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| {{Infobox royalty
| | #REDIRECT [[Gharib Niwaz (Manipur)]] |
| | name = Pamheiba<br>ꯄꯥꯝꯍꯩꯕ
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| | title = Ruler of Manipur
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| | reign =
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| | coronation = 1720
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| | predecessor = [[Pitambar Charairongba]]
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| | successor = [[Gaurisiam]]
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| | regent =
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| | birth_name = Pamheiba
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| | birth_date = 23 December 1690
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| | death_date = 13 December 1751
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| | issue = <!--list children in order of birth-->
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| | full name = Meidingu Pamheiba
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| | house = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
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| | father = [[Pitambar Charairongba]]
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| | mother = Nungthilchaibi
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| | religion = Hinduism
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| '''Pamheiba''' ({{lang-mni|ꯄꯥꯝꯍꯩꯕ|Pamheiba}}; {{lang-fa|غريب نواج|Gharib Nawaj}}; {{lang-sa|गोपाल सिंह|Gopal Singh}})(born, 1690–1751) was a [[Meetei people|Meetei]] king of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]],<ref name=IGI/><ref>
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| {{harvp|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946|pp=32–33}}: "That year marked the accession to the throne of Manipur of a Naga chiefs named Pamheiba, who later on embraced Hinduism and took the name of Gharib Nawaz."</ref>
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| ruling from c. 1709 until his death. He introduced [[Hinduism]] as the state religion of his kingdom (1717) and changed the name of the kingdom to the Sanskrit ''Manipur'' (1724). He changed his royal name from his birth name ''Pamheipa'' to the Persianate Garib Nawaz.<ref name="IGI">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_192.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 186.]: "The history of Manipur contains nothing of special interest until about A.D. 1714. In that year a Naga named Panheiba became Raja of Manipur, and adopted Hinduism, taking the name of Gharib Nawaz."</ref>
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| During most of his reign he was engaged in warfare against the [[Kingdom of Burma]].<ref>[http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/May2003/thangal13_2.htm Thangal General, Charai Thangal And Pamheiba] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043127/http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/May2003/thangal13_2.htm |date=27 September 2007 }} Manipur Online – 13 May 2003</ref>
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| ==Early life==
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| Pamheiba was born on 23 December 1690 in Manipur to [[Pitambar Charairongba]] and was crowned ''Meidingu'' ("king") on 28 August 1709 (the 23rd of Thawan, 1631 [[Saka Era]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Sana|first=Raj Kumar Somorjit|title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs (from 1666 CE to 1850 CE)|year=2010|publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei|location=Imphal|isbn=978-81-8465-210-9|page=59}}</ref> After converting to Hinduism Pamheiba took the Persinate name "Gharib Nawaz" (also spelt "Garibniwaz").
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| ==Military conquests==
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| His reign lasted 39 years. During that time, the realm of Manipur extended from the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] in the east to [[Cachar]] and [[Tripura]] in the west. At some points during his reign, his realm extended into the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].{{fact|date=December 2018}}
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| ===Burma===
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| Shortly after taking power from his father [[Charairongba]] he invaded [[Burma]] after the Burmese King insulted his sister. The Burmese King asked for the hand of another of Charairongba's daughters in marriage in 1724. Instead of a princess, the King of Burma was met by cavalry, led by Pamheiba that massacred the [[Bamar|Burmese]] army, and brought many [[POW|prisoners of war]] to [[Imphal]].<ref name="KO">[http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=58& Garib Niwaz: Wars and Religious Policy in 18th Century Manipur] KanglaOnline</ref> The Burmese sent an expedition in revenge, but it was ambushed in the swamps near Heirok, southwest of [[Thoubal]], and losing heavily retreated in haste. In 1735, Pamheiba invaded [[Myedu]] in [[Shwebo]] district and carried off loot, cattle and a thousand people. In 1737, Pamheiba again invaded Burma, killed two-thirds of a royal levy, including commander, who came to oppose the invading Manipuris, and swept down to [[Tabayin]] in Shwebo district, burning everything they met.<ref name=geh-208>Harvey 1925: 208</ref> Again in 1738, Manipuris went and camped in Thalunbyu west of [[Sagaing]], burnt every house and monastery up to the walls of Ava, stormed the stockade built to protect the Kaunghmudaw pagoda, slaughtering the Burmese troops like cattle in a pen and killing the commandant, a minister of the Hluttaw Council; the old door-leaves of the pagoda's eastern gateway show a gash made by the sword of Maharaj Pamheiba when he was forcing an entrance.<ref name=geh-208-9>Harvey 1925: 208-9</ref>
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| ===Tripura===
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| In 1734, Pamheiba invaded Tripura and captured 1100 prisoners, who were absorbed into the Meitei community.<ref name="IIT">[http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html History of Manipur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605122530/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html |date=2011-06-05 }} – IIT Guwahati</ref>
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| ===Shan===
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| On account of rise of Burmese Kingdom, the Shan Kingdom of Pong was in danger. In march 1739, the [[Shan people|Shans]] requested Manipur to help them. The envoys from Pong returned to their country after about 19 days. Pamheiba started for Burma to invade Sagaing. After the Battle of Sagaing, Pamheiba made the elder brother of the king of Pong king.
