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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Cleanup lang|date=September 2022}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2022}}
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{{infobox caste
{{infobox caste
| caste_name            =Desikar
| caste_name            =Desikar
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| classification        = [[Scholars]], [[Landlords]]  
| classification        = [[Scholars]], [[Landlords]]  
| subdivisions          =  
| subdivisions          =  
| country                =  
| country                =[[India]]
| region                = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Burma]]
| region                = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Burma]]
| languages              = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sinhalese Language|Sinhala]]
| languages              = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| religions              = Saiva Siddhantam, [[Hinduism]], [[Siam Nikaya]] [[Buddhism]]
| religions              = [[Saiva Siddhanta]], ([[Hinduism]])
| related                =
| related                =Pandarathar
}}
|ethnicity=[[Indian people|Indian]]}}
'''Desikar''' or '''Desigar'''  or '''Pandaram'''  is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking [[Veerashaiva|Veerasaiva]] community from the [[Indian state]]s of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. The Sinhalisation of Pandaram as Bandara in the Kandyan provinces in [[Sri Lanka]]. They are particularly priests and land owners.
 
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism}}
 
'''Desikar''', '''Desigar'''  or '''Pandaram'''  is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking pandaram community from the [[Indian state]]s of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. They are particularly priests and land owners. {{citation needed|date=December 2022}}


==Origin of Desikar==
==Origin of Desikar==


The Desikar community is a very ancient one which promotes the [[Shaivism|Saivite]] religion. This community especially focuses on Lingayatham, Saiva Siddhanta and Thirumurai.
The Desikar community is a very ancient one which promotes the [[Shaivism|Saivite]] religion. This community especially focuses on Saiva Siddhanta and Thirumurai. The caste Desikar or [[Desigar]] is derived from the word pandram meaning "sage" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. There are different theories concerning the meaning of the word Pandaram. The caste Pandaram comprises two divisions, Abhishekar and Desikar. But the later name Desikar was taken as a title.
The caste Desikar or [[Desigar]] is derived from the word pandram meaning "sage" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].
There are different theories concerning the meaning of the word Pandaram.
The caste Pandaram comprises two divisions, [[Abhisheka]] and Desikar.
But the later name Desikar as taken as a back title.


==Dhikshai process==
==Dhikshai process==
Line 34: Line 39:
are the few stages of Dhikshai practice.
are the few stages of Dhikshai practice.


Few of them are temple servants, supply flowers for God, Sings hymns in temple.
Some act as temple servants, supplying flowers for God and singing hymns.
So, they used to be called ''Meikaval'' (Bodyguard of the God) and Oduvar (reader).
So, they used to be called ''Meikaval'' (Bodyguard of the God) and Oduvar (reader).


==Divisions in Pandaram==
==Divisions in Pandaram==
Desikar is a sub-division of community known as 'Pandaram'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Erin3nkU3ZUC&q=desikar+caste&pg=PA46|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|last1=Thurston|first1=Edgar|last2=Rangachari|first2=K.|date=2001|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120602885|pages=46|language=en}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=too old|date=July 2012}} The Pandarathar caste is composed of respectable people. The name ''pandaram'' means valuable storing place of jewels, navarathnas stored in the temples and palaces, they are placed to maintain the jewels of temples and palaces. They are Land holders, Traders, Sanyasis (monk), Priests (guru) and Managers of richly endowed temples.
Desikar is a sub-division of community known as 'Pandaram'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Erin3nkU3ZUC&q=desikar+caste&pg=PA46|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|last1=Thurston|first1=Edgar|last2=Rangachari|first2=K.|date=2001|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120602885|pages=46|language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=too old|date=July 2012}} The Pandarathar caste is composed of respectable people. The name ''pandaram'' means valuable storing place of jewels, navarathnas stored in the temples and palaces, they are placed to maintain the jewels of temples and palaces. They are land holders, traders, sanyasis (monk), priests (guru) and managers of richly endowed temples.


