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| {{short description|Different versions of the Indian epic poem Ramayana}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Versions of the Ramayana]] |
| {{DISPLAYTITLE:Versions of ''Ramayana''}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
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| [[File:Rama and Hanuman fighting Ravana, an album painting on paper, c1820.jpg|thumb|[[Rama]] (right), seated on the shoulders of [[Hanuman]], battles the demon-king [[Ravana]].]] | |
| Depending on the methods of counting, as many as three hundred<ref>[[Camille Bulcke]], Ramkatha: Utpatti aur Vikās (The Rāma story: Original and development), Prayāg: Hindī Pariṣad Prakāśan, 1950.</ref><ref>A. K. Ramanujan, "[[Three hundred Rāmāyaṇas: Five examples and Three thoughts on Translation|Three hundred Rāmāyaṇas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation]]", in Paula Richman (ed.), Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1991, p. 48, note 3.</ref> versions of the [[Hindu epics|Indian Hindu epic poem]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'', are known to exist. The oldest version is generally recognized to be the [[Sanskrit]] version attributed to the sage [[Narada]], the ''Mula Ramayana''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC|title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature: Being an Elaborate Account of All Branches of Classical Sanskrit Literature, with Full Epigraphical and Archaeological Notes and References, an Introduction Dealing with Language, Philology, and Chronology, and Index of Authors & Works|author=M. Srinivasachariar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|year=1989|page=74|isbn=9788120802841}}</ref> Narada passed on the knowledge to [[Valmiki]], who authored Valmiki Ramayana, the present oldest available version of Ramayana.
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| The ''Ramayana'' has spread to many Asian countries outside of India, including [[Burma]], [[Indonesia]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Philippines]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Japan]], [[Mongolia]], [[Vietnam]] and [[China]].<ref name="Ramayana in Asia">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/ramayanas-retold-in-asia/article2909774.ece|title=Ramayana(s) retold in Asia |date=19 February 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Ramayana History">{{cite news|url=http://hinduonline.co/Articles/HinduHistory/StoryOfRama.html|title=History of Rama and Ramayan |date=2010|publisher=Hindu Online|access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> The original Valmiki version has been adapted or translated into various regional languages, which have often been marked more or less by plot twists and thematic adaptations. Some of the important adaptations of the classic tale include the 12th-century [[Tamil language]] ''[[Ramavataram]]'', 14th-century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language ''[[Sri Ranganatha Ramayanam]]'', the [[Khmer language|Khmer]] ''[[Reamker]]'', the [[Javanese language#Old Javanese|Old Javanese]] ''[[Kakawin Ramayana]]'', and the [[Thai language|Thai]] ''[[Ramakien]]'', the [[Lao language|Lao]] ''[[Phra Lak Phra Lam]]'', and the [[Burmese language|Burmese]] ''[[Yama Zatdaw]]''.
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| The manifestation of the core themes of the original ''Ramayana'' is far broader even than can be understood from a consideration of the different languages in which it appears, as its essence has been expressed in a diverse array of regional cultures and artistic mediums. For instance, the ''Ramayana'' has been expressed or interpreted in ''Lkhaon'' [[Khmer dance]] theatre, in the [[Mappila Songs]] of the [[Muslim]]s of [[Kerala]] and [[Lakshadweep]],<ref name="mappila">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081201210200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105012821/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081201210200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 January 2007|title=A different song |date=12 August 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 May 2009}}</ref> in the Indian [[opera]]tic tradition of [[Yakshagana]], and in the epic paintings still extant on, for instance, the walls of [[Thailand]]'s [[Wat Phra Kaew]] palace temple. In [[Indonesia]], the tales of the ''Ramayana'' appear reflected in traditional dance performances such as [[Ramayana Ballet|Sendratari Ramayana]] and [[Kecak]], masked danced drama, and ''[[Wayang]]'' shadow puppetry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orias.berkeley.edu/SEARama/RamaIndonesia.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009093111/http://orias.berkeley.edu/SEARama/RamaIndonesia.htm |archive-date=9 October 2009 }}</ref> [[Angkor Wat]] in [[Siem Reap]] also has mural scenes from the epic Battle of Lanka on one of its outer walls.
