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The sacred Haihayavanshis were main Hindu ''[[Kshatriya]]'' from [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar dynasty]] in [[Satya yuga]] which was founded by [[Haihaya]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d2MjAQAAIAAJ&q=ekveera+haihaya&dq=ekveera+haihaya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQqa-htLX_AhXVc94KHegWB6IQ6AF6BAgFEAM#ekveera%20haihaya |title=Sarasvatī |date=1970 |publisher=Iṇḍiyana Presa |language=hi}}</ref> Haihayas were elder and main branch of legendary [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsh]] of [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamshi Kshatriyas]] as per Puranas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=H. H. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HnxjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289&dq=Haihaya+branch+of+yadu+purana&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig5OmotrX_AhXoVPUHHTsWDLMQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Haihaya%20branch%20of%20yadu%20purana&f=false |title=The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition: Vol. III |date=2022-03-09 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-7525-8063-1 |language=en}}</ref>
The sacred Haihayavanshis were main Hindu ''[[Kshatriya]]'' from [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar dynasty]] in [[Satya yuga]] which was founded by [[Haihaya]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d2MjAQAAIAAJ&q=ekveera+haihaya&dq=ekveera+haihaya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQqa-htLX_AhXVc94KHegWB6IQ6AF6BAgFEAM#ekveera%20haihaya |title=Sarasvatī |date=1970 |publisher=Iṇḍiyana Presa |language=hi}}</ref> Haihayas were elder and main branch of legendary [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsh]] of [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamshi Kshatriyas]] as per Puranas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=H. H. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HnxjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289&dq=Haihaya+branch+of+yadu+purana&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig5OmotrX_AhXoVPUHHTsWDLMQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Haihaya%20branch%20of%20yadu%20purana&f=false |title=The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition: Vol. III |date=2022-03-09 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-7525-8063-1 |language=en}}</ref>


According to Harivansh puran, Brahmvaivarta purana, [[Mahabharata]], [[Vishnu Puran]] & Brahmand Puran etc Puranas, Emperor [[Yayati]] had five sons in which Yadu was elder. [[Yadu]]'s elder son was Sahastrajit. Sahastrjit son was Satajit and the Satajit son was [[Haihaya]]. Haihaya was the great king, he founded the Haihaya dynasty.<ref name="Shastri"/><ref name="Trubner & C"/><ref name="Dowson 1888"/><ref name="Vinay"/><ref name="books.google.co.in"/> Some Puranas state that he was manas son of [[Vishnu]] & [[Laxmi]], and sended in womb of Satajit wife's through yogmana).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d2MjAQAAIAAJ&q=ekveera+haihaya&dq=ekveera+haihaya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQqa-htLX_AhXVc94KHegWB6IQ6AF6BAgFEAM#ekveera%20haihaya |title=Sarasvatī |date=1970 |publisher=Iṇḍiyana Presa |language=hi}}</ref>
According to Harivansh puran, Brahmvaivarta purana, [[Mahabharata]], [[Vishnu Puran]] & Brahmand Puran etc Puranas, Emperor [[Yayati]] had five sons in which Yadu was elder. [[Yadu]]'s elder son was Sahastrajit. Sahastrjit son was Satajit and the Satajit son was [[Haihaya]]. Haihaya was the great king, he founded the Haihaya dynasty.<ref name="Shastri"/><ref name="Trubner & C"/><ref name="Dowson 1888"/><ref name="Vinay"/><ref name="books.google.co.in"/> Some Puranas state that he was manas son of [[Vishnu]] & [[Laxmi]], and sended in womb of Satajit wife's through yogmana). The up-purana Devi bhagwat state that the Haihaya was son of Vishnu and his wife Laxmi who was adopted by Chandravanshi ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d2MjAQAAIAAJ&q=ekveera+haihaya&dq=ekveera+haihaya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ov2=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQqa-htLX_AhXVc94KHegWB6IQ6AF6BAgFEAM#ekveera%20haihaya |title=Sarasvatī |date=1970 |publisher=Iṇḍiyana Presa |language=hi}}</ref>


==Genealogy==
==Genealogy==

Revision as of 02:36, 9 December 2023

This redirect is about the legendary kingdom. For medieval kingdom, see Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom.