These managers are commonly called ''Thambiran''. They are all vegetarians and staunch believers of Saiva Siddantha.
These managers are commonly called ''Thambiran''. They are all vegetarians and staunch believers of Saiva Siddantha.
Line 46: Line 51:
The Mendigate Pandarams, recruited from a few other classes, wear the lingam but do not abstain from eating flesh.
The Mendigate Pandarams, recruited from a few other classes, wear the lingam but do not abstain from eating flesh.


The Lingayat pandaram are known as Lingayats.
Some of the sub-castes of the predominant Desikar community are:
 
* Desikar- head of mutt.
The latter respect their [[Jangam]] and used the sacred water, in which the feet of  the [[Jangam]] are washed, for washing their stone lingam.
 
Some of the sub-castes of the predominant Desikar community are
* Desikar- head of mutt
* Abhisheka - person who do pooja in temple and mutt.
* Abhisheka - person who do pooja in temple and mutt.
* Oduvar - the reader who sing thirumurai in temple and mutt.
* Oduvar - the reader who sing thirumurai in temple and mutt.
Line 58: Line 59:


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The community is distributed throughout [[Tamil Nadu]] and also in [[Kerala]], [[Malaysia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Singapore]]. However, they form a significant proportion of population in the southern districts of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The Sinhalised Pandarams of Bandara families live in the Kandyan areas of central Sri Lanka.
The community is distributed throughout [[Tamil Nadu]] and also in [[Kerala]], [[Malaysia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Singapore]]. However, they form a significant proportion of population in the southern districts of [[Tamil Nadu]].


==Marriage and their customs==
==Marriage and their customs==


They do not mingle with other castes by marriage; but some do marry from other castes like Saiva Vellalars and other Vellalar sub caste. In Sri Lanka the Kandyan Bandaras marry with Govigama caste parallel to the Vellalars
They do not mingle with other castes by marriage; but some do marry from other castes like Saiva Vellalars and other Vellalar sub caste.
 
==Bandara Families in Sri Lanka==
Bandâra is name used in Sri Lanka specially in the Kandyan areas. They appeared in Sri Lankan history after 13 century on words. They migrated from Kerala and Tamilnadu to serve in Katharagama and Paththini Devalayams as priests. Under rule of the Nayaks of Kandy from Madurei Nayak Dynasty, Bandara name used by some court officers and common people [[Radala]] and Gattara castes.  


==List of Adheenam / Mutts in Tamil Nadu==
==List of Adheenam / Mutts in Tamil Nadu==