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| ==Sanskrit versions==
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| Below are a few of the most prominent Sanskrit versions of the Ramayana. Some primarily recount Valmiki's narrative, while others focus more on peripheral stories and/or philosophical expositions:
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| * '''[[Adhyatma Ramayana]]''' or spiritual Ramayana is extracted from the [[Brahmanda Purana]], traditionally ascribed to [[Vyasa]]. It is thought to be the inspiration for [[Tulsidas]]’ [[Ramcharitmanas]] in Awadhi. While the Valmiki Ramayana emphasizes Rama's human nature, the Adhyatam Ramayana tells the story from the perspective of his divinity. It is organized into seven Kandas, parallel to Valmiki's.
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| * '''Vasistha Ramayana''' (more commonly known as '''[[Yoga Vasistha]]''') is traditionally attributed to [[Valmiki]]. It is principally a dialogue between [[Vasistha]] and [[Rama]] in which Vasistha advances many of the principle tenets of [[Advaita Vedanta]]. It includes many anecdotes and illustrative stories, but does not recount Valmiki's story of Rama in detail.
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| * '''Vasudevahiṇḍī''' (circa 4th century CE) authored around 4th-5th century CE by Saṅghadāsagaṇī Vāchaka, in Maharashtra Prakrit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Jagdishchandra |title=Some Old Tales and Episodes in the Vasudevahindi |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1979 |volume=60 |issue=1/4 |pages=167–173 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41692302.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ad317f11e90e578f5f716627c738db280 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>
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| * '''Daśagrīvā Rākṣasa Charitrām Vadham''' (circa 6th century CE) this manuscript from Kolkata contains five kandas: Balakanda and Uttarakanda are missing. This version portrays Rama as more of a human than God.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/6th-century-Ramayana-found-in-Kolkata-stuns-scholars/articleshow/50227724.cms |title=6th-century Ramayana found in Kolkata, stuns scholars |author=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 December 2015 }}</ref>
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| * '''Laghu Yoga Vasishtha''' (circa 10th century) by Abhinanda of Kashmir, is an abbreviated version of the original Yoga Vasistha.<ref>Leslie, Julia (2003). Authority and meaning in Indian religions: Hinduism and the case of Vālmīki. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. {{ISBN|0-7546-3431-0}}.</ref>
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| * '''[[Ananda Ramayana]]''' (circa 15th century CE) this is traditionally attributed to Valmiki. While it briefly recounts the traditional story of Rama, it is composed primarily of stories peripheral, though related, to Valmiki's narrative. This ramayana treats the last years of Rama's life and includes Ravana's abduction of Sita and Rama's installation of the [[Lingam|Shiva Lingam]] at [[Rameswaram]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Ananda Ramayana | publisher=Parimal Publications | year= 2006}}</ref>
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| * '''Agastya Ramayana''' is also traditionally attributed to Agastya.
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| * '''[[Adbhuta Ramayana]]''', traditionally attributed to Valmiki, includes related stories of Rama. Its emphasis is on the role of Sita, and includes an expanded story of the circumstances of her birth as well as an account of her defeat of Ravana's elder brother, known as Mahiravana and with 1000 heads.
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| * The Ramayana story is also recounted within other Sanskrit texts, including: the '''[[Mahabharata]]''' (in the Ramokhyana Parva of the Vana Parva);<ref>{{cite book| title = Mahabharata | publisher=Parimal Publications | year= 2006 }}</ref> '''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''' contains a concise account of Rama's story in its ninth skandha;<ref>{{cite book|title = Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana | publisher=Gita Press, Gorakhpur | isbn= 81-293-0155-5}}</ref> brief versions also appear in the [[Vishnu Purana]] as well as in the [[Agni Purana]].
