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'''Uparichara Vasu''' was the son of King Krtaka and a descendant of [[King Kuru|Kuru]](2) of the Puru Dynasty. He lived in Dvapara Yuga. He was a contemporary of the Kuru king [[Shantanu]]. He was devoted to Truth and Virtue. His name derives from "upari", meaning "upwards", and "chara", meaning "going", i.e. "the one who goes upwards always".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C&pg=PA412|title=History of Ancient India (A New Version)Volume 2 of History of Ancient India: A New Version|author=J. P. Mittal|isbn=8126906162|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2006|access-date=2020-10-13}}</ref>This meaning arises from his flying chariot.
{{Infobox deity
{{Infobox character
| type = Hindu
| image =  
| name = Uparichara Vasu
| caption = Fishermen took the twin children which came out of a fish to King Vasu
| texts = [[Puranas]], [[Mahabharata]]
| family = Puru Dynasty (Descendant of Kuru),  
| dynasty = [[Chandravamsha]]
Krtaka (Father)
| spouse = Girika
Girika (spouse)
| children = Pratyagraha, Brihdratha, Kusambu, Mavella, and Yadu<br>Matsya (adopted), [[Satyavati]]
| children = [[Brihadratha]] (Maharatha)
| father = Kruti
Pratyagraha
}}{{Short description|King in Hindu texts}}
Kusamva (Manivahana)
Mavella
Yadu
Matsya
Matsyagandha or Parimalagandha ([[Satyavati]])
|color=#FFC569|name=Uparichara Vasu|info-hdr=Information}}
He is described in the [[Mahabharata]], (1:63) and (12:338). One day, he decided to give up rulership of his kingdom and decided to do penance to please Lord [[Indra]]. He made severe penance. and [[Indra]] and devas appeared before him, promising him eternal friendship and great bliss in heaven, also giving him a garland which was made of Lotuses of Kalpaka Vrksha. This was given in a mark of friendship between Indra and Vasu. By the blessings of [[Indra]], Vasu conquered the [[Chedi Kingdom]], then he returned to his kingdom. There was a river named Suktimati (Ken) which flowed in his capital; hence the capital was named Suktimati.


After Vasu performed the austerities, gratified Indra had blessed him and given him a crystal chariot along with a bamboo pole to protect his subjects. Uparichara, after one year, planted the pole and worshipped it as Sakra. This became a tradition in Chedi and people used to erect pole and deck it with gold cloth, scents, garlands and various ornaments. Indra was gratified by this festival and blessed them.  
'''Uparichara Vasu''' ({{Langx|sa|उपरिचरवसु|lit=Vasu, Who wanders above|italic=yes|translit=Uparicara Vasu}}  [[IAST]]: ''UparicaraVasu'' [[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|[upəɾɪt͡ʃəɾəʋəs̪u]]]) is a king featured in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]], a member of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]] (Lunar dynasty).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUQYvw2HGkC&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PA43 |title=Vyasa's Mahabharatam |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Publishers |isbn=978-81-89781-68-2 |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref> He was the King of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus of Magadha]], who defeated and eliminated [[Yadavas|Chedi Yadavas]] and conquered kingdom of [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]]. He is described to be a friend of [[Indra]] and a great devotee of [[Vishnu]] in the [[Puranas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvxLEAAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PT28 |title=Skanda Purana: Vaishnava Khanda: Vasudeva Mahatmya: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> His legend is also described in the [[Mahabharata]]. He founded [[Kurus of Chedi Kingdom|Kuru dynasty of Chedi Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=J. N. |last2=Begum |first2=Nasreen |date=2009 |title=Review of ANCIENT INDIAN DYNASTIES |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692138 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=90 |pages=197–201 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> In Hindu scriptures, the Kurus of Chedi is prominently known as the Chandravanshi Aila dynasty of Chedi, possibly so as not to be confused with the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus of Hastinapur]]. His eldest son Pratyagraha succeeded him and ascended the Kuru throne of Chedi, while Brihadratha inherited the Kuru throne of [[Magadha]], founding the [[Brihadratha dynasty]]. In his dynasty born the famous villains of the epic [[Mahabharata]],  [[Shishupala]] and [[Jarasandha]].


