INS Khukri (F149): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Blackwood-class frigate}}
{{Short description|Blackwood-class frigate}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Other ships|INS Khukri}}
{{Other ships|INS Khukri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
{{Infobox ship image
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|Hide header=
|Hide header=
|Ship country=India
|Ship country=India
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval 1950}}
|Ship name=INS ''Khukri''<ref name=Janes1961i>{{cite book|editor-last=Blackman |editor-first=Raymond VB |title=Jane's Fighting Ships, 1961-62 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd |pages=114}}</ref>
|Ship name=INS ''Khukri''<ref name=Janes1961i>{{cite book|editor-last=Blackman |editor-first=Raymond VB |title=Jane's Fighting Ships, 1961-62 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd |pages=114}}</ref>
|Ship namesake=[[Khukri]]
|Ship namesake=[[Khukri]]
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|Ship identification=[[Pennant number]]: F149
|Ship identification=[[Pennant number]]: F149
|Ship fate=Torpedoed and sunk by Pakistan Navy submarine PNS ''Hangor'' on 9 December 1971
|Ship fate=Torpedoed and sunk by Pakistan Navy submarine PNS ''Hangor'' on 9 December 1971
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
|Ship notes=
}}
}}
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|Hide header=
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass-|Blackwood|frigate}}<ref name=russellphillip />
|Ship class={{sclass|Blackwood|frigate}}<ref name=russellphillip />
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement={{convert|1,180|LT|t|abbr=on}} full load<ref name=russellphillip />
|Ship displacement={{convert|1,180|LT|t|abbr=on}} full load<ref name=russellphillip />
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*Sonar Type 170 targeting
*Sonar Type 170 targeting
|Ship EW=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*3 × [[Bofors 40 mm gun|40 mm Bofors gun Mark 7]] (quarterdeck mount later removed)<ref name=russellphillip />
|Ship armament=*3 × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm Bofors gun Mark 7]] (quarterdeck mount later removed)<ref name=russellphillip />
*2 × [[Limbo (weapon)|Limbo Mark 10]] A/S mortars<ref name=russellphillip />
*2 × [[Limbo (weapon)|Limbo Mark 10]] A/S mortars<ref name=russellphillip />
|Ship armour=
|Ship armour=
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'''INS ''Khukri''''' was a [[Blackwood-class frigate|Type 14 (''Blackwood''-class)]]  [[frigate]] of the [[Indian Navy]].  She was sunk off the coast of [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] by the [[Pakistan Navy]] {{sclass-|Daphné|submarine|0}} submarine {{ship|PNS|Hangor|S131|2}} on 9 December 1971 during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].  This was the first warship sunk in action by a submarine since [[World War II]]. It remains the post-Independence Indian navy's only warship to be lost in war to date.<ref name=russellphillip /><ref name="navalforces"/>
'''INS ''Khukri''''' was a [[Blackwood-class frigate|Type 14 (''Blackwood''-class)]]  [[frigate]] of the [[Indian Navy]].  She was sunk off the coast of [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] by the [[Pakistan Navy]] {{sclass|Daphné|submarine|0}} submarine {{ship|PNS|Hangor|S131|2}} on 9 December 1971 during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].  This was the first warship sunk in action by a submarine since [[World War II]]. It remains the post-Independence Indian navy's only warship to be lost in war.<ref name=russellphillip /><ref name="navalforces"/>


{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Sinking of INS ''Khukri''
| conflict          = Sinking of INS ''Khukri''
| image            =
| image            =  
| caption          =
| caption          =  
| partof            = the [[Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971|Naval Conflict]] of [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]
| partof            = the [[Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971|Naval Conflict]] of [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]
| date              = 9 December 1971
| date              = 9 December 1971
Line 88: Line 87:
| combatant2        = {{IND}}
| combatant2        = {{IND}}
----
----
{{Navy|IND}}
{{Navy|India}}
| commander1        = [[Commander]] [[Ahmed Tasnim]]
| commander1        = [[Commander]] [[Ahmed Tasnim]]
| commander2        = [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]]{{KIA}}
| commander2        = [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]]{{KIA}}
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| strength2        = INS ''Khukri'' ([[frigate]])<br>{{INS|Kirpan|1959|6}} ([[frigate]])
| strength2        = INS ''Khukri'' ([[frigate]])<br>{{INS|Kirpan|1959|6}} ([[frigate]])
| casualties1      = ''None''
| casualties1      = ''None''
| casualties2      = INS ''Khukri'' sunk<ref name=russellphillip /><br>194 killed<ref name=exp1 /><br>|
| casualties2      = INS ''Khukri'' sunk<ref name=russellphillip /><br>194<ref name=exp1 /><br>|
}}
}}