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| * An eleventh-century Sanskrit play entitled '''Mahanataka''' by Hanumat relates the story of Rama in nine, ten, or fourteen acts, depending on recension.<ref>{{cite book|last= Schuyler|first=Montgomery |title=A bibliography of the Sanskrit drama: with an introductory sketch of the dramatic literature of India|year= 1877|publisher=Columbia University Press, the Macmillan Company, agents}}</ref>
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| ==In Sanskrit drama==
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| *'''Pratima Natak''' by [[Bhāsa]] starts with Rama's coronation, which is stopped by [[Kaikeyi]], and Rama's exile, which leads to [[Dasharatha|Dasratha]]'s death. When Bharat arrives at Ayodhya he sees the statue of his father with his ancestors and thus knows Dasratha is dead. In this play Kaikeyi means to say she wants Rama for exiled for fourteen days but by mistake says fourteen years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/BhasasPratimaNatakam|title=Pratima Nataka of Bhasa}}</ref>
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| *'''Abhiseka Nataka''' of Bhasa start with killing of Bali then Rama meet varuna for cross ocean. After killing Rawana, Rama take fire test of sita for her Chastity and finally end with coronation of Rama in Ayodhya.
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| *'''Yagna-falam''' of Bhasa which start with Dasratha enjoyment for Birth of his sons from yagna ; then viswamitra take him Rama and Lakshman for save his yagna from Demons. Viswamitra take them Mithila for yagna of janaka and Rama married sita.
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| *'''Kundamala''' of Dinnaga based on uttara-ramayana. Sita exiled by Rama and sita take vow she give kundamala or Garland to river for safe Birth of her son. Sita gave birth two twins. This twins sing ramayana in Rama's court and finally Rama meet his family.
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| *'''Mahaviracharita''' of Bhavabhuti based on Ramayana. This play start with Rama came in Hermitage of visvamitra and end with coronation of Rama.
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| *'''[[Uttararamacarita|Uttara-rama-charita]]''' of Bhavabhuti based on later life Rama. Play start with sita blessed by sage astavkara then Rama show picture gallery with sita. Durmukha tell him rumours about sita's Chastity so sita exiled and she given Birth twins. Janaka and kaushlaya meet in Hermitage of valmiki. Twins fight with army of Rama who protect horse of Ashwamedha. Finally valmiki arranged drama and Rama know about his family.
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| *'''Janaka jananada''' of kalya Lakshmi Narsingh based on Ramayana of jaimini Ashwamedha. In this play Rama's sons Lava and Kusha fight with army of Rama who protect horse of Ashwamedha. only Three mss of this play survived. It is very rare play because only four play are based on uttara-ramayana.
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| *'''Chalita-Rama''' based on Rama's later life written in 9th century. In this play surpanakha planned plot and sita exiled But today we not found any mss of play.
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| *'''Ramabhyudaya''' of Yashovarman in six acts written during 7th century A.D.
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| *'''Ramabhyudaya''' of Ramadeva vyasa in two acts written during 15th century A.D.
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| *'''Swapana-Dasanana''' of Bhimata-based Dream of Rawana written around 6th or 7th century A.D.
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| *'''Maithili-kalyana''' of Hastimalla based on marriage of sita written around 9th century A.D.
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| *'''Uddata-Raghava''' by Mayu-raja also called Anagaharsha written around 8th century A.D.
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| *'''Ascharya-choodamani''' of Shaktibhadra written around 9th century based on Ramayana.
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| *'''Kritya-Rawana''' written during 9th century.
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| *'''Maya-puspaka''' written during 9th century.
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| *'''Rama-Charita''' drama based on Ramayana written during 9th century.
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| *'''Ramananada''' of shrigadita based on Ramayana written during 9th century.
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| *'''Anargha-Raghava''' of Murari written during 9th or 10th century.
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| *'''Bala-Ramyana''' of Raj-shekhara in ten acts written during 9th or 10th century.
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| *'''Abhinava-Raghava''' of kshiraswamin written during 10th century.
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| *'''Vali-Vadha''' written during 10th century. It is preksanka type drama.
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| *'''Marica-Vancitaka''' give ramayana story in five acts written during 11th century.
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| *'''Prasana-Raghava''' of Jayadeva is a drama in seven acts written around 12th century.
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| *'''Raghu-vilasa''' of Ramachandra written around 12th century.
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| *'''Raghavabhyudaya''' of Ramachandra written around 12th century. There are other three dramas of same name i by '''Gangadhara''' (1294 – 1325 A.D.), '''Bhagavan Raya''' and '''venkatesvara'''.
