Pithapuram|Prishtapura]], [[Mukhalingam|Kalinganagara]], [[Cuttack]]
}}
'''Kalinga''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|sa|Kaliṅga}}), is a historical region of [[India]]. It is generally defined as the [[Eastern coastal plains|eastern coastal region]] between the [[Mahanadi]] and the [[Godavari]] rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of Kalinga now encompasses central and southern [[Odisha]] and northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]. At its widest extent, the Kalinga region also included parts of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]], extending up to [[Amarkantak]] in the west.<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |pages=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=9788120611948 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref>
The [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]] have been mentioned as a major tribe in the legendary text ''[[Mahabharata]]''. In the 3rd century BCE, the region came under [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] control as a result of the [[Kalinga War]]. It was subsequently ruled by several regional dynasties whose rulers bore the title ''Kalingādhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga"); these dynasties included [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]], [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishtha]], [[Mathara dynasty|Mathara]], [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhakta]], [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]], [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshi]], and [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]. The medieval era rulers to rule over the Kalinga region were the Suryavamsa [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]], [[Bhoi dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA30|date=1 January 2007|access-date=2 February 2021|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|pages=30}}</ref> [[Paralakhemundi Estate|Paralakhemundi Gangas]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145916 |publisher=Indian History Congress |date=2005–2006|jstor = 44145916|access-date=31 December 2020|title = Formation of Orissa Province and Role of Oriyas in Berhampur|last1 = Padhy|first1 = S. C.|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume = 66|pages = 1030–1040}}</ref><ref name="GAJAPATI">{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS GAJAPATI |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Gajapati_Gazetteer.pdf |page=51 |date=2002 }}</ref> and the zamindaris of Ganjam and Vizagapatam.<ref>{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7900 |title=Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in each Department |publisher=Madras University |last1=Maclean |first1=C.D. |date=1877 }}</ref>
== Extent ==
<mapframe text="Extreme points of Kalinga, as mentioned in the historical records" width="350" height="350" zoom="5" longitude="84" latitude="19.5">
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Mouth of [[Godavari River|Godavari]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.343778, 16.729472] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Mouth of [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]]" },
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The Kalinga region is generally defined as the [[Eastern coastal plains|eastern coastal region]] between the [[Mahanadi]] and the [[Godavari]] rivers. However, its exact boundaries have fluctuated at various times in the history.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1996|p=1}} According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga [[janapada]] originally comprised the area covered by the [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sudama Misra |title=Janapada state in ancient India |publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana |year=1973 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=se1oyofmPLMC }}</ref>
In the ancient Indian literature, the Kalinga region is associated with the [[Mahendragiri, Odisha|Mahendragiri]] mountain located in the [[Ganjam district]] of [[Odisha]], near its border with [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=167}}
At times, the southern border of Kalinga extended further up to the [[Krishna river]]. In the north, it sometimes extended beyond the Mahandi river, up to the [[Baitarani River|Vaitarani]] river. The Kalinga region did not encompass the whole of present-day [[Odisha]]: the north-eastern part of Odisha was included in the distinct [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] region.{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|pp=168-171}} Utkala gradually lost its identity, and came to be considered as a part of Kalinga.{{sfn|Mano Mohan Ganguly|1912|p=11}}
The eastern boundary of Kalinga was formed by the sea (the [[Bay of Bengal]]). Its western boundary is difficult to pinpoint, as it varied with the political power of its rulers. However, the [[Puranas|Puranic literature]] suggests that Kalinga extended up to the [[Amarkantak|Amarakantaka]] hills in the west.{{sfn|Chandramani Nayak|2004|p=6}}