* Velakurichi Adheenam
* Velakurichi Adheenam
* Mailam Bommapuram Adheenam<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Large-turnout-of-devotees-at-Masi-Magam-festival/article14728864.ece|title=Large turnout of devotees at Masi Magam festival|date=2007-03-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref><nowiki> {{Cite </nowiki>http://murugan.org/temples/mailam.htm<nowiki> }}</nowiki></ref>
* Mailam Bommapuram Adheenam<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Large-turnout-of-devotees-at-Masi-Magam-festival/article14728864.ece|title=Large turnout of devotees at Masi Magam festival|date=2007-03-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{URL|http://murugan.org/temples/mailam.htm}}{{bare URL inline|date=September 2022}}</ref>
* [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=A short history of the Thiruvavaduthurai Adheenam of Thirukkailaya Parambarai.|last=Ātīn̲am|first=Tiruvāvaṭutur̲ai|date=1970|publisher=Adheenam|location=Thiruvavaduthurai|ol = 4080364M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paadal-petra-sthalangal.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default?orderby=updated|title=paadal-petra-sthalangal|website=paadal-petra-sthalangal.blogspot.com|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>
* [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A short history of the Thiruvavaduthurai Adheenam of Thirukkailaya Parambarai.|last=Ātīn̲am|first=Tiruvāvaṭutur̲ai|date=1970|publisher=Adheenam|location=Thiruvavaduthurai|ol = 4080364M}}</ref>
* Sivagiri Adheenam
* Sivagiri Adheenam
* Perur Veera saiva Adheenam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://picasaweb.google.com/112019630256157025471/PhotoGallery?gsessionid=IRYll4oqFNHaou-QSRQugw|title=Album Archive|website=picasaweb.google.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>
* Perur Veera saiva Adheenam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://picasaweb.google.com/112019630256157025471/PhotoGallery?gsessionid=IRYll4oqFNHaou-QSRQugw|title=Album Archive|website=picasaweb.google.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>
* Thiruvannamalai-Kundrakudi Adheenam <ref>http://www.desipad.com/india-news/22591-head-kundrakudi-thiruvannamalai-mutt-escapes-unhurt-accident.html</ref>
* Thiruvannamalai-Kundrakudi Adheenam <ref>http://www.desipad.com/india-news/22591-head-kundrakudi-thiruvannamalai-mutt-escapes-unhurt-accident.html</ref>
* Suriyanarkoil Adheenam
* Suriyanarkoil Adheenam
* [[Thiruppanandal Adheenam]]<ref>http://www.chron.com/business/press-releases/article/53-Prominent-Hindu-Organizations-Pass-Resolution-3575028.php</ref>
* [[Thiruppanandal Adheenam]]
*Madurai Adheenam  
*Madurai Adheenam  
* Senkol Adheenam,
* Senkol Adheenam
* Thuzhavoor Adheenam,
* Thuzhavoor Adheenam
* Kamakshipuri Adheenam
* Kamakshipuri Adheenam
* Pollachi Adheenam
* Pollachi Adheenam
* Dindigul sivapuram adheenam
* Dindigul sivapuram adheenam
* AvaduthuRai Adeenam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://murugan.org/temples/index.htm#.UJnzO2criSo|title=Murugan Temple Directory|website=murugan.org|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>
* AvaduthuRai Adeenam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://murugan.org/temples/index.htm#.UJnzO2criSo|title=Murugan Temple Directory|website=murugan.org|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>
* [[Dharmapuram Adheenam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhakthibooks.info/index.php?act=viewCat&catId=6|title=bhakthibooks.info (Powered by CubeCart)|website=www.bhakthibooks.info|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/58794155/|title=Arulmigu Vaithianathaswamy ... vs The Hindu Religious And ... on 6 January, 2012|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>
* [[Dharmapuram Adheenam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhakthibooks.info/index.php?act=viewCat&catId=6|title=bhakthibooks.info (Powered by CubeCart)|website=www.bhakthibooks.info|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/58794155/|title=Arulmigu Vaithianathaswamy ... vs The Hindu Religious And ... on 6 January, 2012|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>
 
==List of Veera Savia Mutts in Tamil Nadu==
*  Kumbakonam Veera Saiva mutt,
*  Perur (coimbatore) Veera Saiva mutt,
*  Maiylam veera Saiva Mutt ( chennai to pondichery road)


==Desikar Mutts in brief ==
==Desikar Mutts in brief ==


The pioneer who established Adheenam (Mutts, Dynasty) are known as "Desikar" or "Desikar Paramacharya", ''pontiff'' in English. Most of the pontiffs are Brahamacharis maintains celibacy. Only a few became Samsaris. So only few mutts followed the successive pontiff by lineage. But most of the Adheenam select the pontiff by "Guru Shishya Parambara". Ancient Tamil history pronounces that Saivaite religion or sector doesn't have the casteism. After the invasion of the other races, casteism dominate  a prominent role in the Saivaite unknowingly. so. the successive pontiffs are selected or elected from the so-called various communities. Hence few of the mutts only at the hands of Desika Paramacharya lineage.
The pioneer who established Adheenam (Mutts, Dynasty) are known as "Desikar" or "Desikar Paramacharya", ''pontiff'' in English. Most of the pontiffs are Brahamacharis that maintain celibacy. Only a few became Samsaris. So only few mutts followed the successive pontiff by lineage. But most of the Adheenam select the pontiff by "Guru Shishya Parambara". Ancient Tamil history pronounces that Saivaite religion or sector doesn't have the casteism. After the invasion of the other races, casteism played a prominent role in the Saivaite unknowingly. So the successive pontiffs are selected or elected from the so-called various communities. Hence few of the descend from the Desika Paramacharya lineage.