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| *'''Janaki-Raghava''' written around 12th century. Another '''Janaki-Ragava''' of Yuvraja ramasinha written in 1625 A.D.
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| *'''Rama-vikrama''' also is a lost Ramayana drama known only through the reference made to it by Sagaranandin. It is most likely a work of the 12th century A.D.
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| *'''Dutangada''' of Subhata. The Prologue of this play states that it was represented at the court of Tribhuvanapala, a Calukya king of Anhilvad who reigned in 1242–1243 A.D., at a spring festival held in honour of the dead king Kumarapala who restored the saiva temple of Devapattana in Kathiawad. Another '''Dutangada''' of Ramachandra.
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| *'''Amogha-raghava''' is a lost Ramayana-drama known only through the reference made to it by singabhupala. It may be assigned to the 13th century A.D.
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| *'''Abhirama-raghava''' is lost Ramayana-drama known only through the reference made to it by singabhupala. It seems to belong to the 13th cen. A.D
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| *'''Ullagha-raghava''' of Somesvara is a Ramayana drama belonging to the 13th century A.D. Somesvara . He was the- court-poet of Viradhavala and of Gujarat (1219–1271 A.D.). the Ms. of this drama is preserved in Baroda library.
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| *'''Unmatta-raghava''' of Bhaskara written around 14th century. The Unmatta-raghava gives a curious tale of Rama. Sita enters into a garden forbidden to the womenfolk and is transformed into a gazelle. Rama wanders in her search and his maddened soliloquies.The s'age Agasta takes pity and relieves Sita of the curse of Durvasa which was the cause of her transformation because once Durvasa disturb by gazelle.
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| *'''Unmatta-raghava''' of Mahadeva sastri.
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| *'''Ananda-raghava''' is a drama on the Ramayana theme. Its author Rajacudamani Diksita was the son of Srinivasa and Kamakshi and was patronised by king Raghunatha of Tanjore. He flourished in the last part of the 16th century. Anandaraghava describes in five acts the story of Rama from his marriage to coronation.
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| *'''Abhirama-mani''' of Sundaramisra is a drama in seven acts based on Ramayana written in 1599 A.D.
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| *'''Adbhuta-darpana''' of Mahadeva is a Ramayana-drama in ten acts. Mahadeva is the son of Krsna Suri of Tanjore and belongs to the 17th century A.D.
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| *'''Janaki-parinaya''' is a Ramayana-drama by Ramabhadra Diksita also belongs to the 17th century A.D.There are two more dramas of this name, one by '''Narayana Bhatta''' and the other by '''Sitarama'''.
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| *'''Raghavananda''' is a Ramayana-drama by Venkatesvara belonging to the last quarter of the 17th century in the court of Sahaji and Serfoji of Tanjore (1684–1728).
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| *'''Sita-raghava'''
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| *'''Lalita-raghava''' is drama on the Ramayana story by Ramapani deva belonging to the middle of the 18th century A.D.
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| *'''Maha-Nataka''' of Damodara written around 11th century and second written by Madhusudana around 14th century.
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| *'''Ram-Vijay Ankiya Naat''' by Srimanta Sankardev written in the 16th century in Vrajavali language .
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| ==Regional versions==
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| [[File:Rama is shown about to offer his eyes to make up the full number - 108 - of lotus blossoms needed in the puja that he must offer to the goddess Durga to gain her blessing..jpg|thumb|Rama is shown about to offer his eyes to make up the full number – 108 – of lotus blossoms needed in the puja that he must offer to the goddess Durga to gain her blessing. Scene from Krittivasi Ramayan.]]
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| Some noteworthy examples of these additional renderings of the ''Ramayana'' tale include:
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| ;States
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| * [[Andhra Pradesh]] – The [[Sri Ranganatha Ramayanam]] was adapted by [[Gona Budda Reddy]] and is the Telugu version of the Ramayana between 1300 and 1310 A.D.. The ''Molla Ramayanamu'' was adapted by poet [[Molla (poet)|Molla]]. The most extensive work in Telugu is that of Sri Viswanadha Satyanarayana, called the Srimadramayana Kalpavrikshamu. This is a free re-telling of the Valmiki Ramayana. It was awarded the first Jnanpith award in Telugu, for which the poet was later accaimed as Kavi Samrat.