Several ancient inscriptions mention the term "[[Trikalinga]]", which has been interpreted in several ways. According to one theory, Trikalinga refers to the widest extent of Kalinga. However, the [[Eastern Chalukya]] records suggest that Kalinga and Trikalinga were two distinct regions, with Trikalinga denoting the hilly region to the west of Kalinga.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1996|p=19}}
The Kaliṅga kingdom proper was located on the coast of the Bay of Bengal, with the [[Baitarani River|river Vaitaraṇī]] as its border in the north, while in the south it was bounded by the country of the Āndhras, although its southern border varied often and reached [[Elamanchili]] and [[Cheepurupalli]] in the [[Visakhapatnam district]] or even Piṣṭapura or [[Pithapuram]]{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=3}} to the north-east of the [[Godavari River|Godāvarī]] river, although it did not reach the river itself, which was in Āndhra territory. On the west, Kaliṅga had established its suzerainty over the tribes in inland hills so that its authority reached till the [[Amarkantak|Amarakaṇṭaka]] range.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=87-89}}
== History ==
=== Antiquity ===
The name of the region is derived from a tribe of the same name. According to the legendary text ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the progenitors of the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]] and of their neighbouring tribes were brothers. These neighbours included the [[Anga]]s, the [[Vanga Kingdom|Vangas]], the [[Pundra Kingdom|Pundras]], and the [[Suhma Kingdom|Suhmas]].{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=168}}
The Kalingas occupied the extensive territory stretching from river ''[[Baitarani River|Baitarani]]'' in [[Odisha]] to the ''Varahanandi'' in the [[Visakhapatnam district]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1988|p=18}} Its capital in the ancient times was the city of ''Dantakura'' or [[Dantapura]] (now ''Dantavaktra'' fort near [[Chicacole]] in the [[Srikakulam district]], washed by the river ''Languliya'' or ''Langulini'').{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1988|p=18}}
The kingdom of Kaliṅga was already existent at the time of the [[Brahmana]] texts, which mention its king Karaṇḍu as a contemporary of [[Nagnajit]] of [[Gandhara|Gāndhāra]] and of Bhīma of [[Vidarbha]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=87-89}}
According to the {{transliteration|pi|Mahāgovinda Suttanta}}, the king Sattabhu of Kaliṅga was a contemporary of Reṇu of [[Videha]] and Dhataraṭṭha or Dhṛtarāṣṭra of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kāsī]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=87-89}}
Kaliṅga was mentioned by both [[Pāṇini]] and [[Baudhāyana]], with the latter considering it as an part of [[Bharata Khanda]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=87-89}}
=== Ancient Kalinga : Kalinga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 261 BCE)  ===
[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|Kalinga located in eastern Indian coast, in [[Vedic Period]] in c.1100 BCE]]
==== Kalinga dynasty (I) (c. 1100 – 700 BCE) ====
{{main|Kalinga (Mahabharata)}}
According to [[Mahabharata]] and some [[Puranas]], the prince 'Kalinga' founded the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga Kingdom]], in the current day region of coastal [[Odisha]], including the North Sircars.<ref name=enHindu>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=Bali%20Kalinga%20Vanga&pg=PA18|author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg|isbn=9788170223740|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/mbh:kalingas|title=Kalingas|website=www.ancientvoice.wikidot.com|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref> The Mahabharata also mentions one 'Srutayudha' as the king of the Kalinga kingdom, who joined the [[Kauravas|Kaurava]] camp.<ref name=maha>{{cite book|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Second Book Sabha Parva|publisher=Echo Library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPpAfsrooXsC&q=mahabharata%20Srutayudha%20kalinga&pg=PA10|author=Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|date=March 2008|access-date=28 October 2012|page=10|isbn=9781406870442}}</ref> In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, 'Sattabhu', have been mentioned.<ref name=hem>{{cite book|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hemchandra|title=Political History Of Ancient India|year=2006|publisher=Genesis Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&q=Mahagovinda%20Suttanta%20kalinga&pg=PA75|access-date=25 October 2012|page=75|isbn=9788130702919}}</ref>
;Known rulers are-
* King Kalinga, (founder of [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga Kingdom]])
* King Odra, (founder of [[Odra Kingdom]])
* [[Srutayudha]]
* Srutayush
* Manimat
* Chitrangada
* Subahu
* Virasena
* Sudatta
* Nalikira
* Yavanaraj
* Dantavakkha or Dantavakhra (c. 9th century BCE)
* [[Avakinnayo Karakandu]] (c. late 9th to early 8th century BCE)
* Vasupala (c. 8th century BCE)
==== Kalinga dynasty (II) (c. 700 – 350 BCE) ====
This dynasty is mentioned in ''[[Chullakalinga Jataka]]'' and ''[[Kalingabodhi Jataka]]''. The last ruler of First Kalinga dynasty is said to have broken away from the [[Danda kingdom]] along with the kings of [[Asmaka]] and [[Vidarbha]] as its feudal states, and established rule of Second Kalinga dynasty.