==Sinking==
==Sinking==
After the beginning of hostilities on 3 December 1971, Indian Naval radio detection equipment identified a submarine lurking about {{convert|35|mi}} south-west of Diu harbour. The 14th Frigate Squadron of the Western Fleet was dispatched to destroy the submarine.<ref name=russellphillip /> It normally consisted five ships ''Khukri'', {{INS|Kirpan|1959|2}}, ''Kalveti, Krishna'' and ''Kuthar,'' but at the time of the incident ''Kuthar''{{'}}s boiler room was being repaired in Bombay.<ref name=russellphillip /> One reason that may have prompted the decision to deploy two obsolete ''Blackwood''-class frigates against a modern ''Daphne''-class submarine was that the Indian Navy lacked sufficient numbers of anti-submarine aircraft.<ref>[http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_431.shtml Indian-Subcontinent Database]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710173052/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_431.shtml |date=10 July 2006 }}</ref>
After the beginning of hostilities on 3 December 1971, Indian Naval radio detection equipment identified a submarine lurking about {{convert|35|mi}} south-west of Diu harbour. The 14th Frigate Squadron of the Western Fleet was dispatched to destroy the submarine.<ref name=russellphillip /> It normally consisted of five ships, ''Khukri'', {{INS|Kirpan|1959|2}}, ''Kalveti, Krishna'' and ''Kuthar,'' but at the time of the incident ''Kuthar''{{'}}s boiler room was being repaired in Bombay.<ref name=russellphillip /> One reason that may have prompted the decision to deploy two obsolete ''Blackwood''-class frigates against a modern ''Daphne''-class submarine was that the Indian Navy lacked sufficient numbers of anti-submarine aircraft.<ref>[http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_431.shtml Indian-Subcontinent Database]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710173052/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_431.shtml |date=10 July 2006 }}</ref>


In the early hours of 9 December, ''Hangor'' picked up two sonar contacts in the area.<ref name=russellphillip /> The sonar and radar transmissions identified them as warships but ''Hangor'' failed to intercept them and lost contact when the range increased.<ref name=russellphillip />
The submarine sighted the squadron on the evening of 9 December.  ''Khukri'' was still not aware of the submarine's presence<ref name="brharry">{{cite web|last=Harry |first=B. |title=Loss of the INS Khukri |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/harry.html |access-date=21 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015853/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/harry.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> and continued slowly on a steady course because she was testing an improved version of the 170/174 sonar, which required a low speed to increase detection, despite the fact that moving on low speed was against Indian anti-submarine doctrine.<ref name="russellphillip">{{cite web|title=The Sinking of INS Khukri|url=http://www.russellphillipsbooks.co.uk/articles/ins-khukri.php|work=Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers Journal.|publisher=russellphillipsbooks|access-date=20 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015444/http://www.russellphillipsbooks.co.uk/articles/ins-khukri.php|archive-date=26 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> At 19:57 ''Hangor'' fired a homing torpedo on a sonar approach at ''Kirpan''.<ref name="russellphillip" /> The torpedo did not explode<ref name="brharry" /><ref name="interviewtasneem" /> and was detected by ''Kirpan'' which turned away and fired anti-submarine mortars.<ref name="russellphillip" />  ''Khukri'' increased its speed and turned towards the submarine, which then fired a second torpedo directed at ''Khukri''.<ref name="russellphillip" /> The torpedo struck ''Khukri'' and exploded under its oil tanks.<ref name="russellphillip" /><ref name="brharry" />  According to the Pakistani submarine captain, Commander [[Ahmed Tasnim]], the ship sank within two minutes.<ref name="interviewtasneem">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101223133653/http://www.zimbio.com/member/Pakistan1947/articles/4112973/Vice%2BAdmiral%2BTasneem Interview with Vice Admiral Tasneem, December 2008]</ref> Other sources claim that ''Khukri'' was struck by three torpedoes before going down.<ref>Friedman, Norman (1984). ''Submarine design and development''. Conway Maritime, p. 188</ref>