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| * [[Assam]] – The Assamese [[Saptakanda Ramayana]] or ''Katha Ramayana'' in the 14th century written by [[Madhava Kandali]].
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| [[Giti-Ramayan or Durgabari-Ramayan]] in the 16th century written by Durgavara kayastha.
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| * [[Bengal]] – The Bengali ''[[Krittivasi Ramayan]]'' written by [[Krittibas Ojha]] in the 15th century.
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| *[[Bihar]] – In Maithili language popular in the Mithila region of present Bihar, Chanda Jha(1831–1907)'s Mithila Bhasha Ramayana,www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/maithili. Lal Das(1856–1921)'s Mithilabhasha Ramayana – Rameshwar Charit Mithila Ramayan – Lal Das,www.sakshieducation.com/Civils/Story.aspx?cid=20&..> Ramlochan Sharan(1889–1971)'s Ramayana
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| * [[Goa]] – ''Ramayanu'' written by Krishnadasa Shama in the 15th century in ''[[Quelossim|Kardalipura]]'', [[Goa]] in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], manuscripts found in Portugal.<ref name="onqui">{{cite book|last= Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year= 2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788172016647|pages=317}}</ref><ref name="sama">{{cite book|last=Bhembre|first=Uday|title=Konkani bhashetalo paylo sahityakar:Krishnadas Shama|date=September 2009|publisher=Sunaparant Goa|pages=55–57}}</ref>
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| * [[Gujarat]] - The ''Tulsi-Krta Ramayana'' is a Gujarati adaptation of Tulsidas' ''Ramcharitamanas'' in the 17th century, by the poet [[Premanand Swami]].
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| * [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] – The Kashmiri ''Ramavatara Charita'' was written in the 19th century.
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| * [[Karnataka]] – The Classical [[Kannada]] versions of the Ramayana – the ''Kumudendu Ramayana''(a [[Jain]] version), written in the 13th century and the ''Kumara-Valmiki Torave Ramayana'', written in the 16th century. There is another version titled ''Ramachandra Charita Purana'' written by Nagachandra during the 12th century (1149 AD). Two prose works were written by Nanadalike Lakshminarayana ('Muddanna') entitled ''Adbhuta Ramayana'' (1895) and ''Ramaswamedham'' (1898).
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| * [[Kerala]] – The earliest known extant poetic work in Malayalam is ''Ramacharitam'', based on ''Yuddha Kanda'' written by Cheeraman 12th century. The ''Kannassa Ramayanam'' written by Niranam Rama Panicker in the 14th century, ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu]]'' written by [[Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan|Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] in the 16th century (The most popular one) and "Mappila Ramayanam." among the Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081201210200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126141959/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081201210200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-11-26|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-08-12|title=A different song}}</ref>
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| * [[Maharashtra]] – The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ''Bhavartha Ramayana'' written by Sant [[Eknath]] in the 16th century. There is also a reference of a Ramayana being translated into old Marathi during the 12th or 13th century.
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| * [[Odisha]] – The ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]'' or ''Dandi Ramayana'' composed by [[Balarama Dasa]] in early 16th century is the prevalent version in Odisha.<ref name="Ray 2007 p. 131">{{cite book | last=Ray | first=D. | title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) | publisher=Northern Book Centre | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-7211-195-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&pg=PA131 | access-date=2020-08-13 | page=131|quote=He had already completed his Jagamohan Ramayana in Oriya before coming Shri Chaitanya to Orissa . " He completed this epic at the age of thirty ( i . e . in AD 1503 )}}</ref> Another adaptation ''[[Vilanka Ramayana]]'' was written as a poem by [[Sarala Das]] in 15th century. After that Raghunath Bhanja of Gumusar wrote ''Raghunath Vilasa'', and his grandson poet [[Upendra Bhanja]] wrote ''Baidehisha Vilasa'' in 17th Century. ''Bisi Ramayana'' or ''Bichitra Ramayana'' written by Biswanath Khuntia is the most popular in stage performances as Ramleela. The Ramkatha is found in the folk and tribal traditions of Odisha.