The neighbouring mountain, Kolahala was once maddened by lust and attacked this river, blocking her path. The river sought the protection of Uparichara Vasu, who split the mountain with a kick, allowing the river to pass through. By the union of the mountain and the river, a boy and a girl were born. The boy was made Commander-in-Chief of Vasu's army; the girl, Girika, was married to Vasu. At the due time, Girika bathed preparatory to conceiving a child, and told her husband that the time was right. However, when Vasu and Girika were out in the palace gardens, The Pitrs (ancestors) of Vasu appeared before him and commanded him to slay the running deer. He could not disobey their words, and set out for a hunt to slay the deer. <ref name=Alf>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC&pg=PA354|title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=USA|year=2011|page=354-355|isbn=978-0195394238|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
He was originally named '''Vasu'''. He received the title of '''Uparichara''' after [[Indra]], pleased with him, granted him a [[Vimana]] (flying chariot). This chariot enabled him to wander (chara) above (upari) all mortals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaṭṭācārya |first=Tārānātha TarkaVācaspati |url=https://archive.org/details/VfAW_vachaspatyam-vol-2-compiled-by-taranath-vachaaspati-bhattacharya-chowkhamba-seri |title=वाचस्पत्यम् (बृहत् संस्कृताभिधानम्) |publisher=Caukhambā |year=1873 |series=The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Work No. 94 |volume=2 |location=Varanasi |page=331 |language=sa |trans-title=Vācaspatyam: A Comprehensive Sanskrit Lexicon. |chapter=उपरिचर |trans-chapter=Uparichara |quote=तुष्टेन शक्रेण तस्मै आकाशगं विमानं दत्तं तत्र चरणादुपरिचरनामेत्युक्तं |orig-year=1962 |chapter-url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/VCPScan/VCPScanpdf/pg1319.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dvaipāyana |first=(Vyāsa) Kṛṣṇa |author-link=Vyasa |title=महाभारतम्-01-आदिपर्व-064 |trans-title=Mahabharata - Volume 1 - Adi Parva - 064 |url=https://sa.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-01-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-064&oldid=54241 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=विकिस्रोतः |language=sa |quote=दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥ त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥ |trans-quote=The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you. You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.}}</ref>
{{Verse translation|दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥१३॥
त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥१४॥|The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you.(13)
You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.(14)|head1=महाभारतम् आदिपर्व ६४|head2=Mahabharata - Volume 1 - Adi Parva - 064|lang1=sa|attr1=Mahabharata|lang2=en|italicsoff2=y}}


Full of thoughts of Girika as he travelled the beautiful forest, the king's seed, which he was anxious not to waste, was caught by him on a leaf. Having consecrated the seed with mantras, he called on a passing hawk, asking it to carry the seed to Girika as it was her time to conceive. On its way, the hawk was interrupted by another, who mistook the leaf for a piece of meat. In their fighting, the seed fell into the river Yamuna, where lived a beautiful [[Apsara]] named Adrika, who was at the time in the form of a fish, having been cursed by Brahma. Adrika swallowed the seed; nine months later, some fishermen of Vasu's kingdom caught the fish, and took from her belly two human children, a boy and a girl. Adrika, having been told by Brahma that, on giving birth to two human children in her fish form, she would be released from her curse, resumed the form of an Apsara and ascended to the celestial realm. The fishermen took the children to Vasu; the king chose the boy to be raised in his household, and gave the girl to a fisherman named Dasaraj. <ref name=Alf/>
== Legend ==
=== Puranas ===
The [[Skanda Purana]] and the [[Vayu Purana]] state that Uparichara Vasu is a king so pious that he is able to ride his chariot across the sky. When there is a dispute that arises between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the [[Rishi|sages]] about the interpretation of the term 'Aja' in a [[Vedas|Vedic]] injunction that prescribed for a sacrificial offering, they decide to go to Uparichara Vasu for arbitration. The sages state that such a sacrifice must be performed using grains, and the devas insist that such a sacrifice must be performed using animals such as goats. The king rules in favour of the devas. The sages, angry that the king had advocated against [[ahimsa]], cursed him to fall towards the [[Patala|netherworld]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HFKEAAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu+aja&pg=PT23 |title=Vayu Purana Part 1: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref>  He is saved by [[Garuda]] upon the instruction of Vishnu, who brings him to [[Svarga]]. The Skanda Purana states that the king is punished because he once sees a mind-born daughter of the [[Pitrs]] named Acchoda, and an [[apsara]] named Adrika. Because they regard each other as father and daughter, they are cursed by the Pitrs to be born on earth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-03-01 |title=Uparicara Vasu Attains Liberation [Chapter 7] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371746.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>