===Velakurichi Adeenam===
===Velakurichi Adeenam===
Tamil Nadu is pronominally a traditional State. Here are several important and noteworthy Temples apart from Math’s. Hindu Religious Charitable Endowment Department Regulate and control most of these temples through its administration. A Temple is an institution of prehistoric antiquity, having continuity of existence through centuries and through many political upheavals in the land. Temple have played prominent role in the history, not only in the promotion of religion but also in the promotion of social and cultural life of the people. The Law of Karma and Re-incarnation Aim of life to realize God is the major belief of Hinduism.
Tamil Nadu is pronominally a traditional state. Here are several important and noteworthy temples apart from Math’s. Hindu Religious Charitable Endowment Department regulates and controls most of these temples through its administration. A Temple is an institution of prehistoric antiquity, having continuity of existence through centuries and through many political upheavals in the land. They have played prominent role in the history, not only in the promotion of religion but also in the promotion of social and cultural life of the people. The Law of Karma and Re-incarnation is the major belief of Hinduism.


It is one among the various institutions spreading the message of Hinduism for many centuries in south India. The founder of the velakurichi Mutt is Sathyagnana Desika Deerga Dharsinigal. He descended from ‘God Siva’ one Sri Kandaparamasivam. The Velakurichi mutt was founded in the 15th century on the banks of Thamirabarani River in Velakurichi village, a part of Ambasamudram Taluk, Thirunelvely District.
It is one among the various institutions spreading the message of Hinduism for many centuries in south India. The founder of the velakurichi Mutt is Sathyagnana Desika Deerga Dharsinigal. He descended from ‘God Siva’ one Sri Kandaparamasivam. The Velakurichi mutt was founded in the 15th century on the banks of Thamirabarani River in Velakurichi village, a part of Ambasamudram Taluk, Thirunelvely District.
Line 102: Line 95:
The peculiarity of the mutt, as distinct from the other mutts is, a ‘Grahastha – Sanyasi’ managing the mutt, where as the Heads of the other mutts like Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam, Kanchipuram Adheenam and Dharmapuram Adheenam are pure ‘Naistiga – Sanyasis’. By custom in succession the Velakurichi Adheenam, controls and supervise the four famous temples viz,
The peculiarity of the mutt, as distinct from the other mutts is, a ‘Grahastha – Sanyasi’ managing the mutt, where as the Heads of the other mutts like Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam, Kanchipuram Adheenam and Dharmapuram Adheenam are pure ‘Naistiga – Sanyasis’. By custom in succession the Velakurichi Adheenam, controls and supervise the four famous temples viz,


The adheenam is the hereditary trustee of Five temples in Thanjavur District
The adheenam is the hereditary trustee of Five temples in Thanjavur District:


* Agniswarar Temple, Thiruppugalur
* Agniswarar Temple, Thiruppugalur
Line 111: Line 104:


===Thuzhavoor Adheenam===
===Thuzhavoor Adheenam===
{{transl|ta|Sri La Sri Gnanaprakasha desiga swamigal is current thuzhavoor aheenam}}
{{transliteration|ta|Sri La Sri Gnanaprakasha desiga swamigal}} is current {{transliteration|ta|thuzhavoor aheenam}}.