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| * [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[Awadh]]) – The ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' was written by [[Goswami Tulsidas]] in the 16th century.
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| * [[Tamil Nadu]] – The [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] ''[[Kambaramayanam]]'', a popular version, written by poet [[Kambar (poet)|Kamban]] in the 12th century.
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| Other Languages
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| * Maithili Chanda Jha(1831–1907)'s Mithila Bhasha ''Ramayana''
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| * Lal Das(1856–1921)'s Mithilabhasha Ramayana – Rameshwar Charit Mithila Ramayan
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| * Ramlochan Sharan(1889–1971)'s ''Ramayana''
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| * [[Persian language|Persian]] version commissioned by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] in 1558–1590 and called ''Ramayana of Akbar''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.perso-indica.net/work/ramayan_of_akbar|title= Rāmāyan of Akbar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NgeTtWkD0VkC&q=persian+version+of+ramayana&pg=PR145|title=A Critical Inventory of Ramayana Studies in the World|isbn=9788172015077|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=K.|last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Satkari|year=1991}}</ref>
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| * [[Urdu]] version called the ''Pothi Ramayana'' was written in 1776.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wW3gAAAAMAAJ&q=pothi+ramayan+urdu|title=A Critical Inventory of Ramayana Studies in the World|isbn=9788172015077|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=K.|last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Satkari|year=1991}}</ref>
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| ==Versions in other Dharmic religions==
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| * [[Buddhism]] - ''Dasarata Jataka''. This version is notable for depicting Rama and Sita as siblings who marry. Such sibling marriages are a common symbolic imagery in early Buddhist literature to denote purity of a dynasty. As the Buddha is supposed to have come from the Ikshvaku clan (of Rama) this symbolised his dynastic merits.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fang |first1=Liaw Yock | title=A History of Classical Malay Literature |publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor and ISEAS |location=Jakarta |isbn=978-979-461-810-3 |year=2013}}</ref>
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| * [[Jainism]] - [[Rama in Jainism#Svayambhu.27s Paumachariyu|Paumachariyam]], the most influential among the [[Rama in Jainism|Jain versions]] is written as a polemic against Sanskrit versions asserting that all characters in the ''Ramayana'' were mere mortals who engaged in conflict over moral issues. The only superhuman feat mentioned is Ravana's ability to fly through the clouds (meghavahana). All characters are depicted as Jains and the Rama, Sita and Lakshmana visit Jain pilgrimage sites rather than ashrams (as in Valmiki ramayana) during their stay in the forest.
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| ==Versions outside India==
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| The following are among the versions of the ''Ramayana'' that have emerged outside India:
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| ;East Asia
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| * [[China]], [[Tibet]] – found in several manuscripts from Dunhuang<ref>de Jong, J.W. 1971. ‘Un fragment de l’histoire de Rāma en tibétain’ in Études tibétaines dédiées à la mémoire de Marcelle Lalou. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient; de Jong, J.W. 1977. The Tun-huang Manuscripts of the Tibetan Ramayana Story’, Indo-Iranian Journal 19:37–88, 1977; Thomas, F.W. 1929. ‘A Rāmāyaṇa Story in Tibetan from Chinese Turkestan’ in Indian Studies in Honor of [[Charles Rockwell Lanman]]: 193–212. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.</ref>
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| ** [[Yunnan]] – ''Langka Sip Hor'' ([[Tai Lü language]])
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| * [[Japan]] – ''Ramaenna'' or ''Ramaensho''
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| ;Southeast Asia
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| * [[Cambodia]] – ''[[Reamker]]''
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| * [[Indonesia]]:
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| ** [[Bali]] – ''Ramakavaca''
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| ** [[Java]] – ''[[Kakawin Ramayana]]'', ''Yogesvara Ramayana''
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| ** [[Sumatera]] – ''Ramayana Swarnadwipa''
