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{{short description|Indian missile propulsion system}} | {{short description|Indian missile propulsion system}} | ||
{{use dmy dates|date=October | {{use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}} | |||
{{Infobox weapon | {{Infobox weapon | ||
| name = Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet | | name = Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet | ||
| Line 8: | Line 9: | ||
| caption = SFDR based missile during its second flight | | caption = SFDR based missile during its second flight | ||
| type = Missile Propulsion System | | type = Missile Propulsion System | ||
| origin = India | | origin = [[India]] | ||
<!-- Type selection --> | <!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged = | ||
| is_ranged = | |||
| is_bladed = | | is_bladed = | ||
| is_explosive = | | is_explosive = | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
| is_vehicle = | | is_vehicle = | ||
| is_missile = yes | | is_missile = yes | ||
| is_UK = | | is_UK = <!-- Service history --> | ||
<!-- Service history --> | |||
| service = | | service = | ||
| used_by = | | used_by = | ||
| wars = | | wars = <!-- Production history --> | ||
<!-- Production history --> | | designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] | ||
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development | |||
| design_date = | | design_date = | ||
| manufacturer = | | manufacturer = | ||
| Line 28: | Line 26: | ||
| production_date = | | production_date = | ||
| number = | | number = | ||
| variants = | | variants = <!-- General specifications --> | ||
<!-- General specifications --> | |||
| spec_label = | | spec_label = | ||
| weight = | | weight = | ||
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| diameter = | | diameter = | ||
| crew = | | crew = | ||
| passengers = | | passengers = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> | ||
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> | |||
| cartridge = | | cartridge = | ||
| cartridge_weight = | | cartridge_weight = | ||
| Line 50: | Line 46: | ||
| max_range = | | max_range = | ||
| feed = | | feed = | ||
| sights = | | sights = <!-- Artillery specifications --> | ||
<!-- Artillery specifications --> | |||
| breech = | | breech = | ||
| recoil = | | recoil = | ||
| carriage = | | carriage = | ||
| elevation = | | elevation = | ||
| traverse = | | traverse = <!-- Bladed weapon specifications --> | ||
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications --> | |||
| blade_type = | | blade_type = | ||
| hilt_type = | | hilt_type = | ||
| sheath_type = | | sheath_type = | ||
| head_type = | | head_type = | ||
| haft_type = | | haft_type = <!-- Explosive specifications --> | ||
<!-- Explosive specifications --> | |||
| filling = | | filling = | ||
| filling_weight = | | filling_weight = | ||
| detonation = | | detonation = | ||
| yield = | | yield = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> | ||
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> | |||
| armour = | | armour = | ||
| primary_armament = | | primary_armament = | ||
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| speed = Mach 4.5 | | speed = Mach 4.5 | ||
| guidance = | | guidance = | ||
| steering = | | steering = <!-- Missiles only --> | ||
<!-- Missiles only --> | |||
| wingspan = | | wingspan = | ||
| propellant = | | propellant = | ||
| ceiling = | | ceiling = | ||
| altitude = 20 km | | altitude = 20 km,8 km | ||
| boost = | | boost = | ||
| depth = | | depth = | ||
| accuracy = | | accuracy = | ||
| launch_platform = | | launch_platform = | ||
| transport = | | transport = <!-- For all --> | ||
<!-- For all --> | |||
| ref = <ref name=pib2 /><ref name=drdo /> | | ref = <ref name=pib2 /><ref name=drdo /> | ||
}} | }} | ||
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The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> It is an extremely long-range missile with a projected range of 350 km.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO joins exclusive club after long-range air-to-air missile test|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-joins-exclusive-club-after-long-range-air-to-air-missile-test-121030501399_1.html|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay|website=FORCE India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|archive-date=29 May 2018|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> | The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> It is an extremely long-range missile with a projected range of 350 km.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO joins exclusive club after long-range air-to-air missile test|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-joins-exclusive-club-after-long-range-air-to-air-missile-test-121030501399_1.html|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay|website=FORCE India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|archive-date=29 May 2018|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> | ||
Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian | Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian air-to-air missiles.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" /> | ||
In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" /> | In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" /> | ||
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* SFDR was tested for the first time on 30 May 2018. This test demonstrated a nozzle-less booster for the first time in India.<ref name=pib1>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179682|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=31 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the missile had failed to activate the second [[ramjet]] engine stage during the test.<ref name="et">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-tastes-only-partial-success-in-ramjet-test/articleshow/64423073.cms|title=India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-06-02|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> | * SFDR was tested for the first time on 30 May 2018. This test demonstrated a nozzle-less booster for the first time in India.<ref name=pib1>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179682|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=31 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the missile had failed to activate the second [[ramjet]] engine stage during the test.<ref name="et">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-tastes-only-partial-success-in-ramjet-test/articleshow/64423073.cms|title=India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-06-02|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> | ||
*The second test of the missile occurred on 8 February 2019, where its ramjet engine was successfully tested. The missile finally touched the ground after achieving the desired [[Mach number]].<ref name=pib2>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> | *The second test of the missile occurred on 8 February 2019, where its ramjet engine was successfully tested. The missile finally touched the ground after achieving the desired [[Mach number]].<ref name=pib2>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> | ||
* DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur on 5 March 2021. "All subsystems, including the ground booster motor, performed as per our expectations, | * DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in [[Odisha]]'s [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]] on 5 March 2021. "''All subsystems, including the ground booster motor, performed as per our expectations''", DRDO officials said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/drdo-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-technology-in-odisha-chandipur/728485|title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur|date=5 March 2021|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=2021-03-05}}</ref> | ||
* Another successful test was carried out on 8 April 2022 .The test demonstrated reliable functioning of all critical components involved in the complex missile system and met all the mission objectives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another feat for DRDO as India successfully flight tests missile system SFDR booster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/08/another-feat-for-drdo-as-india-successfully-flight-tests-missile-system-sfdr-booster-2439610.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}} | |||
* [[Astra (missile)]] | * [[Astra (missile)]] | ||
* [[K-100 (missile)]] | * [[K-100 (missile)]] | ||