;Known rulers are-
* Dandaki
* Mahakalinga
* [[Chullakalinga]]
* [[Kalinga II]] (c. 7th – 6th century BCE)
;Other or late Kalinga rulers according to Dāṭhavaṃsa are-
This was probably another dynasty or late rulers of Second Kalinga dynasty, which is mentioned in ''[[Dāṭhavaṃsa]]''.
;Known rulers are-
* Brahmadatta (c. 6th – 5th century BCE)
* Sattabhu
* Kasiraja
* Sunanda
* Guhasiva
==== Suryavamsha of Kalinga (c. 350 – 261 BCE) ====
;Known rulers are-
* Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BCE)
His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per [[History of Maldives|Maldivian history]], established the first kingdom [[List of Maldivian monarchs#Solar dynasty (Aditta Vansa)|Dheeva Maari]] and laid the foundation of the [[Adeetta dynasty]] (Aditta Vansa).<ref name="Mohamed 2005 9">{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Naseema |title=First Settlers |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_2005_num_70_1_3970 |journal=Note on the Early History of the Maldives |date=2005 |page=9 |doi=10.3406/arch.2005.3970 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref>
* ''Unknown rulers''
* ''Unknown'' (till 261 BCE), ruler of Kalinga at time of [[Kalinga War|Mauryan annexation of Kalinga]].<ref name=Indika>[[Pliny the Elder]] (77 CE), ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]] VI'', 22.1, quoting [[Megasthenes]] (3rd century BCE), ''[[Megasthenes#Indica|Indika]]'', Fragm. LVI.</ref>
=== Pre-classical Kalinga ===
==== Annexation by Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE) ====
{{see also|Nanda dynasty}}
Kalinga was believed to be briefly annexed by Nanda ruler [[Mahapadma Nanda]] between 345 to 340 BCE.
[[File:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|thumb|Possible extent of the Nanda Empire under its last ruler [[Dhana Nanda]]]]
The Nanda empire appears to have stretched from present-day [[Punjab]] in the west to [[Odisha]] ''(Kalinga)'' in the east.{{sfn|Johannes Bronkhorst|2011|p=12}} Nandas control of Kalinga region is corroborated by the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of the later king [[Kharavela]] (c. 2nd or 1st century BCE).{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}
When [[Chandragupta Maurya]] [[Conquest of the Nanda Empire|rebelled against the Nandas]], Kalingas broke away from the empire of [[Magadha]] in 322 BCE.
==== Hathigumpha Inscription of Kalinga ====
{{see also|Hathigumpha inscription}}
The Hathigumpha inscription suggests that a king named Nandaraja had excavated an aqueduct there in the past. Assuming that Nandaraja refers to a king of the [[Nanda dynasty]], it appears that the Kalinga region was annexed by the Nandas at some point.{{sfn|Jagna Kumar Sahu|1997|p=24}} It appears to have become independent again after the fall of the Nandas. It is described as "[[Calingae]]" in [[Megasthenes]]' ''Indica'' (3rd century BCE):
{{blockquote|The Prinas and the Cainas (a tributary of the [[Ganges]]) are both navigable rivers. The tribes which dwell by the Ganges are the Calingae, nearest the sea, and higher up the Mandei, also the Malli, among whom is Mount Mallus, the boundary of all that region being the Ganges.|Megasthenes fragm. XX.B. in Pliny. ''Hist. Nat.'' V1. 21.9–22. 1.<ref name="Megasthenes Indica">[http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Megasthene-Indika.pdf Megasthenes Indica] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321164350/http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Megasthene-Indika.pdf |date=21 March 2015 }}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|The royal city of the Calingae is called Parthalis. Over their king 60,000 foot-soldiers, 1,000 horsemen, 700 elephants keep watch and ward in "procinct of war."|Megasthenes fragm. LVI. in Plin. ''Hist. Nat.'' VI. 21. 8–23. 11.<ref name="Megasthenes Indica"/>}}
==== Kalinga War and annexation by Maurya Empire (c. 261 – 225 BCE) ====
{{see also|Kalinga War|Mauryan Empire}}
[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|thumb|Maurya Empire at Ashoka's regin in 250 BCE]]
[[Ashoka]] [[Kalinga War|invaded Kalinga]] in 261 BCE and re-annexed into [[Magadha Empire]].
After the final battle near the [[Dhauli|Dhauli hills]], the capital [[Tosali]] fell to the Mauryas where the headquarters of the Mauryan province of Kalinga was also located.