Heheya Kingdom
8th c. of Satya-Yuga –700BCE
CapitalMahishmati
Common languagesVedic Sanskrit
Religion
Historical Vedic religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Rajadhiraja & Chakravartin 
• 8th c. of Satya-Yuga
Sahastrajit (First)
• 700 BCE
Ripunjaya (Last)
Historical eraIron Age
• Established
8th c. of Satya-Yuga 
• Disestablished
700BCE
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Lunar dynasty
Chedi Kingdom
Avanti Kingdom
Vidarbha Kingdom
Today part ofIndia

Haihaya Kingdom or Haihayas of Mahishmati (famous as Mahishmati Empire)[1](Sanskrit: हैहय साम्राज्य)(IAST:Haīhayā), were an Ancient Indian Kingdom which was ruled by Haihaya clan of Kshatriyas (elder branch of Yadavansh of legendary Lunar dynasty).[2] Haihaya capital Mahishmati was founded by Haihaya Emperor Mahishman near Narmada.[3][4]

Origin

The sacred Haihayavanshis were main Hindu Kshatriya from Lunar dynasty in Satya yuga which was founded by Haihaya.[5] Haihayas were elder and main branch of legendary Yaduvamsh of Chandravamshi Kshatriyas as per Puranas.[6]

According to Harivansh puran, Brahmvaivarta purana, Mahabharata, Vishnu Puran & Brahmand Puran etc Puranas, Emperor Yayati had five sons in which Yadu was elder. Yadu's elder son was Sahastrajit. Sahastrjit son was Satajit and the Satajit son was Haihaya. Haihaya was the great king, he founded the Haihaya dynasty.[7][8][9][10][11] Some Puranas state that he was manas son of Vishnu & Laxmi, and sended in womb of Satajit wife's through yogmana). The up-purana Devi bhagwat state that the Haihaya was son of Vishnu and his wife Laxmi who was adopted by Chandravanshi ruler.[12]

Genealogy

  1. Sahasrajit (Yadu's elder son)
  2. Satajit
  3. Haihaya (the founder of Haihaya Kingdom and Haihaya Vamsh.
  4. Dharma was the son of Haihaya.
  5. Netra
  6. Kunti
  7. Sohanji
  8. Mahishman was the founder of Mahishmati & Mahishmati Empire
  9. Bhadrasenaka
  10. Durmada
  11. Durdama
  12. Bhima
  13. Samhata
  14. Kanaka
  15. Dhanaka (Lord Vishnu)
  16. Kritavirya (killed Ikshvaku king Rohitashva)
  17. Lord Sahastrabahu Kartavirya Arjuna was the son of Kartavirya who ruled 88,000 years and was defeated by Lord Parashurama.
  18. Jayadhwaja, Vrishabha, Madhu and Urujit were left by Parshurama and 995 others were killed by Lord Parashurama. Pajanya was adopted by Krushta king Devamidha.
  • The division

According to the Puranas, after Sahastrabahu, the Haihayavanshis lost their hold on the earth and the dominion remained from Mahishmati to Godavari only. After which the 5 sons of Sahastrabahu 5 out of 995 whom Parshuram left alive for religious life and were made king by Parshuram. They divided the Mahishmati Empire into 5 parts and formed new clans (ganas) and started choosing their chiefs by making Confederacy of 5 clans.

