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The '''International Standard Name Identifier''' ('''ISNI''') is a 16-[[digit]] number which [[wikt:identity|uniquely identifies]] people who have contributed to creative works such as books, newspapers, music, plays, movies, and television programs. The ISNI Agency runs the [[database]] of numbers. It is part of the [[International Organization for Standardization]].  
{{short description|16 digit identifier for people and organisations}}
{{primary sources|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox identifier
| name          = International Standard Name Identifier
| image        = File:International Standard Name Identifier.svg
| image_size    = 250px
| image_caption = Logo used by ISNI
| image_alt    =
| acronym      = ISNI
| number        =
| start_date    = {{Start date|2012|03|15}}
| organisation  = ISNI-IA
| digits        = 16
| check_digit  = MOD 11-2
| example      = [http://isni.org/isni/000000012146438X 000000012146438X]
| website      = {{Official URL}}
}}
The '''International Standard Name Identifier''' ('''ISNI''') is an identifier system for uniquely identifying the public identities of contributors to media content such as books, television programmes, and newspaper articles. Such an identifier consists of 16 digits. It can optionally be displayed as divided into four blocks.


The ISNI Agency holds public records of over 9.8 million identities. The ISNI database project began in 2011.<ref>MacEwan, Andrew; Angjeli, Anila; Gatenby Janifer (2013). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0t-_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 "The International Standard Name Identifier: The Evolving Future of Name Authority control"]. ''Cataloging and Classification Quarterly'', Vol. 51, Issues 1-3, pp. 55-71.</ref><ref>Borowiecki, Karol Jan; Forbes, Neil; Fresa, Antonella (2016). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5thCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 ''Cultural Heritage in a Changing World''], pp. 44-45. Springer</ref><ref>[http://www.isni.org/ isni.org]. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref>
ISNI can be used to disambiguate named entities that might otherwise be confused, and links the data about names that are collected and used in all sectors of the media industries.
 
It was developed under the auspices of the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) as [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=44292 Draft International Standard 27729]; the valid standard was published on 15 March 2012. The ISO technical committee 46, subcommittee 9 ([[TC 46/SC 9]]) is responsible for the development of the standard.
 
==ISNI format==
The FAQ of the isni.org websites states "An ISNI is made up of 16 digits, the last character being a check character."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isni.org/content/faq|title=ISNI - FAQ|website=www.isni.org|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418221510/http://www.isni.org/content/faq|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Format without space===
*MARC: it was proposed to store the ISNI without spaces, e.g.(isni)1234567899999799<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2010/2010-06.html|title=Encoding the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) in the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats|first=Library of Congress Network Development and MARC Standards|last=Office|website=www.loc.gov|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204735/https://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2010/2010-06.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*isni.org URL: no spaces, e.g. http://www.isni.org/isni/0000000114559647
*viaf.org:
**URL https://viaf.org/viaf/118892012/
**URL https://viaf.org/processed/ISNI%7C0000000114559647
**the data dumps contain it in form ISNI|0000000114559647
 
===Format with space===
In display it is frequently shown with spaces.
*isni.org<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isni.org/000000012281955X|title=ISNI 000000012281955X Ai-en-ssu-tan (1879-1955)|website=www.isni.org|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204554/http://www.isni.org/000000012281955X|url-status=live}}</ref>
*viaf.org<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://viaf.org/viaf/75121530/|title=75121530|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004182907/http://viaf.org/viaf/75121530/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Uses of an ISNI==
The ISNI allows a single identity (such as an author's [[pseudonym]] or the [[Imprint (trade name)|imprint]] used by a [[publisher]]) to be identified using a unique number. This unique number can then be linked to any of the numerous other identifiers that are used across the media industries to identify names and other forms of identity.
 