Kalinga broke away from the Mauryan empire during the rule of [[Dasharatha Maurya|Dasharatha]] in 224 BCE.
==== Mahameghavahana Empire (c. 224 BCE – 250 CE) ====
{{main|Mahameghavahana dynasty}}
[[File:Map of the Maha-Meghavahanas.png|thumb|Map of the Maha-Meghavahanas, circa 20 BCE]]
After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the region came under the control of the [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]] family, whose king [[Kharavela]] described himself as the "supreme Lord of Kalinga".{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=167}} Kharavela was the greatest ruler of empire who ruled during the second or first century BCE and the primary source for his reign is sourced from the rock-cut [[Hathigumpha inscription]]. The inscription describes yearly records of his reign and also credits him with public infrastructure projects, welfare activities, patronage of the arts, and many military victories and also patronising religions such as Jainism while the inscription also describes him as a devotee of all religions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA176 |year=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 }}</ref>
=== Post-classical Kalinga ===
==== Gupta Empire ====
{{see also|Gupta Empire}}
[[File:Map of the Gupta Empire.png|thumb|Gupta Empire on its zenith in 350 CE, under [[Samudragupta]]]]
Kalinga came under Gupta suzerainty in the 4th century CE. After the Gupta withdrawal, it was ruled by several minor dynasties, whose rulers bore the title ''Kalingadhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga"). These included the [[Mathara dynasty|Matharas]], [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhaktas]], [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishthas]] and [[Nala dynasty|Nalas]].{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=219}} They were followed by the [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhavas]] and the early [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]].
==== Shailodbhava dynasty ====
{{see also|Shailodbhava dynasty}}
In the 7th century, the Shailodbhavas ruled parts of eastern India and their core territory was known as Kongoda-mandala, and included parts of the present-day Ganjam, Khordha and Puri districts. King Madhavaraja II claimed the title ''Sakala-Kalingadhipati'' ("the lord of the entire Kalinga").{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=64-65}} During the 8th-10th centuries, the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]] ruled the region, although they called their kingdom "Tosala" (derived from Tosali, the ancient capital of Kalinga).{{sfn|Umakanta Subuddhi|1997|p=32}}
====Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty====
{{see also|Somavamshi dynasty}}
The Somavamshis ruled parts of present-day Odisha in eastern India between the 9th and the 12th centuries with their capitals included Yayatinagara and Abhinava-Yayatinagara (modern Jajpur). They ruled the Dakshina Kosala region claiming the title ''Kosalendra'' ("lord of Kosala"), following which they conquered the Kalinga and the Utkala regions in present-day Odisha, succeeding the Bhauma-Karas. Thus they called themselves the lord of Kalinga, [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], and Utkala.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=25}} They also introduced a new style of art and architecture in Odisha.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=26}}
===Medieval Kalinga===
==== Eastern Ganga Empire====
{{see also|Eastern Ganga dynasty}}
During the 11th-15th century, the Eastern Gangas became the dominant power in the region, and bore the title ''Kalingadhipati''. After succeeding the Somavanshis, they assumed various titles viz. ''Trikalingadhipathi'' or ''Sakala Kalingadhipathi'' (Lord of three Kalinga or all three Kalingas namely [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] proper (South), [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] (North), and [[Dakshina Kosala]] (West)). Their capital was originally located at Kalinganagara (modern [[Mukhalingam]]), and was later transferred to Kataka (modern [[Cuttack]]) during the reign of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in the 12th century.{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=169}} He also built the famous [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]].
Following repeated invasions from the northern regions, [[Narasimhadeva I]], the son of [[Anangabhima Deva III]], invaded southern Bengal in 13th cen., defeated its ruler, captured the capital ([[Gauḍa region|Gauda]]), and built the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple]] at Konark to commemorate his victory. Narasimhadeva I was also the first king to use the title of '''Gajapati''' or ''Lord of war elephants'' or ''King with an army of elephants'' among the Odishan kings in the 1246 CE inscription at the [[Kapilash Temple]].<ref>{{citation |title=HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 1434 A.D.) |publisher=DDCE Utkal University |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |pages=109, 111 |author=Manas Kumar Das |date=24 June 2015 }}</ref> With the death of Narasimha in 1264, the Eastern Gangas began to decline and were succeeded by the Suryavamsi [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]] in 1434.