Vrshnis of main Mahishmati

  1. Madhu
  2. Vrshni (Founder of Vrshni clan)
  3. Vrishabh II
  4. Vrishbhanu
  5. Suktimat
  6. Kusha
  7. Ushika
  8. Vidarbha II (Frost by Krostha king)
  9. Kaisika
  10. Chidi

Vitihotras of western Mahishmati

  1. Jayadwaj
  2. Talajangha
  3. Vithihotra
  4. Vatsa (founder of Vitihotras of Vatsa
  5. Vitahavya
  6. Udavarta

Haihaya-Bhojas

  1. Vrshabha
  2. Bhoj (founder of Bhoja clan)

Unknown

History

Sahastrjit

He was the elder son of Yadu, he divided his connection with Yadavas and founded his own kingdom in Vindhya valley. His son was Satajit and grandson was Haihaya.

Haihaya

Main article: Haihaya

According to Harivansh puran, Brahmvaivarta purana, Mahabharata, Vishnu Puran & Brahmand Puran etc Puranas, Emperor Yayati had five sons in which Yadu was elder. Yadu's elder son was Sahastrajit. Sahastrjit son was Satajit and the Satajit son was Haihaya. Haihaya was the great king, he founded the Haihaya dynasty.[7][8][9][10][11] Some Puranas state that he was manas son of Vishnu & Laxmi, and sended in womb of Satajit wife's through yogmana).[13]

Mahishman

Main article: Mahishman (Haihaya Emperor)

Mahishman also known as Mahishmant. He was the son of ruler Sahanja. He defeated many King of Aryavarta and made was empire he also defeated Muchukunda of Ayodhya and killed his brother in battle. After which he founded Haihaya capital Mahishmati and Mahishmati Empire which he got for only Haihayas in boon from Lord Mahesh. By the glory and fame of his the Kula of Haihayas is also known as Mahishmatikul or Mahishmankul.[14][15][4] As soon the rule of Haihayas end on mahishmati, the mahishmati destroyed and became Maheshwar.

Kritavirya

Kritavirya was the great emperor. His main and loved wife Padmini was the daughter of Ikshvaku ruler Harishchandra. There union give birth to Kartavirya Arjuna. He killed Ikshvaku ruler Rohitshavta in battle.

Kartavirya Arjuna

Main article: Kartavirya Arjuna

According to the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the most celebrated Haihaya king was Kartavirya Arjuna, demonstrated in the epithet Sahasrabahu.[16] He was called a Samrat and Chakravartin. His name is also found in the Rig Veda (VIII.45.26).[17] He ultimately conquered Mahishmati city from Karkotaka Naga, a Naga chief, and made it his fortress capital.[16] According to the Vayu Purana, he invaded Lanka and took Ravana prisoner.[18]

Arjuna Kartavirya, humbling Ravana, a painting by Fazl, 1597–1605

Arjuna propitiated Dattatreya and was favoured by him.[19] Arjuna's sons killed sage Jamadagni, and Jamadagni's son Parashurama in revenge killed Arjuna.

Madhu

After the fall of Haihaya Empire, all Kshatriya rulers (feudal of Haihayas) of Earth were killed by Lord Parshurama. Lord Kartavirya Arjuna's another younger son was Madhu. He was pious, good and kind among his 995 brothers (who were killed by Parashurama), so Parashurama left him and crowned him as the ruler of Mahishmati. Madhu had 100's sons but he was succeeded by his elder son Vrṣhni.[20]

Vrshni

As per Shrimad Bhagwatam and other purans , ruler Vrshni was the elder son and successor of Madhu and grandson of Lord Kartavirya Arjuna.[21] He was married to Bhargava girl Vishvarambha [not became Varnasankar due to lord Parshurama blessing give them (Haihayavanshis) Bramhakshatriya status for marriage].[20] Then Vrṣhni become king of eastern Mahishmati and founded Vrṣhni Kula[22] which later renamed as Chedi or Chandel Dynasty.[23][24]

  • From another Son of Kartavirya Arjuna

Jayadhvaja

Arjuna had a number of sons. His son Jayadhvaja succeeded him on the throne; Jayadhvaja was succeeded by his son Talajangha.[16]

Talanjangha

Talanjangha was the son of Jayadhvaja, The Confederacy of his 5 descendants clan was called Talanjanghas.