An example of the use of such a number is the identification of a musical performer who is also a writer both of music and of poems. Where he or she might currently be identified in many different databases using numerous private and public identification systems, under the ISNI system, he or she would have a single linking ISNI record. The many different databases could then exchange data about that particular identity without resorting to messy methods such as comparing text strings. An often quoted example in the English language world is the difficulty faced when identifying 'John Smith' in a database. While there may be many records for 'John Smith', it is not always clear which record refers to the specific 'John Smith' that is required.
 
If an author has published under several different names or pseudonyms, each such name will receive its own ISNI.
 
ISNI can be used by libraries and archives when sharing catalogue information; for more precise searching for information online and in databases, and it can aid the management of rights across national borders and in the digital environment.
 
===ORCID===
[[ORCID]] (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) identifiers consist of a reserved block of ISNI identifiers for scholarly researchers<ref name="ORCID-ISNI">{{cite web |url=https://support.orcid.org/hc/en-us/articles/360006973973-What-is-the-relationship-between-ISNI-and-ORCID- |title=What is the relationship between ISNI and ORCID? |publisher=ORCID |work=About ORCID |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306020819/https://support.orcid.org/hc/en-us/articles/360006973973-What-is-the-relationship-between-ISNI-and-ORCID- |url-status=live }}</ref> and administered by a separate organisation.<ref name="ORCID-ISNI" /> Individual researchers can create and claim their own ORCID identifier.<ref name="ISNI-ORCID">{{cite web|url=http://isni.org/isni_and_orcid|title=ISNI and ORCID|publisher=ISNI|access-date=29 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304210352/http://www.isni.org/isni_and_orcid|archive-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> The two organisations coordinate their efforts.<ref name="ORCID-ISNI" /><ref name="ISNI-ORCID" />
 
==Organisations involved in the management==
===ISNI Registration Authority===
According to ISO the Registration Authority for ISO 27729:2012 is the "ISNI International Agency".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/maintenance_agencies.html |title=Maintenance agencies and registration authorities |publisher=Iso.org |access-date=2018-07-16 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624232759/https://www.iso.org/maintenance_agencies.html |url-status=live }}</ref>  It is located in London (c/o EDItEUR)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/organization/660022.html |title=ISNI International Agency - ISNI International Agency |publisher=Iso.org |access-date=2018-07-16 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185539/https://www.iso.org/organization/660022.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
It is incorporated under the Companies Act 2006 as a [[private company limited by guarantee]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isni.org/filedepot_download/134/473 |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711203839/http://www.isni.org/filedepot_download/134/473 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The 'International Agency' is commonly known as the ISNI-IA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isni.org/|title=ISNI|access-date=19 December 2014|archive-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619174306/http://isni.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="About">{{cite web|url=http://isni.org/about|title=About the ISNI International Agency|access-date=19 December 2014|archive-date=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024115053/http://www.isni.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
This UK registered, not-for-profit company has been founded by a consortium of organisations consisting of the [[Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs]] (CISAC), the [[Conference of European National Librarians]] (CENL), the International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFRRO), the [[International Performers Database Association]] (IPDA), the [[Online Computer Library Center]] (OCLC) and [[ProQuest]]. It is managed by directors nominated from these organisations and, in the case of CENL, by representatives of the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] and the [[British Library]].
 