The submarine sighted the squadron on the evening of 9 December.  ''Khukri'' was still not aware of the submarine's presence<ref name=brharry>{{cite web|last=Harry |first=B. |title=Loss of the INS Khukri |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/harry.html |access-date=21 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015853/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/harry.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> and continued slowly on a steady course because she was testing an improved version of the 170/174 sonar, which required a low speed to increase detection, despite the fact that moving on low speed was against Indian anti-submarine doctrine.<ref name=russellphillip>{{cite web|title=The Sinking of INS Khukri|url=http://www.russellphillipsbooks.co.uk/articles/ins-khukri.php|work=Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers Journal.|publisher=russellphillipsbooks|access-date=20 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015444/http://www.russellphillipsbooks.co.uk/articles/ins-khukri.php|archive-date=26 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> At 19:57 ''Hangor'' fired a homing torpedo on a sonar approach at ''Kirpan''.<ref name=russellphillip /> The torpedo failed to explode<ref name=brharry /><ref name="interviewtasneem" /> and was detected by ''Kirpan'' which turned away and fired anti-submarine mortars.<ref name=russellphillip />  ''Khukri'' increased its speed and turned towards the submarine, which then fired a second torpedo directed at ''Khukri''.<ref name=russellphillip />  The torpedo struck ''Khukri'' and exploded under its oil tanks.<ref name=russellphillip /><ref name=brharry />  According to the Pakistani submarine captain, Commander [[Ahmed Tasnim]], the ship sank within two minutes.<ref name="interviewtasneem">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101223133653/http://www.zimbio.com/member/Pakistan1947/articles/4112973/Vice%2BAdmiral%2BTasneem Interview with Vice Admiral Tasneem, December 2008] </ref> Other sources claim that ''Khukri'' was struck by three torpedoes before going down.<ref>Friedman, Norman (1984). ''Submarine design and development''. Conway Maritime, p. 188</ref>
After a few minutes, ''Kirpan'' attacked ''Hangor'' with depth charges, as her anti-submarine mortars were no long functional.<ref name="russellphillip" /> ''Hangor'' then fired a final torpedo at ''Kirpan'' before leaving the area.<ref name="russellphillip" /><ref name="brharry" />  ''Hangor'' patrolled the region for the next four days before returning safely to her berth.
 
After a few minutes, ''Kirpan'' turned back to attack ''Hangor'' with depth charges, as her anti-submarine mortars had broken down.<ref name=russellphillip /> ''Hangor'' then fired another torpedo at ''Kirpan'' before turning away.<ref name=russellphillip /><ref name=brharry />  ''Hangor'' patrolled the region for the next four days before returning safely to her berth.


==Casualties==
==Casualties==
To date, ''Khukri'' is the only ship lost in combat in the history of the Indian Navy.<ref name=russellphillip /><ref name="navalforces">[http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313093601/http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp |date=13 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="ojnews">{{cite web |url=http://www.ojnewscom.com/index.php?page=newsDetail&id=4446 |title=Why they chose to go down with the ship? |last=Wattal |first=Ameeta Mulla |publisher=OjNewsCom |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> 18 officers and 176 sailors were lost in the sinking.<ref name="navalforces"/><ref name="ojnews"/> The captain, [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]], was among the casualties the only Indian captain to go down with a vessel. He was posthumously awarded India's second-highest military honour, the [[Maha Vir Chakra]].<ref name="navalforces"/><ref name="ojnews"/>
''Khukri'' is the only ship lost in combat in the history of the Indian Navy.<ref name=russellphillip /><ref name="navalforces">[http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313093601/http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp |date=13 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="ojnews">{{cite web |url=http://www.ojnewscom.com/index.php?page=newsDetail&id=4446 |title=Why they chose to go down with the ship? |last=Wattal |first=Ameeta Mulla |publisher=OjNewsCom |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> Eighteen officers and 176 other sailors were killed.<ref name="navalforces"/><ref name="ojnews"/> The captain, [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]], was among the casualties and is the only Indian captain to go down with a vessel as INS Khukri is the only warship of Indian navy lost in combat. He was posthumously awarded India's second-highest military honour, the [[Maha Vir Chakra]].<ref name="navalforces"/><ref name="ojnews"/>