Vitihotra

King Vitihotra was elder son of Talanjangha. He was the founder of Vitihotra clan. In the battle he was killed by Ikshvaku king Sagar. He succeeded by his son Vatsa.

Vatsa

Vatsa was the son of Vitihotra. He founded Vatsa Janapada and was estrangement with king of Kashi.

Haihaya-Talanjanghas

In the Vishnu Purana (IV.11), the five Haihaya clans of Southern Mahishmati (Later Avanti) are mentioned together as the Talajanghas because of descendant of Talanjangha.[25] After Kartavirya Arjuna's his sons found new clans, one clan was Vrshni of Mahishmati which was founded by his elder son Madhu's son. The younger son of Kartavirya Arjuna Jayadhwaja's son Talanjangha founded Talanjangha of Southern Mahishmati (Later Avanti) which was later divided into 5 clans. The five Haihaya clans were the Vītihotras , Śāryātas , Bhojas , Avantis and Tuņdikeras, who were Tālajanghas. The other younger son of Kartavirya Arjuna was Sura and Sursena who founded new clan and new territory.[25] The Haihayas were native to the present-day Malwa region of Western Madhya Pradesh. The Puranas style the Haihayas as the first ruling dynasty of Mahishmati.[26]

The Vitihotras

Later, the Haihayas were primarily known by the name of the dominant clan amongst them – the Vitihotras (or Vitahotras or Vitahvyas). According to the Puranas, Vitihotra was the great-grandson of Arjuna Kartavirya and the eldest son of Talajangha. The Puranas also mention the names of two Vitihotra rulers: Ananta, son of Vitihotra and Durjaya Amitrakarshana, son of Ananta.[25] The northward expansion of the Haihaya territory to the mid-Ganges valley by the Vitihotra rulers was stopped by the Ikshvaku king Sagara.[27] The Mahagovindasuttanta of the Dighanikaya mentions an Avanti king Vessabhu (Vishvabhu) and his capital Mahissati (Mahishmati). He was likely a Vitihotra ruler.[28] During the rule of the later Vitihotras, the whole Avanti region probably developed into two realms, divided by the Vindhyas, having principal cities at Mahishmati and Ujjayini (present-day Ujjain). According to the Matsya Purana (5.37), Pulika, one of the ministers of Ripunjaya, the last Vitihotra king of Ujjayini, killed his master and made his son Pradyota the new king.[29]

It is said that many of the Haihayas were learned in the Vedas.[30]

Medieval Haihayas

A number of early medieval dynasties, which include the Vrṣhni/Chandels[31][32] Kalachuris and the Mushakavamsha Mushika Kingdom of Kerala, claimed their descent from the Haihayas.[33] The Haihayas of eastern India fought against Islamic invaders in medieval times.[34]

References in Mahabharata

Haihaya King Kartavirya Arjuna

Kartavirya Arjuna (Sahastrabahu Arjun or Sahastrarjun) is described as a noble king and a devotee of Lord Dattatreya. Endowed with a thousand arms (thought to symbolise a thousand attendants acting as his hands, executing his commands[citation needed]) and great beauty, he is described as becoming lord of all the world. He had his capital in the city of Mahishmati. Keeping before him the duties of the Kshatriya order, as also humility and Vedic knowledge, the king made large gifts of wealth unto the Lord Dattatreya (MBh 13,152).

Disputes with the Ikshvaku Kings

Sagara was a king of the Kosala Kingdom, ruling from Ayodhya. He was of the lineage of Ikshwaku, a famous royal dynasty in ancient India. Sagara is mentioned as the son of Jadu (MBh 12,56). His army numbered 60,000 men, all of whom he allegedly treated as sons. Sagara is said to have defeated the Haihayas (Vitihotras) and the Talajanghas. He brought under subjection the whole of the military class. (MBh 3,106)

The Haihaya-Talajanghas of the Vatsa Kingdom

The Haihaya-Talajanghas probably had their origins in the Vatsa Kingdom. The Haihayas in the Vatsa kingdom, known collectively as Vitahavyas under King Vitahavya, attacked the neighbouring country called Kasi, during the reign of four successive generations of Kasi kings: Haryaswa, Sudeva, Divodasa, and Pratarddana. The last one among them, Pratarddana, defeated the Haihayas and probably expelled them from the Vatsa kingdom. Kasi kings were also born in the race of Ikshwaku. This could be the seed of Haihayas's dispute with them (MBh 13,30).