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| ===Mon===
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| The king of Ava according to ''Ningthourol lambuba'' is called by the name Mangdra who sent a emissary in the court of King Pamheiba with very soft and flattering words requesting him for a matrimonial alliance, in which Mangdra requested to give Princess Satyamala in marriage to him. Further the king of Ava invited king Pamheiba to visit his country. Pamheiba accepted the request and sent back the emissary. Pamheiba then thought out, if the request was sincere, he would give his daughter Satyamala in marriage and on the other hand if it was a pretension, he would teach him a lesson. When he reached the bank of Irawaddy river, he collected information and found the request was a sincere one as the king of Ava was between two fires, one the Meiteis and other the [[Mon people|Mons]]. He wanted to make Manipur his friend and ally to strengthen his force in crushing the Mons. On king of Ava's request, king Pamheiba crossed Irawaddy river and assaulted the Mons where he captured two prominent chiefs of Mons, destroyed the revolting Mons of Koi, he also presented several chopped heads of Mon rebels to his son-in-law king Mangdra.
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| ==Religious policy==
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| During the early 18th century, Hindu priests from [[Sylhet]] arrived in Manipur to spread [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]. They were led by [[Shantidas Adhikari]] and his associate [[Guru Gopal Das]] who succeeded in converting the King from the old [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]] to [[Vaishnavism]] in 1710. Later during his reign, Pamheiba made Hinduism the official religion, and converted nearly all the Meitei people to Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sheram |first=AK |year=2012 |chapter=Manipuri, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manipuri,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
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| ==Family==
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| Pamheiba had eight wives, and a large number of sons and daughters. His eldest son, [[Samjai Khurai-Lakpa]], was assassinated by his younger son [[Chitsai]], who came to power after Pamheiba's grandson [[Gaurisiam]]. The reign was then followed by [[Ching-Thang Khomba]].<ref name="IIT" />
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Bibliography==
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| * {{citation |last=Banerjee |first=A. C. |title=The Eastern Frontier of British India, 1784–1826 |publisher=A. Mukherjee |location=Calcutta |date=1946 |orig-year=1943 |edition=Second |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76519 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946}}}}
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| * {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9463 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Harvey, History of Burma|1925}}}}
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| * {{cite book|surname=Singh |given=Kunj Bihari |year=2004 |orig-year=1963 |chapter=Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc6GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |title=Sociology of Religion in India |editor=Rowena Robinson |series=Themes in Indian Sociology, 3 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Sage Publ. India |pages=125–132 |url={{Google books|Mc6GAwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=0-7619-9781-4}}
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| {{s-start}}
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| {{succession box |
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| before= [[Pitambar Charairongba]] |
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| title=King of [[Manipur]] |
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| years=1720–1751 |
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| after=[[Gaurisiam]]
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| }} | | }} |
| {{s-end}}
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| [[Category:Meitei royalty]]
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| [[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
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| [[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
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| [[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
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| [[Category:Converts to Hinduism]]
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| [[Category:1690 births]]
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| [[Category:1751 deaths]]
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| {{en-Wikipedia}}
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