There is a memorial to the sailors in [[Diu, India|Diu]]. The memorial consists of a scale model of ''Khukri'' encased in a glass house, placed atop a hillock facing the sea. The memorial was inaugurated by Vice Admiral [[Madhvendra Singh]] as the flag officer commanding-in-chief.<ref name=exp1>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153894 Two-day ceremony at Navy’s Diu memorial] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425031811/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153894 |date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
There is a memorial to the sailors in [[Diu, India|Diu]]. The memorial consists of a scale model of ''Khukri'' encased in a glass house, placed atop a hillock facing the sea. The memorial was inaugurated by Vice Admiral [[Madhvendra Singh]] as the flag officer commanding-in-chief.<ref name=exp1>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153894 Two-day ceremony at Navy’s Diu memorial] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425031811/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153894 |date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
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==Controversy==
==Controversy==
Responsibility for errors by Indian naval officers related to the sinking has caused some controversy.  The naval officer who led the inquiry into the sinking, Benoy Bhushan, has claimed that India's official naval history invented fictional accounts to cover up bungling and a surviving sailor from the frigate, Chanchal Singh Gill, has called for an investigation and withdrawal of gallantry awards to negligent officers in the squadron.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Khukri-sinking-Probe-officer-terms-row-silly-fiction/articleshow/7233771.cms |title=Khukri sinking: Probe officer terms row 'silly fiction' |newspaper=Times of India |last=Sura |first=Ajay |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>
Responsibility for errors by Indian naval officers related to the sinking has caused some controversy.  The naval officer who led the inquiry into the sinking, Benoy Bhushan, has claimed that India's official naval history invented fictional accounts to cover up bungling and a surviving sailor from the frigate, Chanchal Singh Gill, has called for an investigation and withdrawal of gallantry awards to negligent officers in the squadron.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Khukri-sinking-Probe-officer-terms-row-silly-fiction/articleshow/7233771.cms |title=Khukri sinking: Probe officer terms row 'silly fiction' |newspaper=Times of India |last=Sura |first=Ajay |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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* [[List of military disasters]]
* [[List of military disasters]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]
{{col div end}}
{{div col end}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
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* {{cite book|last=Mankekar |first=D.R. |title=Twenty-Two Fateful Days: Pakistan Cut to Size. |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indian Book Co. |date=1972}}
* {{cite book|last=Mankekar |first=D.R. |title=Twenty-Two Fateful Days: Pakistan Cut to Size. |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indian Book Co. |date=1972}}
* {{cite book|last=Roy |first=Mihir K. |title=War in the Indian Ocean |publisher=Lancer International |date=1995}}
* {{cite book|last=Roy |first=Mihir K. |title=War in the Indian Ocean |publisher=Lancer International |date=1995}}
*{{cite journal |title=Indian Navy - Blackwood Class Type 14 Frigates |journal=Marine News Supplement: Warships|name-list-style=amp |date=May 2022 |volume=76 |issue=5|pages=S277–S281 |issn=0966-6958}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{1971 shipwrecks}}
{{1971 shipwrecks}}
{{Frigates_of_the_Indian_Navy}}
{{Frigates of the Indian Navy}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khukri}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khukri}}
[[Category:Blackwood-class frigates of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Blackwood-class frigates of the Indian Navy]]

Revision as of 02:10, 5 September 2022


For other ships with the same name, see INS Khukri.

INS Khukri underway
History
India
Name: INS Khukri[1]
Namesake: Khukri
Builder: J. Samuel White, Cowes
Laid down: 29 December 1955
Launched: 20 November 1956
Commissioned: 16 July 1958
Identification: Pennant number: F149
Fate: Torpedoed and sunk by Pakistan Navy submarine PNS Hangor on 9 December 1971
General characteristics
Class and type: -class frigate[2]
Displacement: 1,180 long tons (1,200 t) full load[2]
Length: 300 ft (91 m)pp 310 ft (94 m)oa[2]
Beam: 33 ft (10 m)[2]
Draught: 15.5 ft (4.7 m)[2]
Propulsion: Y-100 plant; 2 x Babcock & Wilcox boilers, steam turbines on 1 shaft, 15,000 shp (11 MW)
Speed: 27.8 knots (51 km/h) maximum, 24.5 knots (45 km/h) sustained[2]
Range: 5,200 nautical miles (9,630 km) at 12 knots (22 km/h)
Complement: 150[2]
Sensors and
processing systems:
  • Radar Type 974 navigation
  • Sonar Type 174 search
  • Sonar Type 162 target classification
  • Sonar Type 170 targeting
Armament:

INS Khukri was a Type 14 (Blackwood-class) frigate of the Indian Navy. She was sunk off the coast of Diu, Gujarat, India by the Pakistan Navy -class submarine Hangor on 9 December 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. This was the first warship sunk in action by a submarine since World War II. It remains the post-Independence Indian navy's only warship to be lost in war.[2][3]

Sinking of INS Khukri
Part of the Naval Conflict of Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
Date9 December 1971
Location
Arabian sea
Result INS Khukhri sank[2]
Belligerents