====Gajapati Empire====
{{see also|Gajapati Empire}}
The last [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] ruler Bhanudeva IV was dethroned by [[Kapilendra Deva]] in 1435. This event marked the foundation of the [[Gajapati Empire]] that ruled over the regions of [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] (North Odisha) and Kalinga (South Odisha, North Andhra Pradesh). [[Prataparudra Deva]] was the last great king of the [[Gajapati Empire|Suryavamsi Gajapatis]]. After the death of Prataprudra Deva in 1540 his sons Kalua Deva and Khakura Deva were made kings and later assassinated by their minister [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] laying the foundation of the [[Bhoi dynasty]]. This led to the fall of the Gajapati empire and all vassal states claimed independence.
====Shankara Dynasty====
{{see also|Maharaja of Jeypore}}
The Bhoi dynasty continued to rule Puri and the region adjoining the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.{{sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=30}}
[[Vishwanath Dev Gajapati|Vishwanath Deva]] sent an army under Mukunda Harichandran of [[Kasimkota|Cossimkota]] to annex the northern region and make Govinda Vidyadhara accept the suzerainty of Vishwanath Deva whose southern territory touched the Krishna-Godavari region of [[Telangana]].{{sfn|Singh Deo|1939|p=24}} Vishwanath Deva hence adopted the titles of Kalingadhipati and Gajapati. The fifth report on the affairs of the East India Company describe him as :
{{Blockquote|...Wistna Dev (Vishwanath Deva), a powerful prince of Odisha, having united under his sceptre all the ancient domains from the confines of Bengal and Jhadkhand to those of Telangana on the south, which contained in his fold innumerable feudatories that paid homage to his royal seat...<ref name="The Fifth Annual Report">{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras |title=The Fifth Annual Report from the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company |date=1866 |publisher=Graves, Cookson & Co. |location=United Scottish Press, London |page=141,217 |edition=First |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hnb2a8&view=1up&seq=5 |access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref>}}
[[Mukunda Deva]] rebelled and killed the last two successors of the Bhoi dynasty and declared himself an independent ruler in 1559 but [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] formed a kingdom in the region of Bengal which proved a potential threat to Mukunda Deva.{{sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=30}} Vishwanath Deva lost his northern territories to Mukunda Deva and was later challenged by [[Ibrahim Qutb Shah]] in the banks of Godavari in southern territory. He stopped the advance of the Qutb Shahi army and later signed a peace treaty with the Sultan of [[Golconda]] in which both parties agreed to mark Godavari as the border between the two kingdoms.{{sfn|Singh Deo|1939|p=22}}{{sfn|Briggs|2015|pp=362 & 364}} However, this treaty was squashed after the death of Vishwanath Deva in 1571 as the Qutb Shahis militarily encroached the eastern parts of the kingdom lying adjacent to [[Bay of Bengal]] which made Balaram Deva accept the suzerainty of Golconda.{{sfn|Taradatt|2015|p=43}} The fall of the Gajapatis meant the weakening of the centralised authority in the region and the subsequent fragmentation and independence of the tributary and feudal states.
==Influence==
The merchant [[Kaundinya I]], who became the co-founder of the [[Funan]] kingdom (centered in modern [[Cambodia]]) after he married the local [[Nāga]] princess [[Queen Soma|Soma]] also has his origins from the ancient Kalinga region.<ref name="Churn">{{Cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ&q=the+ocean+of+churn&pg=PP1|title=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History|pages=82–84|date=2016-08-10|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-86057-61-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tarling|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-southeast-asia/917298863AB03D1105768B453E3A4183|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia|date=March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139055482|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=DGE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqnCQgAACAAJ|title=History of South East Asia|date=14 May 1981|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|isbn=9780333241646|language=en}}</ref>
According to scholar [[R. C. Majumdar]], the 8th century CE [[Shailendra dynasty]] of Java likely originated from Kalinga and the dynasty was also powerful in Cambodia and Champa(Annam) region.<ref>{{citation |title=The Origin of the Sailendra Dynasty: Present Status of the Question |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/595536 |publisher=American Oriental Society |page=83 |last=Briggs |first=Lawrence Palme |journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=April–June 1950 |volume = 70|issue = 2|doi = 10.2307/595536|jstor = 595536}}</ref>{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1933|pp=121-141}} The Shailendras are considered to have been a [[thalassocracy]] and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia and the dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of both the [[Mataram Kingdom]] of Central Java, for some period and the [[Srivijaya|Srivijaya Kingdom]] in Sumatra.