=== ISNI Registration Agencies ===
A registration agency provides the interface between ISNI applicants and the ISNI Assignment Agency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isni.org/content/isni-registration-agencies |title=Registration Agencies |publisher=ISNI |access-date=2018-07-16 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185620/http://www.isni.org/content/isni-registration-agencies |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Registration Agencies in order as on ISNI-IA website
! Name (as on ISNI-IA website) !! Since !! Relation
|-
| [[Biblioteca Nacional de España]] (BNE) ||  || Spain
|-
| BnF ([[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]) || 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isni.org/content/bnf-becomes-first-national-library-world-become-isni-registration-agency-5 |title=BnF: First National Library In the World to Become an ISNI Registration Agency |publisher=ISNI |access-date=2018-07-16 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203951/http://www.isni.org/content/bnf-becomes-first-national-library-world-become-isni-registration-agency-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> || France
|-
| [[Bibliothèque nationale de Luxembourg]] ||  || Luxembourg
|-
| [[British Library]] ||  || United Kingdom
|-
| BTLF (Société de gestion de la Banque de Titres de Langue Française) || || France
|-
| Casalini Libri || || Italy
|-
| China Knowledge Centre for Engineering Sciences and Technology (CKCEST) || || China
|-
| Consolidated Independent || || United Kingdom
|-
| Electre || ||
|-
| Identification Agency (IDA) || || Russia
|-
| [[National Library of the Netherlands|Koninklijke Bibliotheek]] || || Netherlands
|-
| Kültür ve Turizm Bakanliği || || Turkey
|-
| [[National Assembly Library of Korea]] || || South Korea
|-
| [[National Library of Korea]] || || South Korea
|-
| [[National Library of Poland]] || || Poland
|-
| Numerical Gurus || || United States
|-
| [[Program for Cooperative Cataloging]] (PCC) || ||
|-
| Quansic || || Switzerland
|-
| [[Ringgold identifier|Ringgold]] || || organisations, international
|-
| [[Rakuten Kobo]] || || Canada
|-
| [[SoundExchange|Sound Exchange Inc.]] || || United States
|-
| [[Sound Credit]] || || United States
|-
| [[YouTube]] || 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isni.org/content/youtube-adopts-isni-id-artists-songwriters |title=YouTube Adopts ISNI ID for Artists & Songwriters |publisher=ISNI |date=2018-01-22 |access-date=2018-07-16 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327170438/http://www.isni.org/content/youtube-adopts-isni-id-artists-songwriters |url-status=live }}</ref> || international
|-
|[https://www.takwene.com Takwene]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-08|title=ISNI Registration Agencies|url=https://isni.org/page/isni-registration-agencies|access-date=2021-11-08|website=ISNI {{!}}|language=en|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208173707/https://isni.org/page/isni-registration-agencies/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2021
|[[MENA]]
|}
 
In 2018, [[YouTube]] became an ISNI registry, and announced its intention to begin creating ISNI IDs for the musicians whose videos it features.<ref name="ISNIYouTube1">{{cite web |title=YouTube Adopts ISNI ID for Artists & Songwriters |url=http://www.isni.org/content/youtube-adopts-isni-id-artists-songwriters |publisher=ISNI |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327170438/http://www.isni.org/content/youtube-adopts-isni-id-artists-songwriters |url-status=live }}</ref> ISNI anticipates the number of ISNI IDs "going up by perhaps 3-5 million over the next couple of years" as a result.<ref name="ISNIYouTube2">{{cite web |title=Transcript: YouTube Knows Who You Are |url=http://beyondthebookcast.com/transcripts/youtube-knows-who-you-are/ |publisher=Beyond the Book |access-date=1 June 2018 |date=18 March 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224111427/https://beyondthebookcast.com/transcripts/youtube-knows-who-you-are/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In 2020, [[Sound Credit]], together with ISNI, announced that music industry ISNI registrations were free and automated.  The free registration system is part of [[Sound Credit]] user profile creation, used by its larger system for music crediting.  It includes an automated search to avoid duplicate ISNIs and a certificate generated by the Sound Credit registration system to officiate newly registered ISNIs.<ref name="ISNISoundCredit">{{cite web |title=Music Industry ISNI Registrations Now Free and Automated |url=https://isni.org/page/article-detail/music-industry-isni-registrations-now-free-and-automated/ |publisher=ISNI |access-date=27 November 2020 |date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129170855/https://isni.org/page/article-detail/music-industry-isni-registrations-now-free-and-automated/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===ISNI members===
ISNI members (ISNI-IA Members<ref name="Members">{{cite web |url=http://www.isni.org/content/isni-members |title=Members |publisher=ISNI |access-date=2018-07-16 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185609/http://www.isni.org/content/isni-members |url-status=live }}</ref>) {{as of|2018|lc=y}}-07-11:<ref name="Members"/>
 