==Notables==
==Notables==
===Tamil literature===
===Tamil literature===
* [[Kambar (poet)]] , belongs to uvacha sect of pandaram caste
* [[Kambar (poet)]], belongs to uvacha sect of pandaram caste
*[[Perur Santhalinga Swamigal]], Spiritual Writer , Sidhar (Monk with spiritual powers)
*[[Perur Santhalinga Swamigal]], Spiritual Writer, Sidhar (Monk with spiritual powers)
*[[T. V. Sadasiva Pandarathar]] , Archeologist, Tamil Historian
*[[T. V. Sadasiva Pandarathar]], Archeologist, Tamil Historian
*[[Kumara Swamy Desikar]], saiva spiritual writer
*[[Kumara Swamy Desikar]], saiva spiritual writer
*[[Velaiyar]], Eminent Tamil poet
*[[Velaiyar]], Eminent Tamil poet
Line 123: Line 117:


===Music===
===Music===
*[[Dandapani Desikar]]<ref>http://www.hummaa.com/music/artist/m-m-dhandapani-desikar/22139</ref>
*[[Dandapani Desikar]]<ref>{{URL|http://www.hummaa.com/music/artist/m-m-dhandapani-desikar/22139}}{{bare URL inline|date=September 2022}}</ref>


===Arts and cinema===
===Arts and cinema===
*[[Dandapani Desikar|MM Dandapani Desigar]] a noted musical scholar <ref name="TheHindu-MMDesigar">
*[[Dandapani Desikar|MM Dandapani Desigar]] a noted musical scholar
[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007062950710300.htm&date=2007/06/29/&prd=fr&]  — The Hindu Newspaper-MM Dhandapani Desigar-True proponent of Tamil Isai</ref>
*[[Aparna Pillai]], actress
*[[Aparna Pillai]], actress
==External links==
*[http://lingayatreligion.com/LingayatBasics/Jangama.htm  Lingayat's Unique Symbol for Alimighty, Supreme GOD - Lingam and Jangam Guru ]
*[[Jangam|Jangam Lingayat Pandaram]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Desikar (Community)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Desikar (Community)}}

Revision as of 20:08, 23 July 2023

Desikar
ClassificationScholars, Landlords
ReligionsSaiva Siddhanta, (Hinduism)
LanguagesTamil
CountryIndia
RegionTamil Nadu, Kerala, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma
EthnicityIndian
Related groupsPandarathar

Desikar, Desigar or Pandaram is a Tamil-speaking pandaram community from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. They are particularly priests and land owners. [citation needed]

Origin of Desikar

The Desikar community is a very ancient one which promotes the Saivite religion. This community especially focuses on Saiva Siddhanta and Thirumurai. The caste Desikar or Desigar is derived from the word pandram meaning "sage" in Tamil. There are different theories concerning the meaning of the word Pandaram. The caste Pandaram comprises two divisions, Abhishekar and Desikar. But the later name Desikar was taken as a title.

Dhikshai process

Those who lead a celibate life wear lingam. They became Saivas by getting Dhikshai.

  • "Samaya"
  • "Nirvana, Visesha"
  • "Kala sothanai"
  • "Abhishekam"

are the few stages of Dhikshai practice.

Some act as temple servants, supplying flowers for God and singing hymns. So, they used to be called Meikaval (Bodyguard of the God) and Oduvar (reader).

Divisions in Pandaram

Desikar is a sub-division of community known as 'Pandaram'.[1][better source needed] The Pandarathar caste is composed of respectable people. The name pandaram means valuable storing place of jewels, navarathnas stored in the temples and palaces, they are placed to maintain the jewels of temples and palaces. They are land holders, traders, sanyasis (monk), priests (guru) and managers of richly endowed temples.

These managers are commonly called Thambiran. They are all vegetarians and staunch believers of Saiva Siddantha.

Abhisheka Pandaram has to pass through few ceremonies related to Saiva Agama.

The Mendigate Pandarams, recruited from a few other classes, wear the lingam but do not abstain from eating flesh.

Some of the sub-castes of the predominant Desikar community are:

  • Desikar- head of mutt.
  • Abhisheka - person who do pooja in temple and mutt.
  • Oduvar - the reader who sing thirumurai in temple and mutt.
  • Meikaval - the staff or worker in temple or mutt.
  • thambiran - managers of mutt.