Burma went by the name of Kalinga-rattha (likely observed in the old Indo-Chinese records for Pegu) and there is evidence of very early merchant settlements and Buddhist missions in the southern Mon regions and by the 2nd century CE, the rule of Kalinga migrants centered around Kale, the Arakan River valley and Pegu, around the Gulf of Martaban. The remains of a ship excavated at Tante, near Yangon is thought to have belonged to Kalingan traders. Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the Gulf of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Durga Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|date=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-248-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Kalinga_and_Burma-A_Study_%20in_%20Ancient_Relations.pdf |title=Kalinga and Burma - A Study in Ancient Relations |author=Benudhar Patra |date=November 2005 |publisher=Orissa Review }}</ref>
As per Maldivian history, the first kingdom [[List of sultans of the Maldives#Solar dynasty|Dheeva Maari]] was established before 3rd century BC by Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya of the Solar dynasty, an exiled prince and son of King Brahmaadittiya of the Kalinga Kingdom and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.<ref name="Mohamed 2005 9"/>
In the Philippines according to Eric Casino, a king of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] was called Kiling; Casino posited that the king was not of Visayan origin but was rather of Indian origin, basing solely on the likelihood that the name Kiling was the same as the Malay term [[Keling]] (albeit this term is pronounced with a schwa) which refers to Indians.<ref>Eric Casino. "The Barangays of Butuan: Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone". Asia Mindanaw: Dialogue of Peace and Development (2014): 2.</ref>
Derived from Kalinga is the still current term [[Keling]] or [[Kling]], used in parts of [[Southeast Asia]] to denote a person of the [[Indian subcontinent]] or [[Indian diaspora]] and at present having some derogatory and pejorative connotations, especially in Malaysia.<ref name=Minerva>{{cite book| title=Minerva English-Malay Malay-English Dictionary |author=Aiman Mohamad|year=1991 |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = KBBI - Keling | work = Kamus Besar bahasa Indonesia | url = http://kbbi.web.id/Keling}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = 'Keling' and proud of it | author = M. Veera Pandiyan | work = The Star online | date = 10 August 2016 | url = http://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/along-the-watchtower/2016/08/10/keling-and-proud-of-it-the-k-word-deemed-to-be-derogatory-and-offensive-to-the-indian-community-sinc/}}</ref> The 16th-century Portuguese traveller [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]] wrote of the Keling community in Melaka who lived in the northern part of the city of [[Malacca]](Melaka). The merchants were known as Quelins (Kling, the people of Kalinga from India).<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Notices Of South India From Megasthenes To Ma Huan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505186 |page=311 |author=KA Nilakanta Sastri |date=1939}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[History of Odisha]]
* [[List of rulers of Odisha]]
* [[Kalinga script]], derived from Brahmi script
* [[Keling]]
* [[Kalingga Kingdom]]
== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Chandramani Nayak |title=Trade and Urban Centres in Ancient and Early Medieval Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZIAAAAYAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=New Academic |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dutt |first=Tara |title=Nabarangpur District Gazetteer |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3605ff764c617d3cd28dbbdd72be8f9a2/uploads/2018/05/2018050468.pdf |year=2009 |publisher=Odisha State Government |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Indrajit |title= Jeypore - A Historical Perspective|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jun/engpdf/70-72.pdf |year=2013 |publisher= Government of Odisha State |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Jagna Kumar Sahu |title=Historical Geography of Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjhuAAAAMAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Decent Books |isbn=978-81-86921-00-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=KBS Singh |title=Nandapur A Forsaken Kingdom |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209240 |year=1939 |publisher=Utkal Sahitya Press |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1}}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCcpkqesJ0C&pg=PA1 |year=1996 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dineschandra Sircar |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA167 |year=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 }}
* {{cite book |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC |date=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-0465-1 |edition=Second }}
* {{cite book |author=Mano Mohan Ganguly |title=Orissa and Her Remains--ancient and Medieval: (District Puri) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMJIAQAAIAAJ |year=1912 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company }}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
* {{cite book |author=Snigdha Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PR3 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Umakanta Subuddhi |chapter=Economic Life of Orissa under the Bhauma-Karas |editor=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik |title=Economic History of Orissa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA32 |year=1997 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Walter Smith |title=The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0MQmNx8g2gC&pg=PA21 |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0793-8 }}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Odisha}}
[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]
[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former monarchies]]
[[Category:Geographical regions of India]]

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