*ABES (French Bibliographic Agency for Higher Education)
*[[Brill Publishers]]
*CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos)
*CDR ([[Centrale Discotheek Rotterdam]])
*Copyrus
*FCCN
*[[French National Archives]] (Archives nationales de France)
*[[Harvard University]]
*Iconoclaste
*Irish Copyright Licensing Agency (ICLA)
*ISSN International Centre
*La Trobe University
*Library of Congress
*MacOdrum Library, Carleton University
*National Library of Finland
*National Library of New Zealand
*National Library of Norway
*National Library of Sweden (Kungliga Biblioteket)
*Publishers' Licensing Services
*UNSW Library
 
==ISNI assignment==
ISNI-IA uses an assignment system comprising a user interface, [[XML schema|data-schema]], [[Author name disambiguation|disambiguation]] [[algorithm]]s, and database that meets the requirements of the ISO standard, while also using existing technology where possible. The system is based primarily on the [[Virtual International Authority File]] (VIAF) service, which has been developed by OCLC for use in the aggregation of library catalogues.
 
Access to the assignment system and database, and to the numbers that are generated as the output of the process, are controlled by independent bodies known as 'registration agencies'. These registration agencies deal directly with customers, ensuring that data is provided in appropriate formats and recompensing the ISNI-IA for the cost of maintaining the assignment system. Registration agencies are appointed by ISNI-IA but will be managed and funded independently.
 
==ISNI coverage==
 
The following table lists ISNI coverage counts, for millions of identities of all types, millions of people, millions of researchers (also included in people), and organisations.<ref name="isni.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.isni.org|title=ISNI|website=www.isni.org|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217141417/http://isni.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! As of
! Identities (M)
! People (M)
! Researchers (M)
! Organisations
|-
| 2017-08-05
| 9.41
| 8.757
| 2.606
| 654,074
|-
| 2018-04-19
| 9.86
| 9.15
| 2.86
| 714,401
|-
| 2018-07-11
| 10
| 9.28
| 2.87
| 717,204
|-
| 2018-08-13
| 10
| 9.32
| 2.87
| 717,795
|-
| 2018-10-17
| 10
| 9.39
| 2.87
| 719,010
|-
| 2018-12-05
| 10
| 9.4
| 2.88
| 826,810
|-
| 2019-03-11
| 10
| 9.59
| 2.88
| 864,999
|-
| 2019-06-21
| 10.5
| 9.6
| 2.88
| 876,017
|-
| 2019-11-27
| 10.92
| 10.01
| 2.89
| 908,299
|-
| 2020-02-13
| 11.02
| 10.11
| 2.91
| 912,991
|-
| 2020-10-20
| 11.51
| 10.45
| 2.91
| 1,062,333
|-
| 2021-05-30
| 12.22
| 11.10
| 2.93
| 1,119,480
|-
| 2021-11-17
| 14.38
| 12.79
| 2.94
| 1,591,038
|}
 
==See also==
* [[Authority control]]
* [[Digital Author Identification]] (DAI)
* [[Digital object identifier]] (DOI)
* [[Global Research Identifier Database|GRID]]
* [[International Standard Text Code]] (ISTC)
* [[ResearcherID]]
* [[Ringgold identifier]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Databases]]
==Further reading==
[[Category:Publishing]]
* Karen Smith-Yoshimura, Janifer Gatenby, Grace Agnew, Christopher Brown, Kate Byrne, Matt Carruthers, Peter Fletcher, Stephen Hearn, Xiaoli Li, Marina Muilwijk, Chew Chiat Naun, John Riemer, Roderick Sadler, Jing Wang, Glen Wiley, and Kayla Willey. 2016. "Addressing the Challenges with Organizational Identifiers and ISNI." Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Research.
 
==External links==
{{Wikidata property |1=P213}}
 
*{{Official website}}
 
{{International numbering standards}}
{{ISO standards}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
 
[[Category:ISO standards]]
[[Category:Unique identifiers]]
[[Category:Library cataloging and classification]]
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