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| * [[Laos]] – ''[[Phra Lak Phra Lam]]'', ''Gvay Dvorahbi''
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| * [[Malaysia]] – ''[[Hikayat Seri Rama]]'', ''Hikayat Maharaja Wana''
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| * [[Myanmar]] ([[Burma]]) – ''[[Yama Zatdaw]]'' ''(Yamayana)''
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| * [[Philippines]]
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| ** [[Mindanao]] – ''[[Maharadia Lawana]]'', ''Darangen'' ([[Moro people|Moro]]<!--Moro people?-->)
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| * [[Thailand]] – ''[[Ramakien]]''
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| ** [[Lan Na|Kingdom of Lan Na]] – ''Phommachak''
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| * [[singapore]]-''[[Sri Mariamman]]''
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| ;South Asia
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| * [[Nepal]] – ''Siddhi Ramayan'' ([[Nepal Bhasa]]), ''Bhanubhaktako Ramayan'' ([[Nepali language]])
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| * [[Sri Lanka]] – ''Janakiharan''
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| ==Contemporary versions==
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| <!-- Deleted image removed: (
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| [[ISBN]]|978-8185316406)[[File:Hanumantha.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Hanuman as depicted in [[Yakshagana]], popular folk art of [[Karnataka]]]] -->
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| Contemporary prose versions of the epic ''Ramayana'' include ''[[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]]'' by Dr. [[K. V. Puttappa]] in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and ''Ramayana Kalpavrikshamu'' by [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], both of which have been awarded the [[Jnanpith Award]]. A prose version called ''Geet Ramayan'' in Marathi by [[G.D. Madgulkar]] was rendered in music by [[Sudhir Phadke]] and is considered to be a masterpiece of Marathi literature. The popular Indian author [[R. K. Narayan]] wrote a shortened prose interpretation of the epic. In addition, [[Ramesh Menon (writer)|Ramesh Menon]] wrote a single-volume edition of the Ramayana, which has received praise from scholars. A short version with a somewhat contemporary feel, influenced, according to the author, by contemporary representations of guerrilla warfare, appeared in Martin Buckley's Ramayana-based travelogue, An Indian Odyssey (Random House London, 2008). C Rajgopalachari, India's only Indian Governor General, also wrote a single volume ''Ramayana'', published by Bhavans in 1957. From 1951 to 1975 a team of the [[University Grants Commission (India)]] supported researchers who worked on and published a critical edition at the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] (MSU) Oriental Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/faculty.php?fac_id=17&action=departments&sub_action=Critical%20Edition%27s%20Wing&dep_id=136|title = critical edition|website = MSU Baroda Oriental Institute}}</ref> Based on this, in 1996 an abridged translation into English, was published by writer [[Arshia Sattar]] under the Penguin publishing house [https://penguin.co.in/book/non-fiction/valmiki-ramayana/ Valmiki Ramayana]. In September 2006, the first issue of ''[[Ramayan 3392 A.D.]]'' was published by [[Virgin Comics]], featuring the ''Ramayana'' as re-envisioned by author [[Deepak Chopra]] and filmmaker [[Shekhar Kapur]].
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| Author [[Ashok Banker]], authored an eight-volume imaginative retelling based on the ''Ramayana'' which found considerable success and was credited with ushering in a new wave of interest in the epic as well as other mythological retellings. Banker's version took considerable liberties with the original Sanskrit epic yet found critical acclaim. It is claimed to be the most popular retelling of the epic currently.
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| More recently, popular Indian lyricist, music director and singer, [[Ravindra Jain]] wrote the Hindi version of Ramayan named, Ravindra Ramayan ({{ISBN|978-9351862604}}) which was published after his death. RJ Group, which was formed by [[Ravindra Jain]] and his family, has uploaded all the '''''kands''''' ([[canto]]s) of [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLh_dNkoX9E5MaU_qZsABooODWvshy3Q_g Ravindra Ramayan on YouTube].
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| The latest in the retelling of the epic is from Ravi Venugopal, a US-based NRI narrating the story from the eyes of Rama. The first volume of the I, Rama trilogy is Age of Seers and is narrated by an age old Rama who introspects his life and the events happening with a pragmatic view. The book explores new perspectives of several characters and tries to give a scientific lift to the ancient epic.