Under Haryaswa's reign

In Saryati’s lineage (Saryati and Ikshwaku were two among the many sons of Manu [MBh 1,75]), two kings took their birth, Haihaya and Talajangha II, both sons of Vatsa. Haihaya king Vitihavya had ten wives and a hundred sons, all of whom were highly inclined to fighting. In Kasi there was also a king, known as Haryyaswa. The sons of King Haihaya, who was otherwise known as Vitahavyas, invaded the kingdom of Kasi. Advancing into that country which lies between the rivers Ganges and Yamuna, he fought a battle with King Haryyaswa, and killed him there. The sons of Haihaya then returned to their own city in the country of the Vatsas.

Under Sudeva

Haryyaswa’s son Sudeva was installed on the throne of Kasi as its new ruler. Known as a righteous-souled prince, he ruled the kingdom for some time before the hundred sons of Vitahavya once more invaded his dominions and defeated him in battle.

Under Divodasa

Divodasa, the son of Sudeva, was next installed on the throne of Kasi. Realising the prowess of the sons of Vitahavya, King Divodasa rebuilt and fortified the city of Varanasi (Varanasi or Banaras), reputedly at Indra's command. It was a prosperous territory that stretched northwards from the banks of Ganges to the southern banks of Gomati, and was said to resemble a second Amravati (the city of Indra). The Haihayas once again attacked. King Divodasa fought the enemy for a thousand days but at the end, having lost a number of followers and animals, he became exceedingly distressed. King Divodasa, his army lost and his treasury exhausted, left his capital and fled.

He sought protection of his priest, Bharadwaja, the son of Vrihaspati.

Divodasa's son Pratarddana retaliates

Divodasa wished for a brave son who could avenge the Vitahavyas. With his priest Bharadwaja's blessings he had a son named Pratarddana. Divodasa installed his son on the throne of Kasi and asked him to march against the sons of Vitahavya. He speedily crossed the Ganges on his car followed by his army and proceeded against the city of the Vitahavyas. The Vitahavyas issued out of their city in their cars and poured out on Pratarddana, showering weapons of various kinds. Pratarddana killed them all in battle. The Haihaya king Vitahavya then sought the protection of his priest Bhrigu. Bhrigu converted him into a Brahmana. Sage Saunaka, later receiver of the entire Mahabharata narrative from Ugrasrava Sauti, was born from the line of this Vitahavya.

Other Haihaya Kings

  • King Vitahavya is mentioned as the son of Vatsa (MBh 13,30)
  • King Udvarta became the exterminator of his own race (MBh 5,74)
  • The conversation between a Haihaya king and a sage named Tarkshya is mentioned at MBh 3,183
  • As a royal sage of the Haihaya, Sumitra is mentioned by name at MBh 12,124. Sumitra is mentioned as the son of Mitra at MBh 12,125.

Enmity with the Bhargavas

The Haihaya tribe's dispute with the Bhargava Brahmins is mentioned at various points in the Mahabharata. The leader of the Bhargavas, Parasurama, son of Jamadagni, is said to have killed the Haihaya king Kartavirya Arjuna. The dispute did not end there. The Bhargavas went all over India and slew numerous Kshatriya kings, most of them kinsmen of Kartavirya Arjuna. (MBh 1,104)

In acquiring the unrivaled "battleaxe of fiery splendour and irresistible sharpness" from Mahadeva of the Gandhamadana mountains, in the Himalayas (MBh 12,49), Bhargava Rama became an unparalleled force on earth. Meanwhile, the mighty son of Kritavirya, Arjuna of the Kshatriya order and ruler of the Haihayas, imbued with great energy, highly virtuous in behaviour, and possessing a thousand arms through the grace of the great sage Dattatreya, and said to have subjugated in battle the whole earth, became a very powerful emperor. (12,49). This King Arjuna would be killed by Rama (MBh 3,115).