The girl was named Matsyagandha which means "the one who smells of fish"; due to her upbringing, she retained this characteristic for a time. She was [[Satyavati]], who later married [[Shantanu]] and who was the mother of Sage Veda [[Vyasa]], and thus the great-grandmother of the [[Pandavas]] and [[Kauravas]]. The boy was named Matsya because he was born out of a fish; he founded the [[Matsya Kingdom]]. His descendant was [[Virata]] who founded the kingdom's capital Viratanagara.
=== Mahabharata ===
The [[Mahabharata]] narrates that a mountain in the king's domain, Kolahala, was once maddened by lust, and attacked a river, blocking her path. The river sought the protection of Uparichara Vasu, who split the mountain with a kick, allowing the river to pass through. By the union of the mountain and the river, a man and a woman emerged. The boy was made commander-in-chief of Vasu's army, while the girl, Girika, was married to Vasu.<ref name="Alf">{{cite book |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC&pg=PA354 |title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0195394238 |place=USA |pages=354–355 |access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref>


Vasu and Girika had five sons: [[Brihadratha]] (Maharatha), father of [[Jarasandha]] and a daughter, [[Shashirekha (Mahabharata)|Shashirekha]] (not Vatsala), the prince of [[Magadha Kingdom]]; Pratyagraha, the prince of the [[Chedi Kingdom]], whose descendant was [[Shishupala]]; Kusamva (Manivahana); Mavella; and Yadu.
Uparichara Vasu's wife, Girika, having purified herself after bathing, informed her husband that it was an auspicious time for them to engage in intercourse. During this period, the king is also visited by his Pitrs, who wish him to hunt some deer for them. Deciding to prioritise the instructions of his ancestors, the king sets out to the forest to hunt, thinking about his beautiful wife. When he ejaculates, he decides that it would not be appropriate to waste his semen during his wife's ovulation. Depositing the semen on a leaf, he requests a hawk to carry his seed to his wife. While the hawk is flying, it is attacked by another hawk, and the semen falls into the river [[Yamuna]]. The semen is swallowed by a fish, the rebirth of Adrika. When a fisherman cuts open the belly of the fish, he finds a human boy and a girl within. The children are brought to Uparichara Vasu, who adopts the male child, naming his Matsya, who becomes his heir. The girl is adopted by the fisherman, and is named [[Satyavati]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VziP-_XUT8C&dq=uparichara+vasu+semen&pg=PT88 |title=The Mahabharata: Volume 1 |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-388-2 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRnpDAAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PT439 |title=Harivamsha |date=2016-09-09 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-86057-91-4 |pages=439 |language=en}}</ref>
 
In the text, the king is described to be the disciple of Sage [[Brhaspati|Brihaspati]], living in the [[Satya Yuga]]. The sage teaches him the Satvata Shastra, the knowledge of which guides his rule, and due to which he becomes a patron of the [[Pancharatra]] rituals dedicated to [[Narayana]]. The epic also describes a legend in which Uparichara Vasu commences an [[ashvamedha]] sacrifice, but orders that no animals be slain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCEoAwAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PT403 |title=The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts |date=2014-04-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-763-7 |pages=403 |language=en}}</ref> Instead, he offers the products of the forests to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], who come to receive his offerings. Vishnu is so pleased by this act that he appears at the ritual site, but allows only the king to [[Darshan (Indian religions)|witness]] him. This angers Brihaspati, but the king reminds his preceptor that witnessing Vishnu is entirely up to him, describing it to be akin to a [[prasada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=D. Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IE8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PA521 |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |date=2008-09-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-536922-9 |pages=521 |language=en}}</ref>
 