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| ===Screen===
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| The ''Ramayana'' has been adapted on screen as well, most notably as the television series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' by producer [[Ramanand Sagar]], which is based primarily on the ''Ramcharitmanas'' and Valmiki's ''Ramayana'' and, at the time, was the most popular series in Indian television history. In the late 1990s, [[Sanjay Khan]] made a series called ''Jai Hanuman'', recounting tales from the life of Hanuman and related characters from the ''Ramayana''.
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| A Japanese animated film called ''[[Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama]]'' was released in 1992. US animation artist [[Nina Paley]] retold the ''Ramayana'' from Sita's point of view (with a secondary story about Paley's own marriage) in the animated musical ''[[Sita Sings the Blues]]''. An Indian animated film called [[Ramayana: The Epic]] was released in October 2010. The Stories Without Borders Production Company has a documentary in production about different versions of the ''Ramayana'' and a second India epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', across South and Southeast Asia that is slated to film begin filming in 2014.
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| In 2015,star plus hosted [[Siya Ke Ram|Siya ke Ram]],a retelling of ''Ramayana'' from Sita's POV.
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| ===Stage===
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| Starting in 1978, and under the supervision of [[Baba Hari Dass]], the ''Ramayana'' has been performed every year by Mount Madonna School in Watsonville,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.mountmadonnaschool.org/Ramayana|title = Ramayana|date = 6–8 June 2014|access-date = 8 Aug 2014|website = 36th Annual Ramayana!|publisher = Mount Madonna School|last = website editor}}</ref> California. Currently, it is the largest yearly, Western version of the epic being performed. It takes the form of a colorful musical with custom costumes, sung and spoken dialog, [[jazz-rock]] orchestration and dance. This performance takes place in a large audience theater setting usually in June, in San Jose, CA.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-california-school-celebrates-ramayan-for-thirty-three-years/20110708.htm|title = California school celebrates Ramayan for 33 years|date = 8 July 2011|access-date = 3 Aug 2014|website = rediff News|publisher = rediff.com|last = Jha|first = Ritu}}</ref> [[Baba Hari Dass]] has thought acting arts, costume-attire design, masks making, and choreography to bring alive characters of [[Sri Ram]], [[Sita]], [[Hanuman]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Shiva]], [[Parvati]], [[Vibhishan]], [[Jatayu]], [[Sugriva]], [[Surpanakha]], [[Ravana]] and his [[rakshasa]] court, Meghnaad, [[Kumbhakarna]], and the army of monkeys and demons.
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| Late Tamil Actor [[R. S. Manohar]] played Ravana as the [[Antagonist]] in his Magnum Opus Lankeswaran, in which he projects the heroic and better side of Ravana. It was staged more than 1,800 times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/10/02/stories/09020351.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202214401/http://www.hindu.com/2000/10/02/stories/09020351.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Superstar of Tamil theatre|date=2 October 2000}}</ref>
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| ===Comic series===
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| Artist Vikas Goel and writer Vijayendra Mohanty have created a ten-part comic series called ''[[Ravanayan]]'' that presents the story of ''Ramayana'' from Ravana's perspective.<ref>{{Cite news
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| | last = Banerjee
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| | first = Manali
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| | title = The Ramayana as Ravana saw it
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| | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]
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| | location = New Delhi
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| | publisher = [[HT Media]]
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| | date = 9 July 2011
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| | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/719255.aspx
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| | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022081413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/719255.aspx
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| | url-status = dead
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| | archive-date = 22 October 2012
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| | access-date = 23 July 2011}}</ref>
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| Following the success of [[Ashok Banker]]'s ''Ramayana'' Series retellings, a graphic novel adaptation was released in 2010.
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| ==See also==
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| * ''[[Ramayana]]''
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| * [[Vernacular]]
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| * [[Epic Poetry]]
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| ==Footnotes==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Bibliography==
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| *''Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia,'' ed. by Paula Richman. University of California Press, 1991.
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| {{Ramayana}}
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| [[Category:History of literature in India]]
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| [[Category:Works based on the Ramayana| ]]
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| [[Category:Ramayana]]
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| [[Category:Hindu texts]]
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| [[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
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| [[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
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| [[Category:Versions of literary works|Ramayana]]
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