 Pakistan

 Pakistan Navy

 India

 Indian Navy
Commanders and leaders
Commander Ahmed Tasnim Captain Mahendra Nath Mulla †
Strength
PNS Hangor (submarine) INS Khukri (frigate)
INS Kirpan (frigate)
Casualties and losses
None INS Khukri sunk[2]
194[4]

Sinking

After the beginning of hostilities on 3 December 1971, Indian Naval radio detection equipment identified a submarine lurking about 35 miles (56 km) south-west of Diu harbour. The 14th Frigate Squadron of the Western Fleet was dispatched to destroy the submarine.[2] It normally consisted of five ships, Khukri, Kirpan, Kalveti, Krishna and Kuthar, but at the time of the incident Kuthar's boiler room was being repaired in Bombay.[2] One reason that may have prompted the decision to deploy two obsolete Blackwood-class frigates against a modern Daphne-class submarine was that the Indian Navy lacked sufficient numbers of anti-submarine aircraft.[5]

The submarine sighted the squadron on the evening of 9 December. Khukri was still not aware of the submarine's presence[6] and continued slowly on a steady course because she was testing an improved version of the 170/174 sonar, which required a low speed to increase detection, despite the fact that moving on low speed was against Indian anti-submarine doctrine.[2] At 19:57 Hangor fired a homing torpedo on a sonar approach at Kirpan.[2] The torpedo did not explode[6][7] and was detected by Kirpan which turned away and fired anti-submarine mortars.[2] Khukri increased its speed and turned towards the submarine, which then fired a second torpedo directed at Khukri.[2] The torpedo struck Khukri and exploded under its oil tanks.[2][6] According to the Pakistani submarine captain, Commander Ahmed Tasnim, the ship sank within two minutes.[7] Other sources claim that Khukri was struck by three torpedoes before going down.[8]

After a few minutes, Kirpan attacked Hangor with depth charges, as her anti-submarine mortars were no long functional.[2] Hangor then fired a final torpedo at Kirpan before leaving the area.[2][6] Hangor patrolled the region for the next four days before returning safely to her berth.

Casualties

Khukri is the only ship lost in combat in the history of the Indian Navy.[2][3][9] Eighteen officers and 176 other sailors were killed.[3][9] The captain, Mahendra Nath Mulla, was among the casualties and is the only Indian captain to go down with a vessel as INS Khukri is the only warship of Indian navy lost in combat. He was posthumously awarded India's second-highest military honour, the Maha Vir Chakra.[3][9]

There is a memorial to the sailors in Diu. The memorial consists of a scale model of Khukri encased in a glass house, placed atop a hillock facing the sea. The memorial was inaugurated by Vice Admiral Madhvendra Singh as the flag officer commanding-in-chief.[4]

INS Khukri during an execise with Indonesian Navy in 1960
Model of Khukri at the INS Khukri memorial, Diu
INS Khukri memorial, Diu

Controversy

Responsibility for errors by Indian naval officers related to the sinking has caused some controversy. The naval officer who led the inquiry into the sinking, Benoy Bhushan, has claimed that India's official naval history invented fictional accounts to cover up bungling and a surviving sailor from the frigate, Chanchal Singh Gill, has called for an investigation and withdrawal of gallantry awards to negligent officers in the squadron.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Blackman, Raymond VB (ed.). Jane's Fighting Ships, 1961-62. Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd. p. 114.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 "The Sinking of INS Khukri". Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers Journal. russellphillipsbooks. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 [1] Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Two-day ceremony at Navy’s Diu memorial Archived 25 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Indian-Subcontinent Database Archived 10 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Harry, B. "Loss of the INS Khukri". Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Interview with Vice Admiral Tasneem, December 2008
  8. ↑ Friedman, Norman (1984). Submarine design and development. Conway Maritime, p. 188
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Wattal, Ameeta Mulla (9 December 2010). "Why they chose to go down with the ship?". OjNewsCom. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  10. ↑ Sura, Ajay (7 January 2011). "Khukri sinking: Probe officer terms row 'silly fiction'". Times of India. Retrieved 7 June 2022.

References

  • Mankekar, D.R. (1972). Twenty-Two Fateful Days: Pakistan Cut to Size. New Delhi: Indian Book Co.
  • Roy, Mihir K. (1995). War in the Indian Ocean. Lancer International.
  • "Indian Navy - Blackwood Class Type 14 Frigates". Marine News Supplement: Warships. 76 (5): S277–S281. May 2022. ISSN 0966-6958.

External links

20°16′38″N 70°59′37″E / 20.27722°N 70.99361°E / 20.27722; 70.99361 Template:Blackwood class frigate

Template:1971 shipwrecks

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