==According to Historeans==
 
According to Historean RC Majumdar, Vasu, a descendant of Kuru, conquered the kingdom of Chedi, and extended his conquests as far as Magadha in the east, and Matsya in the north-west.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. c. Majumdar |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.10819 |title=Ancient India |date=1952}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />
* The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', Bharata Press, Calcutta (1883–1896)
== External links ==
==External link==
* The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', Bharata Press, Calcutta (1883–1896)''


* [http://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/MahabharataOfVyasa-EnglishTranslationByKMGanguli.pdf Mahabharata ]
{{Mahābhārata}}


{{Mahābhārata}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


 
[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Flying chariots]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Uparichara Vasu}}

Latest revision as of 10:27, 17 December 2025

Uparichara Vasu
TextsPuranas, Mahabharata
Personal information
Parents
  • Kruti (father)
SpouseGirika
ChildrenPratyagraha, Brihdratha, Kusambu, Mavella, and Yadu
Matsya (adopted), Satyavati
DynastyChandravamsha


Uparichara Vasu (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. IAST: UparicaraVasu [upəɾɪt͡ʃəɾəʋəs̪u]) is a king featured in Hindu literature, a member of the Chandravamsha (Lunar dynasty).[1] He was the King of Kurus of Magadha, who defeated and eliminated Chedi Yadavas and conquered kingdom of Chedi. He is described to be a friend of Indra and a great devotee of Vishnu in the Puranas.[2] His legend is also described in the Mahabharata. He founded Kuru dynasty of Chedi Kingdom.[3] In Hindu scriptures, the Kurus of Chedi is prominently known as the Chandravanshi Aila dynasty of Chedi, possibly so as not to be confused with the Kurus of Hastinapur. His eldest son Pratyagraha succeeded him and ascended the Kuru throne of Chedi, while Brihadratha inherited the Kuru throne of Magadha, founding the Brihadratha dynasty. In his dynasty born the famous villains of the epic Mahabharata, Shishupala and Jarasandha.

Etymology[edit | edit source]

He was originally named Vasu. He received the title of Uparichara after Indra, pleased with him, granted him a Vimana (flying chariot). This chariot enabled him to wander (chara) above (upari) all mortals.[4][5]

दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥१३॥
त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥१४॥

The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you.(13)
You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.(14)

—Mahabharata

Legend[edit | edit source]

Puranas[edit | edit source]

The Skanda Purana and the Vayu Purana state that Uparichara Vasu is a king so pious that he is able to ride his chariot across the sky. When there is a dispute that arises between the devas and the sages about the interpretation of the term 'Aja' in a Vedic injunction that prescribed for a sacrificial offering, they decide to go to Uparichara Vasu for arbitration. The sages state that such a sacrifice must be performed using grains, and the devas insist that such a sacrifice must be performed using animals such as goats. The king rules in favour of the devas. The sages, angry that the king had advocated against ahimsa, cursed him to fall towards the netherworld.[6] He is saved by Garuda upon the instruction of Vishnu, who brings him to Svarga. The Skanda Purana states that the king is punished because he once sees a mind-born daughter of the Pitrs named Acchoda, and an apsara named Adrika. Because they regard each other as father and daughter, they are cursed by the Pitrs to be born on earth.[7]

Mahabharata[edit | edit source]

The Mahabharata narrates that a mountain in the king's domain, Kolahala, was once maddened by lust, and attacked a river, blocking her path. The river sought the protection of Uparichara Vasu, who split the mountain with a kick, allowing the river to pass through. By the union of the mountain and the river, a man and a woman emerged. The boy was made commander-in-chief of Vasu's army, while the girl, Girika, was married to Vasu.[8]