Distribution

The community is distributed throughout Tamil Nadu and also in Kerala, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Singapore. However, they form a significant proportion of population in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.

Marriage and their customs

They do not mingle with other castes by marriage; but some do marry from other castes like Saiva Vellalars and other Vellalar sub caste.

List of Adheenam / Mutts in Tamil Nadu

Desikar Mutts in brief

The pioneer who established Adheenam (Mutts, Dynasty) are known as "Desikar" or "Desikar Paramacharya", pontiff in English. Most of the pontiffs are Brahamacharis that maintain celibacy. Only a few became Samsaris. So only few mutts followed the successive pontiff by lineage. But most of the Adheenam select the pontiff by "Guru Shishya Parambara". Ancient Tamil history pronounces that Saivaite religion or sector doesn't have the casteism. After the invasion of the other races, casteism played a prominent role in the Saivaite unknowingly. So the successive pontiffs are selected or elected from the so-called various communities. Hence few of the descend from the Desika Paramacharya lineage.

Velakurichi Adeenam

Tamil Nadu is pronominally a traditional state. Here are several important and noteworthy temples apart from Math’s. Hindu Religious Charitable Endowment Department regulates and controls most of these temples through its administration. A Temple is an institution of prehistoric antiquity, having continuity of existence through centuries and through many political upheavals in the land. They have played prominent role in the history, not only in the promotion of religion but also in the promotion of social and cultural life of the people. The Law of Karma and Re-incarnation is the major belief of Hinduism.

It is one among the various institutions spreading the message of Hinduism for many centuries in south India. The founder of the velakurichi Mutt is Sathyagnana Desika Deerga Dharsinigal. He descended from ‘God Siva’ one Sri Kandaparamasivam. The Velakurichi mutt was founded in the 15th century on the banks of Thamirabarani River in Velakurichi village, a part of Ambasamudram Taluk, Thirunelvely District.

The peculiarity of the mutt, as distinct from the other mutts is, a ‘Grahastha – Sanyasi’ managing the mutt, where as the Heads of the other mutts like Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam, Kanchipuram Adheenam and Dharmapuram Adheenam are pure ‘Naistiga – Sanyasis’. By custom in succession the Velakurichi Adheenam, controls and supervise the four famous temples viz,

The adheenam is the hereditary trustee of Five temples in Thanjavur District:

  • Agniswarar Temple, Thiruppugalur
  • Utharapatheswarar Temple, Thiruchenkattankudy
  • Meganatha Swami Temple, Thirumeeyachur
  • Thiyagaraja Swami Temple of Abhiseka Kattalai
  • Annadhana Kattalai, Thiruvarur

Thuzhavoor Adheenam

Sri La Sri Gnanaprakasha desiga swamigal is current thuzhavoor aheenam.

Notables

Tamil literature

Music

Arts and cinema

References

  1. ↑ Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (2001). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. Asian Educational Services. p. 46. ISBN 9788120602885.
  2. ↑ "Large turnout of devotees at Masi Magam festival". The Hindu. 4 March 2007. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  3. ↑ murugan.org/temples/mailam.htm[bare URL]
  4. ↑ Ātīn̲am, Tiruvāvaṭutur̲ai (1970). A short history of the Thiruvavaduthurai Adheenam of Thirukkailaya Parambarai. Thiruvavaduthurai: Adheenam. OL 4080364M.
  5. ↑ "Album Archive". picasaweb.google.com. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  6. ↑ http://www.desipad.com/india-news/22591-head-kundrakudi-thiruvannamalai-mutt-escapes-unhurt-accident.html
  7. ↑ "Murugan Temple Directory". murugan.org. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  8. ↑ "bhakthibooks.info (Powered by CubeCart)". www.bhakthibooks.info. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  9. ↑ "Arulmigu Vaithianathaswamy ... vs The Hindu Religious And ... on 6 January, 2012". indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  10. ↑ www.hummaa.com/music/artist/m-m-dhandapani-desikar/22139[bare URL]
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