References

  1. ↑ Pandya, Amrit V. (1967). Lost Sarasvati: Presenting a Study of the New Personality of Early India as Emerging from a Functional-historical Integration of Recent Data on Human Ecology, Archaeology, Anthropology, Linguistics, and Literature Bearing on the Sarasvati, the 'Lost River of the Indian History', and the Mechanics of the Human Process. Sardar Patel University.
  2. ↑ Books, Kausiki (12 July 2021). Bhagavatha Maha Purana 9th Skanda : English translation only without Slokas. Kausiki Books.
  3. ↑ General, India Office of the Registrar (1965). Census of India, 1961. Manager of Publications.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vishnudharmottara-Purana: Pauranic Legends and Rebirths : English Translation of First Khanda. Parimal Publications. 1999.
  5. ↑ Sarasvatī (in हिन्दी). Iṇḍiyana Presa. 1970.
  6. ↑ Wilson, H. H. (9 March 2022). The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition: Vol. III. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-7525-8063-1.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Shastri
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Trubner & C
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dowson 1888
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Vinay
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named books.google.co.in
  12. ↑ Sarasvatī (in हिन्दी). Iṇḍiyana Presa. 1970.
  13. ↑ Sarasvatī (in हिन्दी). Iṇḍiyana Presa. 1970.
  14. ↑ Books, Kausiki (25 November 2021). Sankshipta Linga Maha Purana ★ संक्षिप्त लिंग महा पुराणम् - केवल हिंदी (in हिन्दी). Kausiki Books.
  15. ↑ General, India Office of the Registrar (1965). Census of India, 1961. Manager of Publications.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.265-7
  17. ↑ Misra, V.S. (2007). Ancient Indian Dynasties, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-413-8, pp.157-8
  18. ↑ Dowson, John (1984). A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, and Religion, Geography, History. Calcutta: Rupa & Co. p. 152. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 7 (help)
  19. ↑ Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.229.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Agarwal, Himanshu (20 August 2019). Mahabharata Retold Part-2. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64587-785-1.
  21. ↑ Venkatesananda, Swami (31 March 2010). The Concise Srimad Bhagavatam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-2283-1.
  22. ↑ Hudson, D. Dennis (25 September 2008). The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-536922-9.
  23. ↑ Viyogi; Ansari, Naval & M. Anawar (2010). History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.). Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7835-751-5.
  24. ↑ Dikshit, R. K. (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-046-4.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.102.
  26. ↑ Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972) Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.130-1.
  27. ↑ Thapar, Romila (1996). Ancient Indian Social History Some Interpretations, New Delhi: Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-0808-X, p.299
  28. ↑ Bhattacharyya, P. K. (1977). Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 118–9. ISBN 978-81-208-3394-4. The ISBN printed in the book (0-8426-909-1) is invalid, causing a checksum error.
  29. ↑ Raizada, Ajit (1992). Ujjayini (in Hindi), Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Madhya Pradesh, p.21
  30. ↑ Sarmah, Thaneswar The Bharadvajas in Ancient India, p.69
  31. ↑ Viyogi; Ansari, Naval & M. Anawar (2010). History Of The Later Harappans And Silpakara Movement (2 Vols.). Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7835-751-5.
  32. ↑ R. K. Dikshit 1976, p. 3.
  33. ↑ Thapar, Romila (1996). Ancient Indian Social History Some Interpretations, New Delhi: Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-0808-X, p.282
  34. ↑ Rajaguru, Satyanarayan. History of the Gaṅgas, p.59

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