Uparichara Vasu's wife, Girika, having purified herself after bathing, informed her husband that it was an auspicious time for them to engage in intercourse. During this period, the king is also visited by his Pitrs, who wish him to hunt some deer for them. Deciding to prioritise the instructions of his ancestors, the king sets out to the forest to hunt, thinking about his beautiful wife. When he ejaculates, he decides that it would not be appropriate to waste his semen during his wife's ovulation. Depositing the semen on a leaf, he requests a hawk to carry his seed to his wife. While the hawk is flying, it is attacked by another hawk, and the semen falls into the river Yamuna. The semen is swallowed by a fish, the rebirth of Adrika. When a fisherman cuts open the belly of the fish, he finds a human boy and a girl within. The children are brought to Uparichara Vasu, who adopts the male child, naming his Matsya, who becomes his heir. The girl is adopted by the fisherman, and is named Satyavati.[9][10]

In the text, the king is described to be the disciple of Sage Brihaspati, living in the Satya Yuga. The sage teaches him the Satvata Shastra, the knowledge of which guides his rule, and due to which he becomes a patron of the Pancharatra rituals dedicated to Narayana. The epic also describes a legend in which Uparichara Vasu commences an ashvamedha sacrifice, but orders that no animals be slain.[11] Instead, he offers the products of the forests to the devas, who come to receive his offerings. Vishnu is so pleased by this act that he appears at the ritual site, but allows only the king to witness him. This angers Brihaspati, but the king reminds his preceptor that witnessing Vishnu is entirely up to him, describing it to be akin to a prasada.[12]

According to Historeans[edit | edit source]

According to Historean RC Majumdar, Vasu, a descendant of Kuru, conquered the kingdom of Chedi, and extended his conquests as far as Magadha in the east, and Matsya in the north-west.[13]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Vyasa's Mahabharatam. Academic Publishers. 2008. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-89781-68-2.
  2. ↑ Books, Kausiki (2021-10-24). Skanda Purana: Vaishnava Khanda: Vasudeva Mahatmya: English Translation only without Slokas. Kausiki Books. p. 28.
  3. ↑ Pandey, J. N.; Begum, Nasreen (2009). "Review of ANCIENT INDIAN DYNASTIES". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 90: 197–201. ISSN 0378-1143.
  4. ↑ Bhaṭṭācārya, Tārānātha TarkaVācaspati (1873) [1962]. "उपरिचर" [Uparichara] (PDF). वाचस्पत्यम् (बृहत् संस्कृताभिधानम्) [Vācaspatyam: A Comprehensive Sanskrit Lexicon.]. The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Work No. 94 (in संस्कृतम्). Vol. 2. Varanasi: Caukhambā. p. 331. तुष्टेन शक्रेण तस्मै आकाशगं विमानं दत्तं तत्र चरणादुपरिचरनामेत्युक्तं
  5. ↑ Dvaipāyana, (Vyāsa) Kṛṣṇa. "महाभारतम्-01-आदिपर्व-064" [Mahabharata - Volume 1 - Adi Parva - 064]. विकिस्रोतः (in संस्कृतम्). Retrieved 2025-01-21. दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥ त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥ [The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you. You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.]
  6. ↑ Books, Kausiki (2021-10-24). Vayu Purana Part 1: English Translation only without Slokas. Kausiki Books. p. 23.
  7. ↑ www.wisdomlib.org (2020-03-01). "Uparicara Vasu Attains Liberation [Chapter 7]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
  8. ↑ Alf Hiltebeitel (2011). Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 354–355. ISBN 978-0195394238. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  9. ↑ The Mahabharata: Volume 1. Penguin UK. 2015-06-01. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-8475-388-2.
  10. ↑ Debroy, Bibek (2016-09-09). Harivamsha. Penguin UK. p. 439. ISBN 978-93-86057-91-4.
  11. ↑ Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-15). The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts. Penguin UK. p. 403. ISBN 978-81-8475-763-7.
  12. ↑ Hudson, D. Dennis (2008-09-25). The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 521. ISBN 978-0-19-536922-9.
  13. ↑ R. c. Majumdar (1952). Ancient India.

External links[edit | edit source]

  • The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose, Bharata Press, Calcutta (1883–1896)

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